Search

In this paper, we present the current stage of development of the INM-CM Earth system model family by the Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The major change from the previous model version INM-CM5 is a new computational platform for the Earth System modelling. We describe the main parts of this digital platform, such as ocean-atmosphere coupling, version control, compilation/configuration, and automated testing subsystems. We also discuss major modifications of the physical parts of the climate model whereby the model simulations of observed climate were significantly improved as well as the model computational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the results of climate change modelling for 1850–2100 using the INM-CM6M climate model of the Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The calculations were performed according to the CMIP6 protocol for modelling the present-day climate for the period from 1850 to 2014 and the IPCC scenarios SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 of anthropogenic forcing changes in 2015–2100. We analyse changes in such characteristics of the climate system as global mean near-surface temperature, spatial distributions of near-surface temperature, precipitation, sea level pressure, and radiative forcing characteristics in comparison with observational data and results obtained with the previous (INM-CM5) version of the model. We conclude that the new version of the model is superior to the previous one in terms of the quality of simulation of the observed climate and its changes in 1960–2022. The amplitude of global warming predicted by the INM-CM6M for moderate IPCC scenarios is close to the average value of the CMIP6 model ensemble, and for severe scenarios it is closer to the upper limit of its range. For the SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, INM-CM6M predicts a complete loss of Arctic sea ice in summer. As the rate of global warming increases, so does the amplitude and duration of extreme weather and climate events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the complete f-moment convergence for m-asymptotic negatively associated random variables is investigated. As applications, we establish the strong consistency of the least square estimator in the simple linear errors-in-variables models and the complete consistency for estimator in the semiparametric regression model based on m-asymptotic negatively associated errors. We also give some simulations to assess the finite sample performance of the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, porous tungsten coatings were obtained by vacuum annealing of coatings consisting of both lead solution in β-W and a mixture of Pb solution in β-W and pure lead. Electron microscopic studies of the obtained coatings before and after vacuum annealing at 800 °C for 1 h and 6 h were carried out. The formation of a new phase of tungsten with an octa-lattice and parameter a = 0.4878 ± 0.0005 nm was recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of individuality and harem‐holding status on the acoustic parameters of rutting calls (bugles) of 14 stags of Siberian wapiti Cervus canadensis sibiricus. The stags competed for mating with hinds in a large herd, free ranging inside a fenced area with complex landscape. We considered as harem‐holders the stags, which kept a harem of 5 or more hinds for at least 2 days. Of the 15 days of observations enveloping the most active rutting period, during 3 days there was only one harem in the enclosure, during 9 days two harems, during 2 days three harems and during 1 day four harems. Stag bugles displayed both individual and status‐related variation. Harem‐holders compared with peripheral stags had shorter bugles with higher minimum fundamental frequency. After winning a harem and changing status from harem‐candidate to harem‐holder, stags shortened the duration of their bugles, lowered the beginning and maximum fundamental frequency and increased the minimum fundamental frequency. Significantly higher than the levels expected by chance, discriminant analysis classified 78.9% of bugles by the correct stag status and 53.2% of bugles by the correct individual callers. Different acoustic parameters encoded the status and individuality of the bugles. Status was encoded by the duration of the start and end parts and by the beginning and end fundamental frequencies. Individuality was encoded by the maximum fundamental frequency. We discuss that rutting calls of Siberian wapiti, although individualized, do not represent vocal signatures. However, these calls reliably mark stag harem‐holding status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying pup isolation calls of wild rodents provides background for developing new early-life animal models for biomedical research and drug testing. This study discovered a highly complex acoustic phenotype of pup isolation calls in 4–5-day-old Mongolian hamsters Allocricetulus curtatus. We analyzed the acoustic structure of 5,010 isolation calls emitted in the broad range of frequencies (sonic, below 20 kHz, and ultrasonic, from 20 to 128 kHz) by 23 pups during 2-min isolation test trials, 1 trial per pup. In addition, we measured 5 body size parameters and the body weight of each pup. The calls could contain up to 3 independent fundamental frequencies in their spectra, the low (f0), the medium (g0), and the high (h0), or purely consisted of chaos in which the fundamental frequency could not be tracked. By presence/absence of the 3 fundamental frequencies or their combinations and chaos, we classified calls into 6 distinctive categories (low-frequency [LF]-f0, LF-chaos, high-frequency [HF]-g0, HF-h0, HF-g0 + h0, and HF-chaos) and estimated the relative abundance of calls in each category. Between categories, we compared acoustic parameters and estimated their relationship with pup body size index. We discuss the results of this study with data on the acoustics of pup isolation calls reported for other species of rodents. We conclude that such high complexity of Mongolian hamster pup isolation calls is unusual for rodents. Decreased acoustic complexity serves as a good indicator of autism spectrum disorders in knockout mouse models, which makes knockout hamster models prospective new wild animal model of neurodevelopmental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index has been calculated using the INMCM5 climate model developed by the Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences. The PDO index correlation with the reanalysis data decreases from about 1.0 in November of the starting year to 0.355 in October of the following year. The model forecast for the PDO index is reliable for the first 2 years, but correlation coefficients decline significantly after that. The inertial forecast is more accurate in the first 2 years and becomes less reliable onward. The correlation coefficient for the model ensemble forecast of the PDO index with its components in the ensemble is greater than the correlation between the ensemble average and the actual PDO index. The INMCM5 climate model is suggested to have potential for considerable improvement in forecasting the PDO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is dedicated to the investigation of the relationship between the wave activity in February and temperature variations in the Arctic lower stratosphere in March. To study this relationship, the correlation coefficients (CCs) between the minimum temperature of the Arctic lower stratosphere in March (Tmin) and the amplitude of the planetary wave with zonal number 1 (PW1) in February were calculated. Tmin determines the conditions for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) following the chemical destruction of the ozone layer. The NCEP and ERA5 reanalysis data and the modern and future climate simulations of the Earth system models INM CM5 and SOCOLv4 were employed. It is shown that the maximum significant CC value between Tmin at 70 hPa in the polar region in March and the amplitude of the PW1 in February in the reanalysis data in the lower stratosphere is 0.67 at the pressure level of 200 hPa. The CCs calculated using the model data are characterized by maximum values of ~0.5, also near the same pressure level. Thus, it is demonstrated that the change in the planetary wave activity in the lower extratropical stratosphere in February can be one of the predictors of the Tmin. For further analysis of the dynamic structure in the lower stratosphere, composites of 10 seasons with the lowest and highest Tmin of the Arctic lower stratosphere in March were assembled. For these composites, differences in the vertical distribution and total ozone content, surface temperature, and residual meridional circulation (RMC) were considered, and features of the spatial distribution of wave activity fluxes were investigated. The obtained results may be useful for the development of forecasting of the Arctic winter stratosphere circulation, especially for the late winter season, when substantial ozone depletion occurs in some years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleoclimate model simulations provide reference data to help interpret the geological record and offer a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of current models under diverse boundary conditions. Here, we present a dataset of 35 climate model simulations of the warm early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO; ~ 50 million years ago) and corresponding preindustrial reference experiments. To streamline the use of the data, we apply standardised naming conventions and quality checks across eight modelling groups that have carried out coordinated simulations as part of the Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP). Gridded model fields can be downloaded from an online repository or accessed through a new web application that provides interactive data exploration. Local model data can be extracted in CSV format or visualised online for streamlined model-data comparisons. Additionally, processing and visualisation code templates may serve as a starting point for advanced analysis. The dataset and online platform aim to simplify accessing and handling complex data, prevent common processing issues, and facilitate the sharing of climate model data across disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ukraine's economy is in a state of crisis caused by the war. The agricultural sector in extreme conditions is trying to fulfill its function of ensuring the food security of the state, supporting its export potential despite limited resources and logistical problems. Agrarian science in the conditions of budget funding deficit is trying to find ways to use the scientific and experimental base, developed varieties and technologies to promote the stabilization and revival of agro-industrial production in the industry and regions. Effective models of implementing the innovative potential of agrarian science on a business basis are necessary. The purpose of the study is to justify the platform of market adaptation of science to crisis conditions and the mobilization of scientific potential in the breakthrough directions of the development of the agrarian sphere on the basis of innovative bioeconomy and close cooperation between science and business. To realize the set goal, the work assessed the possibilities of integrating science and business on the platform of innovative bioeconomy in the crisis economic and legal conditions of Ukraine; the bio-ecosystem of the platform and its operational mechanism of the partnership of science and business for the implementation of joint innovation and investment projects are substantiated. For the introduction of a well-founded bioecosystem, a set of measures is proposed for the formation of a platform in the system of agrarian science on the basis of conducted tests and adopted organizational decisions based on the example of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. Cooperation between agricultural science and business on the basis of the proposed public-private partnership platform ensures the mobilization of scientific potential to solve pressing issues of innovative development of agricultural production, rural areas through the creation and transfer of breakthrough and supporting bioinnovations, the production of competitive innovative agro-food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of laboratory studies for the distillation of mercury from depleted coal sorbents produced in gold recovery factories using CIP technology. The mercury content in these materials is more than 1%. The developed technology was tested in a large-scale laboratory on a pilot vacuum sublimation electric furnace with the rheological movement of dispersed material. The use of this equipment makes it possible to demercurize various materials with fairly high moisture (up to 20%). It eliminates the use of an additional technological operation—drying the material in a vacuum drying oven. It has been shown that a high degree of mercury distillation is achieved (more than 99.8%) at 350–400 °C in the reaction space and residual pressure in the system of less than 1.33 kPa, with residual mercury content in the material of less than 0.001% (10 mg/kg), which complies with the European environmental standards. Mercury-free coal sorbents are sent for combustion for the additional extraction of precious metal composites. The proposed vacuum technology is characterized by its environmental safety because the process is performed in sealed equipment, eliminating toxic emissions of mercury vapor into the atmosphere. The proposed vacuum technology equipment is characterized by reliability and ease of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the ensemble of 20 seasonal predictions calculated by the INM RAS climate model (INMCM5), the simulation of the stratospheric polar vortex variability in the Arctic from 1991 to 2023 is studied. The best predicted monthly mean speeds of zonal mean wind at the level of 10 hPa ( 30 km) and at 60° N as compared with the ERA5 reanalysis data with differences to 5 m/s were revealed in the winter seasons with the strong stable stratospheric polar vortex in 2010/2011 and 2019/2020 and, consequently, with the greatest depletion of the ozone layer. A statistically significant correlation was found between predicted monthly mean speeds of zonal mean wind and the reanalysis data for the first month after the start. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For summer seasonal hindcasts of the INMCM5 coupled Earth system model, the validation of Arctic sea ice parameters was performed against the Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data, Version 1 (for sea ice area), SODA3.4.2 and ORAS5 reanalyses (for sea ice concentration and thickness). The experimental ensemble forecast of the Arctic sea ice area and concentration for the summer season of 2023 was computed. The results were compared with the leading modern world prediction systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the acoustic structure of alarm calls in a highly social rodent, the Harting's vole (Microtus hartingi) and describe the phenomenon of collective shouting of bursts of alarm calls which could be produced in synchronized series. The alarm calls of Harting's voles were recorded using an automatic device from 10 different family groups, containing from 4 to 15 potential callers, released to outdoor enclosures. Natural predators and humans served as call-eliciting stimuli. We reveal acoustic differences between urgent alarm calls, evoked by close-vicinity predators and identified from recordings by their calls and by rustle noise from the caller's escape to burrow, and other alarm calls. We also reveal acoustic parameters between alarm calls produced in bursts and other alarm calls (produced in individual series or by a few non-synchronized callers). We discuss why the alarm calls of Harting's voles are unusually high-frequency (about 17 kHz on average in the maximum fundamental frequency) among other vole species producing high-frequency alarms. Adaptive significance of producing the collective synchronized bursts of alarm calls by Harting's voles remains unclear without direct observations of vocal vigilance in this species under natural conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen is one of the most abundant chemical elements on the Earth and plays an important role in global environmental change. Leading Earth system models include coupled carbon and nitrogen cycle modules of varying complexity, but the INM RAS climate model family has not yet included an explicit N-cycle description. This paper presents a parameterization of the terrestrial N-cycle based on a simplification of the JULES-CN model, adapted for coupled use with the INM-CM land C-cycle module. Numerical simulations were carried out with a standalone carbon cycle model with nitrogen feedback disabled and enabled versions for the period 1850–2100. The simulated global pools show good agreement with results of other models with an implemented N-cycle. Taking into account the N-limitation of the C-cycle, the modelled dynamics of total carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems from 1850 to the mid-20th century is specified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents a simulation of climate change across Northern Eurasia during the 20th and 21st centuries using two different versions of the Earth system model developed by the Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics at the Russian Academy of Sciences (INMCM). Model version INMCM5 participates in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and has the lowest equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) among the CMIP6 models. In the next model version, INMCM6, changes in the physical parameterisations lead to an increase in ECS by a factor of 2. Changes in near-surface temperature, precipitation, snow cover area and sea ice extent simulated by both model versions are compared with available observational and reanalysis data. Climate change predictions for the middle and end of the twenty-first century are provided by two model versions. Both model versions simulate similar climate changes for the upcoming two decades. After the middle of twenty-first century, the model version with high equilibrium climate sensitivity simulates stronger climate changes over Northern Eurasia than the model version with low sensitivity. But, in general, the ratio of predicted warming is much less than the ratio of ECS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemkon - Chemie Konkret is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The issues related to the verification of ensemble seasonal forecasts obtained using a new technology implemented on the basis of the INM-CM5 Earth system model are considered. The forecast objects are global gridded () fields of ensemble mean anomalies and probabilities of three gradations of the anomalies (below normal, normal, above normal) for each of the five characteristics: 500 hPa geopotential height (), mean sea level pressure (SLP), 850 hPa air temperature (), surface air temperature (), and precipitation (Prec) for six periods of time averaging (at monthly intervals for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th months and at two seasonal intervals: season 1 (the 1st–3rd months) and season 2 (the 2nd–4th months)). It is noted that forecast skill scores vary greatly depending on a region, a season, and a meteorological parameter. The best results for all parameters were obtained for the tropics, where the main sources of long-term predictability of the atmosphere are located. In extratropical latitudes, the quality of forecasts, especially at the monthly intervals, decreases and approaches the level of climate forecasts. The skill of precipitation forecasts is significantly inferior to the quality of forecasts of other meteorological parameters. It is noted that the success in ensemble seasonal probabilistic and deterministic forecasting of the main meteorological elements with the INM-CM5 model, both on a global scale and in individual regions, is comparable with the skill scores of similar forecasts of the foreign meteorological centers participating in the LC MME-WMO project. The introduction of the new climate model into the scientific and operational practice of the Hydrometcenter of Russia/North Eurasia Climate Centre will contribute to improving the quality of monthly and seasonal forecasts and developing specialized climate services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of a study of heat transfer in laminar-wave liquid films falling down the outer surface of a vertical cylinder. As intensifiers of heat transfer during boiling, single-layer micromesh coatings with different geometric characteristics and a two-layer gradient mesh coating were used. The working liquid was mixture of refrigerants R114-R21 with the initial concentration of the low-boiling component (R114) equal to 12%. The film Reynolds number at the entrance to the test section varied from 400 to 1300; the heat flux density varied in the range of 0–6 W/cm2. The results of measuring the heat transfer coefficients in the regimes of evaporation and nucleate boiling of the film are presented. A comparison is made of the results obtained on the single-layer and two-layer mesh coatings, as well as with previously obtained data for a combined coating (created by the method of deformational cutting in combination with a mesh coating). It has been shown that, in comparison with the smooth surface, the heat transfer coefficient during boiling of the falling film can be increased up to 2 times with the single-layer mesh coating and up to 1.7 times with the two-layer gradient mesh coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alternative to the existing method of processing secondary magnesium raw materials by remelting in a salt furnace can be distillation separation into volatile metals (Mg, Zn and Cd), low-volatile metals (Al, Mn and Zr) and rare earth elements. The separation of metals may be tracked based on phase diagrams where the field boundaries of the vapor–liquid equilibrium are plotted. Due to the fact that Mg, Zn and Cd have comparable saturated vapor pressures, the possibility of the distillation separation of Mg–Zn and Mg–Cd systems using full state diagrams including the melt–vapor phase transition boundaries were determined in this work. The boundaries of these systems were calculated based on the partial values of saturated vapor, determined by the boiling point method, and presented in the form of temperature–concentration dependencies with the indicated boundaries. The field boundaries were calculated (L + V) at atmospheric pressure (101.33 kPa) and in vacuum (1.33 kPa and 0.7 kPa,) supposing the implementation of the process. The possibility of the separate extraction of zinc and cadmium from magnesium was considered using complete phase diagrams including the boundaries of the melt–steam phase transition. When considering the boundaries of the vapor–liquid equilibrium in the binary systems Mg–Zn and Mg–Cd, it was established that it is impossible to separate metals in one "evaporation–condensation" cycle in a vacuum of 1.33 and 0.7 kPa. The problem is caused by the small size of the fields (L + V) at the temperature, which suggests processes of the re-evaporation of the condensate from the previous distillation stage. The separation of zinc and cadmium from liquid alloys with magnesium under equilibrium conditions requires several repetitions of the condensate distillation process. In non-equilibrium conditions, the real processes will require a larger number of conversions. This implies the expediency of the joint evaporation of magnesium with zinc and cadmium and the use of condensate for additional charging to liquid magnesium, and the remainder of the distillation, where volatile metals such as Al, Mn, Zr and rare earth elements will be concentrated, should be directed to the preparation of ligatures for special magnesium-based alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, the possibility of producing silicene on CaF2/Si(111) substrates modified by electron irradiation is experimentally demonstrated. It is shown that areas of the planar surface of CaSi2 with hexagonal packing formed under an electron beam can be used as a natural template for the subsequent growth of silicene. Silicon is deposited on such surfaces and the formation of silicene islands is confirmed by atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The partial and integral thermodynamic functions of formation and evaporation of antimony-tellurium melts were calculated based on the vapor pressure values of the components in the Sb–Sb2Te3 and Sb2Te3–Te systems. It is shown that integral functions of evaporation enthalpy and entropy insignificantly change in value from the alloy corresponding to the Sb2Te3 composition and slightly decrease in the direction of antimony and tellurium on the state diagram. However, they can be described by a linear dependence in the entire concentration interval of solutions existence within the experiment error. The boundaries of liquid and vapor coexistence fields at atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa) and in vacuum (0.9 kPa) were calculated based on the partial pressure values of melt components. It is shown that the separation of antimony alloys with tellurium by distillation into elements at atmospheric pressure is difficult because of high boiling temperatures of antimony-based alloys. It would require a significant number of condensate re-evaporation cycles in a vacuum. The results aim at creating the fundamental physical and chemical foundations of the distillation technologies for processing melted chalcogenide systems. The second aim is to issue effective practical recommendations necessary for developing and improving the process of extracting rare metals from polymetallic mattes by vacuum-thermal method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the analysis of fluctuations in the solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field parameters observed by Solar Orbiter and WIND spacecraft at different scales ranging from ~103 to 107 km. We consider two long data intervals where the distances between the spacecraft are 0.1 and 0.5 AU, respectively, and they are located close to the Sun–Earth line. Transformation of the fluctuation's properties on the way from the Sun to Earth is analyzed for different types of solar wind associated with quasi-stationary and transient solar phenomena. The time series of bulk speed are shown to undergo a slight modification, even for large spacecraft separation, while the time series of the interplanetary magnetic field magnitude and components as well as proton density may be transformed even at a relatively short distance. Though the large-scale solar wind structures propagate the distance up to 0.5 AU without significant change, local structures at smaller scales may be modified. The statistical properties of the fluctuations such as relative standard deviation or probability distribution function and its moments remain nearly unchanged at different distances between the two spacecraft and are likely to depend mostly on the type of the solar wind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few decades, numerous distributions have been proposed in the literature to model lifetime data. In this paper, the two popular distributions, Log-Logistic and Ailamujia, were selected and combined to create a new distribution, namely the Log-Logistic Ailamujia distribution, to obtain a distribution that is flexible to fit data. First, its probability density and cumulative distribution functions are presented. Then, some distributional properties such as survival function, hazard function, weighted moments, order statistics, and entropy are investigated. Next, the parameters are estimated by the maximum likelihood method, and their performance is evaluated via a simulation study with varying parameter values and sample sizes. Finally, the proposed distribution is fitted to a real-life data set to examine its flexibility. The results indicate that the new distribution performs well. Furthermore, based on the three information criteria, the proposed distribution provides a more appropriate model than other candidate distributions in terms of goodness of fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The INMIO-CICE hydrodynamic model of the Caspian Sea was used to calculate equilibrium river runoff and evaporation from the sea surface over a wide range of sea levels (from –85 to +50 m a.s.l.) for different climatic conditions: the Last Glacial Maximum (about 21 ka BP) and the pre-industrial climate (~1850). Data from the INMCM4.8 climate model were used as boundary conditions. It was found out that a river runoff of about 400 km3/yr was required in the Last Glacial Maximum to maintain the sea level at 35–50 m a.s.l. corresponding to the maximum values of the Khvalynian transgression. In the Last Glacial Maximum, evaporation from the sea surface decreased by 105–175 mm (12–22%), and a precipitation layer, according to the INMCM4.8 model, decreased by 50–70 mm (15–30%). These conditions caused the equilibrium runoff to decrease by about 10–20% compared to the pre-industrial conditions. Smaller absolute and relative changes corresponded to lower sea levels. The maximum evaporation decrease occurred at 5 m a.s.l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron beam annealing was carried out to form amorphous and crystalline germanium clusters in GeO[SiO] and GeO[SiO2] films deposited on quartz and mono crystalline silicon substrates. Using electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and light transmission and reflection spectroscopy, the structural transformations of the films and their optical properties were studied. From the analysis of Raman spectra, it was shown that amorphous germanium nano clusters are present in the as-deposited GeO[SiO] film, while they are not observed in the as- deposited GeO[SiO2] film. Regimes of electron beam annealing which are necessary for the formation of germanium nano crystals in GeO[SiO] and GeO[SiO2] films were found. It was shown that, at the same annealing parameters, the fraction of the crystalline phase of germanium in GeO[SiO] films were smaller than in GeO[SiO2] films. In addition, it was found that the fraction of the crystalline phase at the same annealing parameters is larger for films on a quartz substrate than on monocrystalline silicon substrate. The sizes of germanium nanocrystals formed as a result of electron beam annealing were determined from Raman spectra analysis. The proposed method of obtaining amorphous germanium nanoclusters and nanocrystals in films of nonstoichiometric germanosilicate glasses using electron beam annealing can be used to create ordered arrays of such nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the modification of a simple land snow cover module of the INM RAS climate model. The possible liquid water and refreezing of meltwater in the snow layer are taken into account by the proposed parameterization. This is particularly important for modelling the transition season, as this phenomenon is mainly observed during the formation and melting of the snow cover when the surface temperature fluctuates around 0   ° C. The snow density evolution simulation is also added. This parameterization is implemented in the INM-CM snow module and verified on observation data using the ESM-SnowMIP-like protocol. As a result, the INM-CM mean climate snow melt periods are refined, particularly in middle and high latitudes. The snow-covered area according to the model is also improved. In the future, a modified version of the land snow module can be used, coupled with a snow albedo model that takes into account snow metamorphism. This module can also be applied to sea ice snow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the sensitivity of impulse response testing to potential poor support zones or voids beneath the foundation slabs, numerical simulations were performed using the finite element method. These simulations covered a range of scenarios, including soil-loosening zones, sub-slab cavities, and slab cracks. The analysis of the simulation results employed two distinct techniques: the normalized acoustic response method and the ASTM C1740 mobility spectrum approach. These methods allowed the parameters and attributes derived from changes in input signals to be described in relation to the specifications within the synthetic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the development and field testing of a compact high-speed deck spectroradiometer for remote sensing reflectance measurements are presented. Validation using data obtained with hydrooptical equipment showed that the new device makes it possible to measure data on remote sensing reflectance with an accuracy sufficient for calculating bio-optical characteristics. Based on the data obtained during field tests of the new device, processed using regional algorithms, the values of the bio-optical characteristics of the Kara and Black seas surface waters were quantitatively assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The series of new organotin complexes on the basis of bis(trimethylsilylmethyl)tin diсhloride, 1,1-dichloro-1-stanna-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-3,5-disila-4-oxacyclohexane, and mono- and bidentate ligands—2,2'-bipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthroline, and 1-methyl-, 1-vinyl-, and 1-allylimidazoles—have been synthesized. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis; 1Н-, 13С-, and 119Sn-NMR spectrometry; and X-ray data. Cytotoxicity in vitro of the complexes for some lines of human cancer cells was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condensers represent an indispensable part of equipment of any power, chemical-technological, cryogenic, refrigeration and other installations used in industry. Reducing the weight, dimensions and cost of devices is always an urgent task. The process of condensation in real devices is a very complex phenomenon. The intensity of energy transfer from vapor to a solid cooled wall is determined, other things being equal, by three interrelated factors: (i) variable irrigation density and change in film flow hydrodynamics as the irrigation density changes, (ii) variable vapor velocity affecting a condensate film in the varying film and vapor flow regimes, and (iii) effect of the diffusion process on heat transfer during condensation of vapor with non-condensable impurities. The authors consider that they have to describe the issues that are poorly covered in the literature, although these issues are of fundamental importance for understanding the process under study. In this paper, the main factors that determine heat transfer during stationary vapor condensation on horizontal tube bundles are considered. An algorithm for calculating a condenser at film condensation of stationary vapor without non-condensable impurities is proposed. A critical analysis of modern experimental studies on heat transfer during condensation has been carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skill scores of the reproducibility of oceanographic fields in applying the INM-CM5 climate model to long-term forecasting for several months are presented. It is shown that disagreements between the model forecasts and the control data in terms of their absolute values are mainly due to the model climate bias. A degree of consistency with the control data significantly increases when comparing anomalies counted from the individual normals of each of the compared data types. In particular, the forecasts of SST anomalies for the Niño-3.4 region with a lead time up to six months appear to be quite successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of reported organic materials for redox flow batteries (RFB) continues to improve. Consequently, the relevance of analytical techniques to assess degradation rates also grows. To contribute to the development of in operando thermal stability assessment techniques, we evaluated the commonly-reported heating setups using the ferrocene-based FPMAm-co-METAC polymer (PFc) in a Zn-based hybrid RFB with a size-exclusion membrane. In the first stage, the conditions for RFB cycling were selected and evaluated. The amperometric SOC measurement technique revealed oxygen intolerance of the PFc. While no polymer cross-over was detected, cross-over of its hydrolysis products occurred and facilitated the capacity fade. Adjustment of membrane pore size and electrolyte composition helped to mitigate the hydrolyzed products' cross-over. In the second stage, different heating setups for the thermal stability evaluation of PFc were compared. Eventually, a thermostatic setup established the desired temperature most accurately and homogeneously, while the popular oil/sand bath setup exhibited a deviation of 22 °C down from the expected 60 °C. The PFc stability was further evaluated from ambient conditions (28 °C) to 60 °C. At temperatures above 50 °C a facilitated capacity fade was observed. The volumetrically unbalanced, compositionally symmetric flow cell cycling has unraveled that the degradation was caused by catholyte self-reduction and following half-cell imbalances. A mechanism involving the ferrocene complex decomposition is proposed as the origin of the catholyte self-reduction. Finally, the properties and thermal stability of the PFc material as well as the reliability of the studied heating setups are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced numerical climate models are known to exhibit biases in simulating some features of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is a key mode of interannual climate variability. In this study we analyze how two fundamental features of observed ENSO – asymmetry between hot and cold states and phase-locking to the annual cycle – are reflected in two different versions of the INMCM Earth system model (state-of-the-art Earth system model participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project). We identify the above ENSO features using the conventional empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) analysis, which is applied to both observed and simulated upper ocean heat content (OHC) data in the tropical Pacific. We obtain that the observed tropical Pacific OHC variability is described well by two leading EOF-modes, which roughly reflect the fundamental recharge-discharge mechanism of ENSO. These modes exhibit strong seasonal cycles associated with ENSO phase locking while the revealed nonlinear dependencies between amplitudes of these cycles reflect ENSO asymmetry.We also assess and compare the predictability of observed and simulated ENSO based on linear inverse modelling. We find that the improved INMCM6 model has significant benefits in simulating described features of observed ENSO as compared with the previous INMCM5 model. The improvements of the INMCM6 model providing such benefits are discussed. We argue that proper cloud parameterization scheme is crucial for accurate simulation of ENSO dynamics with numerical climate models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The X-ray diffraction analysis of two polymorphs of sodium (cis)-N-((4-(2-(4-bromo-3-(3-chloro-5-cyanophenoxy)-2-fluorophenyl)acetamido)-3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)propioimide shows that the organic anion in them is in elongated and globular conformations. Both conformations are characterized by the absence of strong intramolecular interactions. According to the quantum chemical study, both the isolated anion in the globular conformation and the polymorph containing it are more thermodynamically stable, and the difference in free energies of the polymorphs increases with temperature, which is explained by the role of the entropy factor. The elongated conformation is stabilized in the crystal by interanionic Hal...π interactions and stacking interactions involving the phenyl groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus of all age classes, from newborns to adults, use their long‐distance chirps for communication with conspecifics. We investigated the ontogenetic changes of eight acoustic parameters of the chirps produced by wild‐living cheetahs across 14 age classes in Kenya. Chirp maximum fundamental frequency (f0max) was found to be best acoustic correlate of cheetah age. The f0max was the highest in neonates (up to 10 kHz), then decreased steadily across age classes and reached a plateau of about 1 kHz in mature adults older than 4 years. Based on a close relationship of f0max with age, we fitted polynomial models for estimating cheetah age by their chirps. We discuss that gradual changes of chirp f0max suggest the gradual development of cheetah vocal apparatus. Model for age estimation by chirps in the cheetah proposed in this study may provide conservationists a non‐invasive bioacoustic tool for estimating cheetah age, particularly at ages younger than 4 years. However, introducing more data from cheetahs of precisely known age would be necessary for obtaining more accurate results of age determination by voice for the older individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors conducted liquid solution studies of antimony with selenium and sulfur in order to provide information on the thermodynamic functions of the formation of these alloys. The studies are based on the vapor pressure values of the components, comprising the double partial systems of antimony with antimony chalcogenides (Sb2Se3 and Sb2S3) and antimony chalcogenides with chalcogens (Se and S). We calculated the thermodynamic functions of mixing (graphical dependencies) and evaporation (tabular data) based on the partial vapor pressure values of components, which are represented by temperature–concentration dependencies. Based on the partial pressure values of melt components, we calculated the boundaries of liquid and vapor coexistence fields at atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa) and in a vacuum (0.9 kPa). We established the absence of the stratification region on the Sb2S3–S diagram due to the fact that, on state diagrams, the stratification region is indicated at temperatures above 530 °C, while the boiling point of liquid sulfur at an atmospheric pressure corresponds to 429 °C. Based on the position of the field boundaries (L + V) on the state diagrams, the separation of antimony alloys with selenium and sulfur via distillation into elements at atmospheric pressure is difficult due to the high boiling points of antimony-based alloys in a vacuum: Sb2Se3–Se melts require some number of condensate re-evaporation cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MIS structures with a nonstoichiometric oxide dielectric and a transparent top electrode are attracting attention for use as low-cost Schottky-diode-based solar cells, photodetectors, and photomemristors. Previously, attempts were made to use both thin tunnel layers of silicon oxide or rather thick silicon-rich oxides for these purposes. This work is the first attempt to use films of nonstoichiometric germanosilicate films in photosensitive MIS structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]