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Anorexia is a common problem in dogs and occurs with a myriad of diseases. It is more than merely a sign of disease. Prolonged absence of food intake adversely effects all body systems, making it more difficult for dog to resist the effects of disease and recover and respond to therapy. A variety of products and many methods available for their delivery provide sufficient combinations to ensure that nutrient deprivation need not add further insult to injury or disease. Fasting for longer than three days result in enterocyte deterioration and decreased gastrointestinal immunity. Translocation of enteric bacteria may take place across a compromised intestinal mucosal barrier. it is a problem which must be recognized and dealt with clinically. This paper describes the selection of patient that needs nutritional support and various methods by which of nutritional support can be provided to an anorectic dog to avoid further complications of the underlying cause of the problem and to speed-up recovery from disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Net Ca2+ and Mg2+ absorption rates were measured in vivo from buffer solutions placed in the washed reticulo-rumen, isolated in situ in 30 conscious, trained sheep. An increase in concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the buffer, over the range 0–50 mM, was shown to stimulate the net rates of absorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from the rumen. Similarly, the results of in vitro experiments, carried out with ovine rumen epithelium mounted in short-circuited Ussing chambers, showed that the absence of SCFA from the chamber fluid resulted in a reduction in Jnet Ca2+ caused by reduced flux of Ca2+ ions in the mucosal to serosal direction (Jms Ca2+). The addition of 1 mM acetazolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, to the ruminal buffer used in the in vivo experiments led to significant reductions in the net absorption rates of Ca2+and Mg2+ ions in the presence of SCFA (50 mmol l-1) but not in the absence of SCFA. However, in the in vitro experiments, the addition of 60 μM ethoxyzolamide had no significant effect on Jnet Ca2+. A reduction in pH of the intraruminal buffer in vivo from 6.8 to 5.4 led to significant increases in the net absorption rates of Ca2+and Mg2+ ions, an effect which was duplicated for Ca2+ in preliminary in vitro experiments in which the pH of the mucosal buffer was reduced from 7.4 to 5.4. This stimulatory effect was confined to Jms Ca2+ and Jnet Ca2+. Ussing chambers were also used to demonstrate that Jnet Ca2+ was reduced by a high transmural potential difference (PD), caused by voltage clamping, independently of the mucosal K+ concentration. Both unidirectional Ca2+ fluxes consisted of a PD-dependent and a K+-insensitive PD-independent component. The latter may be represented by a Ca2+/2H+ antiporter. It is postulated that SCFA, and to a lesser extent H2CO3, can stimulate Jms Ca2+ by activation of an apical Ca2+/2H+ antiporter through the provision of protons within the ruminal epithelial cell. A mild reduction in ruminal pH may also lead to a similar stimulation of this putative electroneutral exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The net absorption rates of strontium ions from the ovine reticulo-rumen, isolated in situ in trained conscious animals, were measured under controlled conditions. A linear positive response was obtained from the addition of Sr2+ ions to the artificial rumen fluid. This increase in the absorption of Sr was reflected in an increase in the plasma Sr concentration. In contrast to the discrimination observed elsewhere in favour of the absorption of Ca relative to Sr, the absorption rate of Sr from the reticulo-rumen was significantly greater than that of Ca, from solutions containing the same molar concentration. A graded increase in the Sr concentration in the ruminal fluid from 1 mmol/l to 4 mmol/l led to a corresponding reduction in the absorption rate of Ca but an increase in that of phosphate. The latter result is similar to that observed when the intra-ruminal concentration of Ca2+ ions is increased. It is suggested that Ca and Sr share a common pathway for absorption from the reticulo-rumen and that this may involve coupling with the absorption of phosphate ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of six clinical cases of gangrenous mastitis in goats were studied. Acute and per-acute mastitic quarters were associated with either E.coli alone or mixed infection of Staph. aureus and E. coli. The organisms were sensitive to amoxicillin, cloxacilin, gentamicin and cholor-tetracycline but resistant to penicillin and streptomycin. The acute mastitic quarters were treated by intramammary infusion of inj. Gentamicin mixed with inj. dexamethasone and 1.5 ml water for injection per affected quarter twice daily for 4 days; in addition to these, supportive therapy including parentral administration of inj. DNS (5%) and Inj. Melonex plusa for per-acute cases were also provided. Besides, one acute case was also treated with amoxicillin and cloxacilin (parentral and intramammarily). Per-acute gangrenous mastitic quarter which was refractory to the treatment required partial removal of it surgically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several case studies related to cattle diseases. Six Jersey crossbred cows were brought to the veterinary clinic due to swelling of udder and teats with history of calving in the last 2-3 days. A 4 year pre-parturient Holstein cow was brought to the veterinary clinic due to severe swelling of the udder. The article discusses udder oedema in cattle which is caused by lymphatic fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces faster than it is removed.