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The physics and computational prediction of turbulent boundary layer flow over axisymmetric and three-dimensional bodies are examined. Three cases were considered for which extensive experimental results and companion Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) solutions were obtained and/or available in the open literature. These cases all have Reynolds numbers based upon the freestream velocity and body geometric scale on the order of $ 10^5 $ 10 5 to $ 10^6 $ 10 6 , which is large for laboratory scales but small compared to the maximum scales observed for full-scale vehicles. Despite significant differences in approach flow fields and geometries for these three cases, some common themes emerged in the findings. All cases involved complications due to pressure gradients combined with streamwise curvature, and all exhibited regions of turbulence reduction due to accelerated flow. These complications led to discrepancies in computed results even in attached flow regions where it is often assumed that RANS models provide reliable predictions. The authors recommend further work on modelling approaches that can capture rapid distortion effects on turbulence transport that can be incorporated into industry-useful frameworks. Two cases involving laterally symmetric, three-dimensional wall-mounted hills with aft-body separation revealed that asymmetric mean flow fields are likely to result. This finding has been observed in experiments conducted in multiple facilities and in computations using multiple solvers and turbulence models. It is concluded that non-unique and asymmetric global flow solutions are fundamental to flow cases with lateral geometric symmetry involving turbulent boundary layer separation. Further work is also needed to accurately predict low-frequency unsteadiness due to geometries that produce non-unique mean flow fields. For such flows, it remains to be definitively determined whether experimentally observed modes of the mean flow are equivalent, or nearly equivalent, to asymmetric mean flow solutions obtained using RANS approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the validation of the modelling and numerical simulation of a rowing stroke, by means of CFD. Simplified but realistic strokes were performed in a towing tank with a rotating arm and a real flexible oar. Those laboratory conditions are better controlled than those of in situ trials. An FSI procedure is developed to take into account the oar bending, which is essential in the physics of this flow. The results show that this numerical framework is able to reproduce qualitatively the real flow including the breaking of the free surface around the blade and the transport of the air cavity behind it. The profiles of forces are well reproduced, with propulsive forces overestimated by 5–12% for their maxima. The study also focuses on the computation of the uncertainties. It is highlighted that, even for this well-controlled experimental equipment, the uncertainties on the quantities of interest are of about 11%. In other words, the experimental uncertainty covers the numerical errors. So, this numerical modelling is validated and can be used for design and optimisation of blades and oars, or to contribute to the better understanding of the boat–oar–rower system and its dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study is presented on ship-bank interaction effects in which viscous-flow solvers are used to predict the hydrodynamic forces and moments on the ship. The ship under consideration is the KRISO Very Large Crude Carrier (KVLCC2). For this hull form, Flanders Hydraulics Research (FHR) has conducted shallow water model tests in their towing tank equipped with surface-piercing banks and a vertical quay wall. The forces and moments on the KVLCC2 model were obtained for various water depths and lateral distances to the banks. Additionally, the wave elevation was measured between the quay wall and the ship model. In this study, two different CFD codes are used to predict the loads on the KVLCC2 as a function of the water depth and lateral position in the channel. The effect of propeller suction and free surface modelling on the results is quantified. Furthermore, comparisons will be made with CFD results from literature and potential flow computations to highlight the benefits of each approach. It will be shown that with careful setup of the computations, reliable predictions of the ship-bank interaction effects can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seakeeping ability of ships is one of the aspects that needs to be assessed during the design phase of ships. Traditionally, potential flow calculations and model tests are employed to investigate whether the ship performs according to specified criteria. With the increase of computational power nowadays, advanced computational tools such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) become within reach of application during the assessment of ship designs. In the present paper, a detailed validation study of several computational methods for ship dynamics is presented. These methods range from low-fidelity system-based methods, to potential flow methods, to high-fidelity CFD tools. The ability of the methods to predict motions in calm water as well as in waves is investigated. In calm water, the roll decay behavior of a fully appended self-propelled free running 5415M model is investigated first. Subsequently, forced roll motions simulated by oscillating the rudders or stabilizer fins are studied. Lastly, the paper discusses comparisons between experiments and simulations in waves with varying levels of complexity, i.e. regular head waves, regular beam waves and bi-chromatic waves. The predictions for all methods are validated with an extensive experimental data set for ship motions and loads on appendages such as rudders, fins and bilge keels. Comparisons between the different methods and with the experiments are made for the relevant motions and the high fidelity CFD results are used to explain some of the complex physics. The course keeping and seakeeping of the model, the reduction rate of the roll motion, the effectiveness of the fin stabilizers as roll reduction device and the interaction of the roll motion with other motions are investigated as well. The paper shows that only high-fidelity CFD is able to accurately predict all the relevant physics during roll decay, forced oscillation and sailing in waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Separated representations allow impressive computational CPU time savings when applied in different fields of computational mechanics. They have been extensively used for solving models defined in multidimensional spaces coming from (i) its proper physics, (ii) model parameters that were introduced as extra-coordinates and (iii) 3D models when the solution can be separated as a finite sum of functional products involving lower dimensional spaces. The last route is especially suitable when models are defined in hexahedral domains. When it is not the case, different possibilities exist and were considered in our former works. In the present work, we are analyzing two alternative routes. The first one consists of immersing the real non-separable domain into a fully separable hexahedral domain. The second procedure consists in applying a geometrical transformation able to transform the real domain into a hexahedra in which the model is solved by using a fully separated representation of the unknown field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow around a rowing blade is a very complex phenomenon, involving unsteady three-dimensional flow with violent motion of the free surface. However, in the literature, forces acting on blades are modelled using extreme and dubious simplifications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of free surface and unsteadiness (two physical characteristics that are commonly neglected when modelling loads on blades) as well as viscous effects. In fact, quasi-static approaches are often used, with no influence of the free surface effects. To conduct this study, computational fluid dynamics is used, supported by experimental results performed with a dedicated device reproducing a simplified rowing stroke in the towing tank. Comparisons show that both free surface flow and unsteadiness must be considered to capture the whole physics of the phenomenon accurately. In contrast, the viscous effects have a very limited influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a dynamic model of the swim of elongated fish suited to the online control of biomimetic eel-like robots. The approach can be considered as an extension of the original reactive "large elongated body theory" of Lighthill to the 3-D self-propulsion to which a resistive empirical model has been added. While all the mathematical fundamentals have been detailed by Boyer . (http://www.irccyn.ec-nantes.fr/hebergement/Publications/2007/3721.pdf, 2007), this paper essentially focuses on the numerical validation and calibration of the model and the study of swimming gaits. The proposed model is coupled to an algorithm allowing us to compute the motion of the fish head and the field of internal control torque from the knowledge of the imposed internal strain fields. Based on the Newton-Euler formalism of robot dynamics, this algorithm works faster than real time. As far as precision is concerned, many tests obtained with several planar and 3-D gaits are reported and compared (in the planar case) with a Navier-Stokes solver, which, until today have been devoted to the planar swim. The comparisons obtained are very encouraging since in all the cases we tested, the differences between our simplified and reference simulations do not exceed 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]