Search

Four facets of executive leadership are described in the paper, each of which-in excess--has the potential to derail an executive's career and damage the integrity and success of their organization. Every executive should be alert to the possibility that their organizational power, their access to elitist privileges, etc. render them vulnerable to becoming captivated by egoistic and self-oriented preoccupations, and becoming distracted from prioritizing their corporate roles and responsibilities. It is suggested that more attention be given to the selection, appointment, and postappointment monitoring of executives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper emphasizes the importance of self-understanding, which focuses on a person’s internal, inherent and intuitive drives and preoccupations, in contrast to self-awareness, which is concerned with a person’s external behavior. Five perspectives are introduced, which can be bolted together to provide an outline personalized ‘self-understanding’ framework. This would enable a person to have more insights on how and why they may make the decisions they do and exhibit the behavior they show to the external world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on some of the more hidden and obscure aspects of workplace interactions which profoundly affect an executive's chances of success. The importance of (i) an executive's position within the organization's hierarchy, (ii) the embedded power structure, (iii) its political infrastructure, and (iv) the psychological characteristics of the key players in determining their relative success or failure is highlighted. Eight 'Reasons to be Careful'--each of which can help facilitate executive success and guard against failure and career disappointment--are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper highlights some of the reasons which may have prompted a need for remedial coaching for an executive. It is organized into two parts: part one focuses on precipitating organizational factors, and the second part considers more deeply embedded existential factors, which may have led to the need for an executive to receive coaching or perhaps counseling. The terms 'client' and 'coachee' are used interchangeably to refer to the person being coached. The terms 'executive' and 'leader' are also used interchangeably to refer to a person appointed to a position of power and influence across all types of organizations, whether private, public, academic, political, or governmental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the leader's implicit responsibility for safeguarding and supporting their junior colleagues. In doing so, it introduces ten 'survival hints', each worthy of attention and focusing on different facets of an organization's complex and dynamic infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen the rise of the 'Celebrity Executive', and this paper explores some of the derailment dangers that executives who aspire to be described in this way, face. Achieving celebrity status can, however, so easily lead to a misuse of executive privilege and potentially become the primary cause of their future failure. The paper highlights 10 dangers for those who are, and who may seek to be, in the spotlight. As a defense against losing composure, two tried and tested methods are introduced, which may help an executive dodge, sidestep or see-through potential derailment dangers. A challenge for all leaders is avoiding destructive and excessive self-belief and self-delusion and how to avoid being manipulated through sycophantic behavior, whilst maintaining respectful and ethically acceptable workplace relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the intensity, direction and degree of change of park users’ perceptions of protected areas (PAs) over time offers insights about their relevance to those visitors and can inform elements of good governance and management. The resident surveys data collected in 1992, 1998, 2005 and 2017 by Regional Parks of the Capital Regional District of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, show how imperfect longitudinal social science information helped park managers identify trends, patterns and key areas of public support, thus set robust and effective priorities, policies and strategies for the regional park system. Collecting data where all information relevant to a decision is known and available is often beyond the ability of practitioners. We offer insights on how to best use imperfect longitudinal social science data and help practitioners consider what is necessary to support sounds decision-making for PAs management and governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper suggests that 'critical thinking' is a more perplexing notion than it may appear to be, and explores the concept in detail. It highlights the significance of organizational bias and the mindsets of executives in shaping how critical thinking will come to be defined and construed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the importance of self-awareness and briefly describes two approaches, qualitative and quantitative, to eliciting such personal and significant information. Self-awareness matters a great deal, and executives who remain unaware of the impact their behavior has on others are unlikely to fulfil their potential to the full, both in the workplace and life in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Achieving purchase in native glenoid bone is essential for the stability of the glenoid baseplate when bone graft is used to address bone loss in both primary and revision shoulder arthroplasty procedures. The aim of this study is to assess the required depth of the baseplate peg in native bone when bone graft is used to result in satisfactory integration. Patients and methods: The CT scans of patients who underwent either primary or revision arthroplasty procedures with bone graft using the SMR Axioma Trabecular Titanium (TT) Metal Backed glenoid system were assessed. We measured the depth of the glenoid peg in native glenoid bone. Measurements were taken by two authors separately. Results: The scans of 53 patients (mean age 68 years) with a minimum follow-up of two years were reviewed. Implants included 12 anatomical and 41 reverse geometry prostheses. There were 17 primaries and 36 revisions: hemiarthroplasties (20) total (14) and reverse (2) implants. Bone grafts were from humeral head (15), iliac crest (34) and allograft (4). The mean depths were 8.8 mm (first assessor) and 9.10 mm (second assessor). The glenoid peg violated the glenoid vault in 32 patients and this did not adversely affect the outcome. There were three failures of implants all of which were aseptic failures and had peg penetration of less than 6 mm. Conclusions: The mean depth of glenoid peg in native bone was 9 mm (variation between 0.2 and 0.52 mm at 95% confidence interval). Aseptic loosening was seen with peg penetration less than 6 mm in native bone. Glenoid vault violation was not associated with loosening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the extent to which the 'Agile' project management methodology can be considered as a 'management fad'. Whilst this methodology has several characteristics reflective of a management fad, the intensity and rigor of the approach offers more durable and far-reaching implications than could be expected from that of a 'passing fad'. The potential for facilitating profound organizational change is significant, with implications both for executive behavior and the evolution of an organization's operational structure. The mindset expected from an 'Agile Executive' in particular places puts a strong emphasis on cross-functional, open-minded and collaborative working. Such behavioral expectations, combined with an ethical responsibility for identifying and resolving project-management as well as workplace issues, place considerable demands on the professionalism and experience of agile executives. The strong customer-centric focus emphasizes innovation, urgency, transparency, integrity, and commitment to excellence, which sets it apart from many other business-wide initiatives and 'management fads' of recent decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a number of frameworks which explore some of the deeply embedded, underlying psychological motives which can underpin a person’s overt behavior. More awareness of such matters will enable the soft skills specialist to intervene with more insight, sensitivity and care. Particular attention is given to insights from the field of evolutionary psychology and how innate subconscious motivational drives influence overt behavior in the workplace. The importance of the drive for power and influence runs as a significant underlying theme connecting the material covered. A fuller awareness of such dynamics can facilitate greatly the effectiveness of soft skills training and development interventions. Whilst the material covered is directed towards soft-skills interventions, it has relevance for all those in positions of organizational seniority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) is characterised by pain and loss of range of motion of the glenohumeral joint. It can be present as primary (idiopathic) or secondary to surgery, trauma or other conditions that restrict the use of the shoulder joint. Various treatment options have been adopted including physiotherapy, manipulation under anaesthetic, hydrodilatation and arthroscopic or open capsular release but the optimal form of management remains uncertain. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to assess the clinical outcome of glenohumeral hydrodilatation in three cohorts of patients with different aetiologies with adhesive capsulitis. Study design & methods: We carried out a retrospective study of patient who underwent hydrodilatation for adhesive capsulitis between 2013 and 2015. The procedure was performed by a specialist musculoskeletal radiologist under radiological guidance. The injection consisted of steroids, local anaesthetics and NaCl solution with a target volume around 35 mL. Our outcome measures were range of motion, and pre- and post-operative pain. Patients were divided into three groups based on the presumed cause of their stiffness: idiopathic, post-traumatic and post-surgical. Results: Two hundred fifty patients were included, with a mean age of 59 years (range: 20–79). Of these, 180 had idiopathic primary adhesive capsulitis (27 were diabetic), 23 were post-traumatic, and 20 following surgical procedures. Thirty-four required further intervention following initial hydrodilatation with 8 undergoing repeat hydrodilatation, and 26 requiring arthroscopic capsular release. The diabetic group accounted for 16 capsular releases and 4 repeat procedures, while the idiopathic group accounted for 9 and 4, respectively. One patient required capsular release in the surgical group. An improvement was recorded in ROM in all groups with mean abduction improving from 59° to 110°, flexion from 50° to 120° and external rotation from 20° to 50°. With regards to pain, the majority showed an improvement from severe or moderate pain to no or mild pain. Conclusions: Results show that hydrodilatation resulted in an improvement in all outcome measures, with only a small number of patients, especially those with diabetes, needing further procedures or showing no improvement in range of motion and pain. There was no difference between the post-traumatic and post-surgical groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the development of a business plan as an example, this paper reflects on some of the internal dynamics involved in what is generally presented as primarily a logicalrational and emotion-neutral strategic business activity. A simple descriptive framework is introduced, designed to minimize the competitive emotions which can be generated during such discussions. The paper highlights the significant and pervasive impact which an organization’s culture exerts on business decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests that the 'political' implications of remedial soft skills interventions be given more attention and draws attention to three largely neglected 'considerations,' each of which can determine the value and utility of any soft skills training and development activity. The emotional challenges of soft skills training are recognized as is the importance of identity and reputation to those selected, or mandated, to attend such interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the performance of an organization will invariably focus on the behavior of its senior executives and managers who will attract acclaim and criticism in equal measure depending how well the organization has performed. They can be deified when things go well and demonized when they do not. But are such attributions justified and fair or are they gross misjudgments of an executive's capability to perform well? The organizational contexts in which an executive works will condition what they can and cannot do and so will profoundly influence their relative success and failure. This paper proposes that any examination of an organization's performance must include both the behavior of the key individuals involved and the culture of the organization in which they work. It is not always the fault of the executive when things go badly wrong!. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing durable, mutually respectful working relationships is a fundamental basis for workplace wellbeing but can be difficult to achieve because of the many differences that exist between those who come together in the workplace. Many of the interpersonal tensions and clashes at work revolve around age, social background and 'Generational' differences rather than solely because of task-related issues. A key to resolving such underlying differences and achieving more mutually productive relationships is to take into account (i) the generational, and (ii) the age differences and similarities that exist between colleagues. This paper suggests that enhanced mutual understandings, improved workplace dynamics and more effective resolution of workplace interpersonal issues can be achieved by applying 'Life Stage' perspectives combined with a fuller recognition of the differences which each 'Generational Cohort' brings into the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Leadership' conjures up for many images of Military Officers issuing orders, commanding the troops, deploying resources and 'getting things done'. Unimpeded by doubt, challenge or debate, such idealized Super-Hero military models of leadership are reinforced in the media, on film and in popular fiction. They present however a romanticized portrayal of 'the Heroic Leader' which is somewhat different to the lived experiences of most executives in the workplace. Occupying a position of executive leadership does not presume unerring wisdom and judgment and omniscience; nor does it confer unrestricted decision-making authority. Executive behavior is 'bounded', and this paper considers how executives may respond when their freedom of action is constrained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to offer perspectives which can be used to help diagnose what may underpin another person's workplace issues and concerns. Identifying the concerns and motivations of others increases the possibility of more collaborative and collegial working. 'Listening' is emphasized as being at the very core of what it means to exercise 'soft skills'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) is an emerging surgical technique used to treat patients with irreparable rotator cuff tears. In this procedure, a graft is attached between the superior glenoid and the greater tuberosity, with the aim of optimising glenohumeral joint function and stability. Pre-operative radiological evaluation of patients having such cuff tears is crucial for appropriate patient selection. Such imaging is particularly useful for the assessment of the cuff tear size and location, muscle wasting, fatty infiltration and the presence of any glenohumeral joint arthritis. In addition, post-operative imaging is useful in assessing graft integrity, with specific patterns of graft failure now being recognised on imaging. This article will discuss the indications and contraindications for this procedure, and review the biomechanical concepts of SCR in improving glenohumeral joint stability and restoring the force couples around the joint. The radiological appearances of the intact graft and the various patterns of graft failure will be illustrated, along with various radiological examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facilitating change within established, successful and traditional organizations is no easy matter to achieve, yet it is one of the essential skills every senior executive should have. Increasing competition, pressures on budgets, changes in key personnel, changing wider societal conditions, etc. are likely to demand that a senior executive facilitate change to the status quo in their organization. Sometimes additional support is necessary, and external specialists and consultants may be needed to help speed up the processes of change as in the case outlined in this paper. Global Commodities Inc. (GCI) was the dominant producer in a global market, but had become complacent and was coming under threat from competitor activity. The Managing Director had been unable to jolt the organization into action and invited a change management consultancy to work collaboratively in facilitating an organizational review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace toxicity is prevalent in many organizations. The paper suggests that ‘Leadership Toxicity’ can be likened to a coronavirus-like virus—‘Covid-Tox’—and that this will be present within many, if not all, business organizations. At their heart organizations are cauldrons of conflicting emotions and tensions as people go about advancing their own ambitions and objectives. As such we should expect, plan for and guard against the harmful effects of such behavior especially from those in positions of executive power and responsibility. Three key factors are outlined which, when combined, seem likely to result in a ‘toxic mix’ and thus should be examined and monitored with considerable care and attention in order to reduce the likelihood of Covid-Tox overwhelming an organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuing success as an executive cannot be guaranteed, and this paper outlines some of the challenges and traps awaiting those in positions of organizational power and inf luence. At its heart, this paper is about alerting executives to counterproductive and toxic patterns of behavior that may have come to characterize them in the positions of authority--behaviors that will become self-defeating and dysfunctional and will lead to derailment and failure. The critical importance of examining executive behavior 'in context' is stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews India's aggregate economic performance under the Modi/BJP/NDA administration through the prism of political economy. It argues that the inheritance of the UPA period was a combination of an unfolding "oligarchic capitalism" and a half-baked social democratic project. While the 2014 election victory was formally on a platform of "Minimum government, maximum governance" it always had deep ambiguities between a pro-business, pro-rules regime and an essentially nationalist project which subordinates commercial considerations. Some policy changes under this government, that we call Modi 1.0 – notably the GST reform and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code – constitute potentially substantive shifts to an efficiency-improving and rules-based approach. However, their effectiveness has been compromised by substantial delays, additional administrative burdens and increased uncertainty, not least over the actual implementation of the new rules. All this coincided with the legacy of a severe overhang in the financial system. This contributed to a chilling effect on private corporate investment. It has also gone alongside a continued major role of public sector banks and PSUs in the economy. The combination of an apparent increased concentration of mega-deals in some of the largest business houses, and continued, if anything rising, importance of state-managed subcontracting for infrastructure, has further contributed to the sense of an, at best, half-baked effort to reform India's capitalism. A top-down economic nationalist stance, state-driven action, political resistance to reforms, and attacks on accountability institutions, will actually continue to threaten long-run development dynamics. The demonetization episode was only the most vivid example of a growth-dampening policy. At the beginning of the new government – Modi 2.0–these contradictions are intensifying. With the Covid-19 shock, the associated tensions will only become sharper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review is presented on commentaries on the article "Hypersexuality: A Critical Review and Introduction to the Sexhavior Cycle," by Michael T. Walton, James M. Cantor, Navjot Bhullar, and Amy D. Lykins, published in an earlier issue of the journal.

An empirical review of hypersexuality is timely as "compulsive sexual behavior" is being considered as an impulse control disorder for inclusion in the forthcoming International Classification of Diseases, 11th ed. Specifically, hypersexuality has been conceptualized in the literature as the inability to regulate one's sexual behavior that is a source of significant personal distress. Various theoretical models have been posited in an attempt to understand the occurrence of hypersexuality, although disagreement about these divergent conceptualizations of the condition has made assessment and treatment of hypersexual clients more challenging. Theories of sexual compulsivity, sexual impulsivity, dual control (sexual inhibition/excitation), and sex addiction are critically examined, as are the diagnostic criteria for clinically assessing hypersexuality as a sexual disorder. Our discussion of hypersexuality covers a diversity of research and clinical perspectives. We also address various challenges associated with reliably defining, psychometrically measuring, and diagnosing hypersexuality. Furthermore, literature is reviewed that expresses concerns regarding whether hypersexuality (conceptualized as a disorder) exists, whether it is simply normophilic behavior at the extreme end of sexual functioning, or alternatively is a presenting problem that requires treatment rather than a clinical diagnosis. Following our literature review, we developed the "sexhavior cycle of hypersexuality" to potentially explain the neuropsychology and maintenance cycle of hypersexuality. The sexhavior cycle suggests that, for some hypersexual persons, high sexual arousal may temporarily and adversely impact cognitive processing (cognitive abeyance) and explain a repeated pattern of psychological distress when interpreting one's sexual behavior (sexual incongruence). We also suggest that further research is required to validate whether hypersexuality is a behavioral disorder (such as gambling), although some presentations of the condition appear to be symptomatic of a heterogeneous psychological problem that requires treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Hypersexual" behavior represents a perceived inability to control one's sexual behavior. To investigate hypersexual behavior, an international sample of 510 self-identified heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual men and women completed an anonymous online self-report questionnaire battery. In addition to age and sex (male), hypersexual behavior was related to higher scores on measures of sexual excitation, sexual inhibition due to the threat of performance failure, trait impulsivity, and both depressed mood and anxiety. In contrast, hypersexual behavior was related to lower scores on sexual inhibition due to the threat of performance consequences. Higher neuroticism and extraversion, as well as lower agreeableness and conscientiousness, also predicted hypersexual behavior. Interestingly, interactions among the variables assessed did not significantly predict hypersexual behavior, suggesting the possible existence of multiple and predominantly independent taxa for various persons reporting hypersexual behavior. Core personality features may also be present in persons with hypersexual behavior. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Posterior and combined shoulder instabilities have been reported as accounting for only 2% to 5% of cases. More recently, an increased incidence of posterior capsulolabral tear has been reported. Purpose: To assess the incidence of posterior and combined labral tears in a large cohort of patients with surgically treated shoulder labral tears. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This was a retrospective study that evaluated 442 patients who underwent an arthroscopic capsulolabral repair over a 3-year period. Patients were categorized according to the location of their labral tear and whether their injury was sustained during sporting or nonsporting activity. Proportions of labral tears between sporting and nonsporting populations were compared using the chi-square test. Results: Patients had a mean age of 25.9 years and 89.6% were male. Isolated anterior labral tears occurred in 52.9%, with posterior and combined anteroposterior labral tears accounting for 16.3% and 30.8%, respectively. The frequency of posterior and combined lesions was greater in the sporting population compared with the nonsporting population (P =.013). Conclusion: Posterior and combined labral tears are more prevalent than previously reported, particularly in the sporting population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While it is recognized that protected areas are important for biodiversity conservation and human wellbeing, governments struggle to establish and/or enlarge protected areas. Land acquisition and the challenges encountered by governing institutions in funding protected area systems expansion is discussed in this paper using the Capital Regional District (CRD) Land Acquisition Fund as a case study. We briefly discuss land acquisition in British Columbia and in the CRD, and offer an overview of the CRD Land Acquisition Fund and the public participation process that led to its establishment. We emphasize the importance of developing political and citizen support, and a shared vision about expanding protected areas systems - a key element for nearly doubling the parkland base of CRD Regional Parks in less than 20 years. We conclude by offering the lessons learned through the case study and provide guidance for policy and governance directions with regard to land acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Outcome scores are useful tools with respect to quantifying how pain and limitations in strength and movement affect the patient's functionality and lifestyle. Three shoulder outcome methods [Oxford, Constant and QuickDASH (Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand)] are commonly used in practice but collectively consist of 34 questions, taking approximately 7 min to complete. We have developed a concise shoulder assessment to derive three equivalent outcome scores in a 12-item patient-reporting questionnaire. Methods: Outcome scores from 1285 outpatients of an upper limb clinic were collected. The patient cohort consisted of 462 females and 823 males with a mean (SD) age of 47.2 (16.79) years (range 13 years to 90 years). Using a correlation matrix, a 12-item questionnaire was drafted. The combined shoulder assessment was validated by 227 patients; consisting of 101 females and 126 males with a mean (SD) age of 47.91 (16.63) years (range 13 years to 88 years). Results: Agreement was achieved between the two methods, with an equivalent Oxford Shoulder Score intraclass correlation (ICC) of 0.930, equivalent Constant Shoulder Score ICC of 0.942 and equivalent QuickDASH ICC of 0.869. Bland–Altman analyses showed no systematic differences. Large effect sizes highlighted the responsiveness to change. Conclusions: The new combined shoulder assessment is a more convenient and patient-friendly method to obtain equivalent Oxford, Constant and QuickDASH shoulder outcome scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on an article published within the issue which presented a model of pornography problems due to moral incongruence (PPMI) arguing that pornography users experience psychological distress because their behaviors do not align with their personal values. Topics covered include a discussion on sexual incongruence, sexual incongruence as a moderate feature of hypersexuality, and data analysis involving self-reported sex addicts.

The article focuses on research into diversity in sexual identity expression beyond the Likert-type scale biologist Alfred Kinsey created in the Kinsey 6-point rating scale. It comments on the failure of Kinsey to account for asexuality and used two-dimensional axes in modeling sexual orientation along Hetero-Eroticism and Homo-Eroticism fields. It considers biological aspects to explain low sexual arousal/behavior in asexuals. It mentions social media and sex education concerning orientation.

The article focuses on findings of a study on implications of sexual arousal and sexual activity in understanding hypersexuality. It states conflicts of opinion among researchers over excessive or problematic sexual functioning, and mentions descriptive statistics inferred large positive skew related to the variable of hypersexuality. It notes findings of analysis of sexual behaviors like intercourse, masturbation, petting, and cites analysis of sexual activity frequency.

The article stresses the importance for people to understand their myschology of hypersexuality, which represents an individual's unique set of psychological characteristics related to their behavior or his/her mindset when psychologically attempting to objectively understand specific aspects of one's behavior. Topics discussed include the difficulty of diagnosing hypersexuality and the case of a 41-year-old man with hypersexuality.

The article examines a study which uses the sexhavior cycle to explain diverse patterns of human sexual arousal and sexual behavior. According to the sexhavior cycle, human sexual behavior comprises four distinct and sequential states, sexual urge, sexual behavior, sexual satiation and post-sexual satiation. The study revealed that the sexhavior cycle of study participants vary within the context of frequency and intensity of sexual arousal and sexual activity.

Background: Traumatic glenohumeral dislocation of the shoulder is one of the most common shoulder injuries, especially among adolescent athletes. The treatment of instability for young athletes continues to be controversial owing to high recurrence rates. Purpose: To investigate the recurrence rate of shoulder instability after arthroscopic capsulolabral repair for adolescent contact and collision athletes. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Sixty-seven patients aged <18 years underwent an arthroscopic labral repair over a 5-year period. The mean ± SD age of the cohort was 16.3 ± 0.9 years (range, 14-17 years) and consisted of 1 female and 66 males. All patients were contact athletes, with 62 of 67 playing rugby. Demographic, clinical, and intraoperative data for all patients with shoulder instability were recorded in our database. Recurrence rates were recorded and relative risks calculated. Results: At a follow-up of 33 ± 20 months, 34 of 67 patients had recurrent instability for an overall recurrence rate of 51% among adolescent contact athletes after arthroscopic labral repair surgery. The mean time to recurrence was 68.1 ± 45.3 weeks. All recurrences occurred as a result of a further sporting injury. Relative risk analysis demonstrated that athletes aged <16 years had 2.2 (95% CI, 1.2-2.1) times the risk of developing a further instability episode as compared with athletes aged ≥16 years at the time of index surgery (P = .0002). The recurrence rate among adolescent athletes after bony Bankart repairs was 57.9% versus 47.9% for soft tissue labral repairs (P = .4698). The incidence of Hill-Sachs lesions (P = .0002) and bony Bankart lesions (P = .009) among adolescent athletes was significantly higher than among adult controls (P = .002). The presence of bone loss did not lead to a significant increase in recurrence rate over and above the effect of age. Conclusion: Adolescent contact athletes undergoing arthroscopic labral repair have an overall recurrence rate of 51%. Rugby players who undergo primary arthroscopic shoulder stabilization aged <16 years have 2.2 times the risk of developing a further instability episode when compared with athletes aged ≥16 years at the time of index surgery, with a recurrence rate of 93%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promise of randomized controlled trials is that evidence gathered through the evaluation of a specific program helps us-possibly after several rounds of fine-tuning and multiple replications in different contexts-to inform policy. However, critics have pointed out that a potential constraint in this agenda is that results from small 'proof-of-concept' studies run by nongovernment organizations may not apply to policies that can be implemented by governments on a large scale. After discussing the potential issues, this paper describes the journey from the original concept to the design and evaluation of scalable policy. We do so by evaluating a series of strategies that aim to integrate the nongovernment organization Pratham's 'Teaching at the Right Level' methodology into elementary schools in India. The methodology consists of reorganizing instruction based on children's actual learning levels, rather than on a prescribed syllabus, and has previously been shown to be very effective when properly implemented. We present evidence from randomized controlled trials involving some designs that failed to produce impacts within the regular schooling system but still helped shape subsequent versions of the program. As a result of this process, two versions of the programs were developed that successfully raised children's learning levels using scalable models in government schools. We use this example to draw general lessons about using randomized control trials to design scalable policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a conceptual account of urban governance in Mumbai as a rent-sharing system based fundamentally on control over urban space. We use rents in the economic sense, of returns that exceed what would be available in a competitive market. Formal rules and policies, which are 'flexibly' enforced, form the underlying basis for the generation of rents. Rent creation and sharing is not solely concerned with corruption or patronage. We rather argue that the system is functional for Mumbai--it does work in the organization of economic and social life in the city. This includes areas where no formal market exists, such as the use of pavements for street vending. The system also helps address commitment problems in the multifarious transactions, many of which are informal, that underpin the economy of the city, by providing a measure of stability and predictability in an uncertain legal environment. However, while the system is both resilient and functional, it thwarts prospects for transformative change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to better understand the conditions associated with serving on boards by investigating the factors that distinguish older volunteers who serve on nonprofit boards from those who only volunteer programmatically.Design/methodology/approach Surveys of 354 residents of Southeastern North Carolina over age 50. Measures include education, wealth, retirement status, public service motivation (PSM), patterns of residential mobility, secular and religious organization meeting attendance, and volunteer activity in the past year. Data were analyzed using a Heckman probit selection model.Findings Respondents who have higher levels of education, are retired, or have lived in the community for longer periods are more likely to report board volunteering, but are not any more likely to volunteer programmatically. Those with higher levels of PSM are more likely to report general volunteering, but are not any more likely to volunteer on boards. Two measures reveal divergent findings based on type of volunteering: moving frequently in one’s lifetime and attending weekly religious services are associated with a greater likelihood of programmatic volunteering but a reduced likelihood of serving as a board member.Research limitations/implications Limitations include self-reported, cross-sectional data, and a geographically restricted American sample that is older, more educated, and more likely to own a second home than average.Practical implications In order to better address board member recruitment, nonprofits should consider extending opportunities through strategies targeting retired community newcomers.Originality/value This study contributes an analysis of PSM among nonprofit board members, and identifies factors that distinguish programmatic and board volunteers, in order to better understand the conditions associated with board service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]