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We report a comparative study on microwave control lines for a transmon qubit using (i) flexible stripline transmission lines and (ii) semi-rigid coaxial cables. During each experiment, we performed repeated measurements of the energy relaxation and coherence times of a transmon qubit using one of the wiring configurations. Each measurement run spanned 70–250 h of the measurement time, and four separate cooldowns were performed so that each configuration could be tested twice. From these datasets, we observe that changing the microwave control lines from coaxial cables to flexible stripline transmission lines does not have a measurable effect on coherence compared to thermal cycling the system or random coherence fluctuations. Our results open up the possibility of large-scale integration of qubit control lines with integrated component with planar layouts on flexible substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation sensors based on the heating effect of absorbed radiation are typically simple to operate and flexible in terms of input frequency, so they are widely used in gas detection1, security2, terahertz imaging3, astrophysical observations4 and medical applications5. Several important applications are currently emerging from quantum technology and especially from electrical circuits that behave quantum mechanically, that is, circuit quantum electrodynamics6. This field has given rise to single-photon microwave detectors7–9 and a quantum computer that is superior to classical supercomputers for certain tasks10. Thermal sensors hold potential for enhancing such devices because they do not add quantum noise and they are smaller, simpler and consume about six orders of magnitude less power than the frequently used travelling-wave parametric amplifiers11. However, despite great progress in the speed12 and noise levels13 of thermal sensors, no bolometer has previously met the threshold for circuit quantum electrodynamics, which lies at a time constant of a few hundred nanoseconds and a simultaneous energy resolution of the order of 10h gigahertz (where h is the Planck constant). Here we experimentally demonstrate a bolometer that operates at this threshold, with a noise-equivalent power of 30 zeptowatts per square-root hertz, comparable to the lowest value reported so far13, at a thermal time constant two orders of magnitude shorter, at 500 nanoseconds. Both of these values are measured directly on the same device, giving an accurate estimation of 30h gigahertz for the calorimetric energy resolution. These improvements stem from the use of a graphene monolayer with extremely low specific heat14 as the active material. The minimum observed time constant of 200 nanoseconds is well below the dephasing times of roughly 100 microseconds reported for superconducting qubits15 and matches the timescales of currently used readout schemes16,17, thus enabling circuit quantum electrodynamics applications for bolometers.A thermal detector based on a graphene monolayer operates at the threshold for circuit quantum electrodynamics applications, achieving a minimum time constant of 200 ns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on fast tunability of an electromagnetic environment coupled to a superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator. Namely, we utilize a recently developed quantum-circuit refrigerator (QCR) to experimentally demonstrate a dynamic tunability in the total damping rate of the resonator up to almost two orders of magnitude. Based on the theory, it corresponds to a change in the internal damping rate by nearly four orders of magnitude. The control of the QCR is fully electrical, with the shortest implemented operation times in the range of 10 ns. This experiment constitutes a fast active reset of a superconducting quantum circuit. In the future, a similar scheme can potentially be used to initialize superconducting quantum bits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We carry out an experimental feasibility study of a magnetic field sensor based on the kinetic inductance of the high critical temperature (high-Tc) superconductor yttrium barium copper oxide. We pattern thin superconducting films into radio-frequency resonators that feature a magnetic field pick-up loop. At 77 K and for film thicknesses down to 75 nm, we observe the persistence of screening currents that modulate the loop kinetic inductance. We report on a device with a magnetic field sensitivity of 4 pT / H z , an instantaneous dynamic range of 11 μT, and operability in magnetic fields up to 28 μT. According to the experimental results the device concept appears attractive for sensing applications in ambient magnetic field environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate factors that can predict individual adaptation to high-volume or high-intensity endurance training. After the first 8-week preparation period, 37 recreational endurance runners were matched into the high-volume training group ( HVT) and high-intensity training group ( HIT). During the next 8-week training period, HVT increased their running training volume and HIT increased training intensity. Endurance performance characteristics, heart rate variability ( HRV), and serum hormone concentrations were measured before and after the training periods. While HIT improved peak treadmill running speed (RSpeak) 3.1 ± 2.8% ( P < 0.001), no significant changes occurred in HVT (RSpeak: 0.5 ± 1.9%). However, large individual variation was found in the changes of RSpeak in both groups ( HVT: −2.8 to 4.1%; HIT: 0-10.2%). A negative relationship was observed between baseline high-frequency power of HRV ( HFPnight) and the individual changes of RSpeak ( r = −0.74, P = 0.006) in HVT and a positive relationship ( r = 0.63, P = 0.039) in HIT. Individuals with lower HFP showed greater change of RSpeak in HVT, while individuals with higher HFP responded well in HIT. It is concluded that nocturnal HRV can be used to individualize endurance training in recreational runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate whether nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to predict changes in endurance performance during 28 weeks of endurance training. The training was divided into 14 weeks of basic training (BTP) and 14 weeks of intensive training periods (ITP). Endurance performance characteristics, nocturnal HRV, and serum hormone concentrations were measured before and after both training periods in 28 recreational endurance runners. During the study peak treadmill running speed ( Vpeak) improved by 7.5±4.5%. No changes were observed in HRV indices after BTP, but after ITP, these indices increased significantly (HFP: 1.9%, P=0.026; TP: 1.7%, P=0.007). Significant correlations were observed between the change of Vpeak and HRV indices (TP: r=0.75, P<0.001; HFP: r=0.71, P<0.001; LFP: r=0.69, P=0.01) at baseline during ITP. In order to lead to significant changes in HRV among recreational endurance runners, it seems that moderate- and high-intensity training are needed. This study showed that recreational endurance runners with a high HRV at baseline improved their endurance running performance after ITP more than runners with low baseline HRV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the effects of mixed maximal strength and explosive strength training with maximal strength training and explosive strength training combined with endurance training over an 8-week training intervention. Male subjects (age 21-45 years) were divided into three strength training groups, maximal (MAX, n = 11), explosive (EXP, 10) and mixed maximal and explosive (MIX, 9), and a circuit training control group, (CON, 7). Strength training one to two times a week was performed concurrently with endurance training three to four times a week. Significant increases in maximal dynamic strength (1RM), countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal muscle activation during 1RM in MAX and during CMJ in EXP, peak running speed ( S) and running speed at respiratory compensation threshold (RCT) were observed in MAX, EXP and MIX. Maximal isometric strength and muscle activation, rate of force development (RFD), maximal oxygen uptake $$ \left( {\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\max } } \right) $$ and running economy (RE) at 10 and 12 km hr did not change significantly. No significant changes were observed in CON in maximal isometric strength, RFD, CMJ or muscle activation, and a significant decrease in 1RM was observed in the final 4 weeks of training. RE in CON did not change significantly, but significant increases were observed in S, RCT and $$ \left( {\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\max } } \right). $$ Low volume MAX, EXP and MIX strength training combined with higher volume endurance training over an 8-week intervention produced significant gains in strength, power and endurance performance measures of S and RCT, but no significant changes were observed between groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined effects of periodized maximal versus explosive strength training and reduced strength training, combined with endurance training, on neuromuscular and endurance performance in recreational endurance runners. Subjects first completed 6 weeks of preparatory strength training. Then, groups of maximal strength (MAX, n=11), explosive strength (EXP, n = 10) and circuit training (C, n = 7) completed an 8-week strength training intervention, followed by 14 weeks of reduced strength training. Maximal strength(IRM) and muscle activation (EMG) of leg extensors, countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX), velocity at VO2MAX (vVO2MAX) running economy (RE) and basal serum hormones were measured. 1 RM and CMJ improved (p<0.05) in all groups accompanied by increased EMG in MAX and EXP(p<0.05) during strength training. Minor changes occurred in VO2MAX, but vVO2MAX improved in all groups (p<0.05)and RE in EXP(p<0.05). During reduced strength training 1RM and EMG decreased in MAX (p<0.05) while vVO2MAX in MAX and EXP (p<0.05) and RE in MAX (p<0.01) improved. Serum testosterone and cortisol remained unaltered. Maximal or explosive strength training performed concurrently with endurance training was more effective in improving strength and neuromuscular performance and in enhancing vVO2MAX and RE in recreational endurance runners than concurrent circuit and endurance training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of endurance exercise on nocturnal autonomic modulation. Nocturnal R-R intervals were collected after a rest day, after a moderate endurance exercise and after a marathon run in ten healthy, physically active men. Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed as a continuous four-hour period starting 30 mm after going to bed for sleep. In relation to average nocturnal heart rate after rest day, increases to 109±6% and 130±11% of baseline were found after moderate endurance exercise and marathon, respectively. Standard deviation of R-R intervals decreased to 90±9% and 64 ± 10%, root-mean-square of differences between adjacent R-R intervals to 87±10% and 55±16%, and high frequency power to 77 ± 19% and 34 ± 19% of baseline after moderate endurance exercise and marathon, respectively. Also nocturnal low frequency power decreased to 56±26% of baseline after the marathon. Changes in nocturnal heart rate and HRV suggest prolonged dose-response effects on autonomic modulation after exercises, which may give useful information on the extent of exercise-induced nocturnal autonomic modulation and disturbance to the homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]