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Heavy metals such as Iron, Copper, and Zinc are micro-essential trace metal and involve animportant biological role, but it quickly turns toxic at exceeding the permissible limit, causing gastrointestinal irritation, liver, bone, and kidney damage, as well as disorders including Wilson's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's. It is important to detect the metal ions as well as their concentration quickly and affordable cost using organic probes. Among the organic probes,the coumarin fluorescent probe shows a very prominent candidate with heavy metal ions. Therefore, in the present review, we reviewed the very recent literature the identify the heavy metals using modified coumarin fluorescent probes. Readers will get information quickly about the method of preparation of modified coumarin core and their use as fluorescent probes with heavy metals using absorption and emission spectroscopic methods along with the probable mechanistic pathway of detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A notable advancement of the mechanochemical process has been its ability to initiate reactions that are otherwise extremely difficult/impossible to accomplish. For the first time, in this article, we review the reports on catalyst-free mechanochemical organic transformations. In the literature search, it was evident that catalyst-free mechanochemistry is proving to be superior to catalyst-aided methods, particularly in the reactions of enaminones/enamino esters, aza-Michael additions, Knoevenagel condensations, heterocyclization of amines, synthesis of quinoxalines/dibenzophenazines, cycloadditions, reactions of carbohydrates and fullerenes, transfer hydrogenations, halofunctionalizations, hydroxyfunctionalizations, synthesis of C＝N (imines and hydrazones) and amide bonds, and multicomponent synthesis of oxygen/nitrogen-heterocycles, nitrogen-rich compounds and organic cage structures. Mechanochemical protocols in the selected area generally involve ball milling (including vibrational and planetary milling) and grinding, but ball milling is more prevalent. Twin screw extrusion and vortex mixing were rarely used in the reviewed articles. Furthermore, the reviewed research demonstrated high yields while avoiding non-renewable, toxic, and problematic solvents and reagents. There have been very few solvent-assisted reports where a bio-renewable solvent such as EtOH was used. This review on catalyst-free mechanochemical organic synthesis is intended to spark the interest of the chemical community, including industry and academia, towards working on the selected area concerning chemical as well as environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion inhibitors have offered new opportunities to bring positive impacts on our society, especially when it has helped in protecting metals against corrosion in an aqueous solution. Unfortunately, the commonly known corrosion inhibitors used to protect metals or alloys against corrosion are invariably related to one or more drawbacks such as the employment of hazardous anti-corrosion agents, leakage of anti-corrosion agents in aqueous solution, and high solubility of anti-corrosion agents in water. Over the years, using food additives as anti-corrosion agents have drawn interest as it offers biocompatibility, less toxic, and promising applications. In general, food additives are considered safe for human consumption worldwide, and it was rigorously tested and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Nowadays, researchers are more interested in innovating and using green, less toxic, and economical corrosion inhibitors in metal and alloy protection. As such, we have reviewed the use of food additives to protect metals and alloys against corrosion. The current review is significant and differs from the previous review articles made on corrosion inhibitors, in which the new role of food additives is highlighted as green and environmental-friendly substances in the protection of metals and alloys against corrosion. It is anticipated that the next generation will be utilizing non-toxic and sustainable anti-corrosion agents, in which food additives might be the potential to fulfill the green chemistry goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of solid organic waste-originated products in the preparation of synthetically and biologically significant compounds in aqueous media or pure water is a highly desired task in chemical synthesis that shows an effective solution to the circular economy and sustainable environment. In this article, we describe our research on the development of highly economic and sustainable protocols for the synthesis of biologically important oxygen-heterocycles (using a multicomponent reaction) and synthetically important olefins (via the Knoevenagel condensation reaction) using water extract of tamarind seed ash (WETS) as catalyst and aqueous reaction medium. The reactions are carried out at room temperature (RT) under toxic/problematic/volatile organic solvent-free conditions. Products of the current methods have been purified by using recrystallization technique. WETS was characterized from its FTIR, powder XRD, SEM, and EDAX data. Problematic and non-renewable solvents were avoided throughout the process from their synthesis to purification. The utilization of solid organic waste-originated catalyst and aqueous media, avoid of non-renewable substances as catalysts, media, separation solvents and promoters, and unobligating heating conditions can surely attract the attention of chemists towards exploring the waste-based products in chemical transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tremendous research has been appeared on Pd-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) during the last four decades due to its high prominence in constructing biaryl motifs of several complexes as well as simple organic compounds of high biological and commercial significance. The use of organic solid waste–derived materials for SMC in benign solvents like water/aqueous media is a very good achievement in these cases. We report in this article the usability of water extract of Tamarindus indica seeds ash (WETS) as a renewable base and reaction medium for Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed SMC reaction at room temperature (RT). The WETS has been characterized using powder XRD, EDAX, SEM, and FTIR analysis. Furthermore, this process is highly environmentally beneficial by the waste repurposing to prominent chemical transformation along with the advantages such as ambient condition and avoids non-renewable chemicals like volatile organic solvents, ligands, promoters, and bases. Based on these merits and the quick reactions with high yields of products, this method can attain the interest of the scientific community in exploring the waste-derived ashes to significant chemical transformations. Tamarindus indica seed ash extract for C–C coupling under added organics and volatile organic solvent-free conditions: a waste repurposing technique for Suzuki–Miyaura reaction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal nanoparticles have found applications in many fields such as molecular diagnostics, electronic devices and environmental remediation. Nonetheless, nanomaterial production often involves hazardous chemicals and reactions, and some toxic nanoparticles end up contaminating the environment. Therefore, synthesis of nanomaterials from safe raw materials is gaining research interest. For instance, food additives, which are commonly used as colors, flavors, stabilizers and preservatives, could be also used to synthesize safe nanomaterials. Here, we review food additives used to produce metal nanoparticles. We found that most metal nanoparticles were spherical with a size lower than 70 nm. Nanoparticles are often stable and biocompatible and possess therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of waste biomass-derived materials to synthetic chemistry is a remarkable achievement, and the use of aqueous media is further advancement. The switch towards earth's abundant metals like cobalt/copper/iron/nickel from precious palladium in C–C coupling reactions is also a high throughput in the global sustainability perspective. Herein, we describe a CuCl-catalyzed homocoupling of (hetero)arylboronic acids (HABAs) in water extract of pomegranate ash (WEPA) with low E-factor of 1.25 without including the column chromatographic separation of products, which helped in understanding the effectiveness of this method on comparison to reported protocols lacking amounts of silica gel and eluents, however, it was 171.64 by including column purification. The reactions are conducted at room temperature to deliver self-coupling products with 90–99% yields in 10–45 min under precious metal, ligand, non-renewable base, toxic/problematic organic solvent and added oxidant-free conditions. A wide range of substrates were screened with aryl and heteroaryl moieties containing diversified functional groups. The substitution of earth's rare metals-based catalysts by abundant copper, exploration of waste to state-of-the-art C–C coupling, use of biorenewable base, aqueous media, ambient conditions, operational simplicity, excellent yields of biaryls and quick reactions are the noteworthy advantages of this protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, waste biomass-derived catalysts have emerged as sustainable and remarkable alternatives to petroleum (depleting resource)-based catalysts. We report here the application of a water extract of pomegranate peel ash (WEPA) as an effective catalyst in an aqueous medium for the construction of quinoxalines from aryl/heteroaryl 1,2-diamines and α-hydroxy ketones via a metal catalyst/added oxidant-free sequential condensation–cyclization–oxidation process with a sensible mechanism. The catalyst was systematically characterized using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (XEDS) and microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES) data. The quinoxalines were purified by recrystallization with excellent yields. The developed process shows very low E-factor (5.62 and 0.84 with and without the inclusion of water), along with multigram-scale (5.53 g) feasibility, and high regioselectivity in the case of unsymmetrical diamines and unsymmetrical α-hydroxy ketones. Furthermore, this method describes the use of a biorenewable catalyst and aqueous reaction medium for the construction of high-value heterocyclics and avoids volatile/problematic organic solvents, column-based product purifications, depleting material-based catalysts/axillaries/oxidants/purification agents/extraction agents and harsh reaction conditions. This biomimetic process can attract chemists' attention towards identifying the applicability of waste biomass-derived catalysts for the production of fine chemicals and biopotent chemical substances involving novel/interesting processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenols are prominent in organic reactions and highly significant biologically active substances. We report a versatile and sustainable CuI-catalyzed protocol for their synthesis through an oxidative ipso-functionalization (hydroxy deborylation) strategy of (hetero)arylboronic acids [(H)ABAs] using the water extract of pomegranate peel ash (WEPA) in open-air. They are formed at room temperature (RT). This process shows high significance toward the environmental sustainability over the reported procedures of ipso-hydroxylation of (H)ABAs. The application of a waste-derived biorenewable basic reaction medium, air as an oxidant, wide substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, reusability of the catalyst, ambient conditions, less expensive and safer catalyst with low loading, aqueous medium, avoidance of volatile organic solvents, and external oxidant, and tremendous further scope are the noteworthy features of this protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current world situation, population and industrial growth have become major problems for energy and environmental concerns. Extremely noxious pollutants such as heavy metal ions, dyes, antibiotics, phenols, and pesticides in water are the main causes behind deprived water quality leading to inadequate access to clean water. In this connection, graphite carbon nitride (GCN or g-C3N4) a nonmetallic polymeric material has been utilized extensively as a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst for a variety of environmental applications. This review focuses on recent developments in the design and photocatalytic applications of metal-doped GCN-based nanomaterials in CO2 photoreduction, water splitting toward hydrogen production, bacterial disinfection, and organic pollutant degradation. Additionally, this review discusses various methods of using GCN-based materials to optimize dye sensitization, metal deposition, ion doping, and their environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploitation of organic waste-derived products in industrially relevant chemical transformations is a brainstorming and indispensible task in chemical synthesis. Indeed, the ipso-functionalization of (hetero)arylboronic acids [(H)ABAs] under (transition)metal free condisitions is a challenging and intended goal in synthetic chemistry. Further, the synthesis of (hetero)aryl iodides [(H)AIs] under mild and benign conditions is urgently needed task since these are the highly reactive substrates in several state-of-the-art cross-coupling and aromatic functionalization reactions and a very few methods/reagents are available for their synthesis. In this article we have disclosed a mild and effective process for the (H)AIs synthesis via ipso-functionalization of (H)ABAs using water extract of pomegranate peel ash (WEPA) and environmentally benign iodinating agent such as molecular iodine (I2) under external oxidant/(transition)metal/base/additive/organic solvent free conditions. The (H)AIs are formed with high regioselctivity using this protocol has operational simplicity display exceptional functional group compatibility. Present (H)AIs synthesis avoid additional substances (including metals) as oxidizing reagents, additives/surfactants and catalysts, thus making this procedure as a highly sustainable asset using biorenewable waste based aqueous extract as catalytic media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of waste-derived materials for industrially pertinent chemical transformations is highly challenging and offers sustainable solution to waste management. Despite several difficulties in the manufacture of aryl iodides (AIs), which are the fundamental substrates in organic synthesis, we report here, an added oxidant/metal/catalyst/additive and problematic solvent-free versatile and straightforward protocol for the synthesis of AIs using molecular iodine (I2) in water extract of pomegranate ash (WEPA). These transformations were performed at room temperature (rt) and the reactions takes place in 5–20 min to give 83–99% yields of AIs. WEPA was characterized by using XPS, EDX, XRF, XRD, and FTIR analysis and a plausible mechanism has been established based on these analyses along with some control experiments. Further, the products were purified by recrystallization technique. This work with intrinsic sustainability, high substrate feasibility, utilization of biorenewable catalystytic media, ease of execution and separation of products, and added oxidant/catalyst/metal and additive-free conditions may become one among the forefront sustainable procedures in making AIs. The use of waste-derived WEPA as catalystytic media for this iodination is the novelty of this method and may be used these AIs for further in-process transformations (e.g. cross-couplings, nucleophilic reactions, etc.) to access fine chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline of fossil- and ore-based materials is calling for more recycling of waste into new materials. Here, I review the recycling of ashes from biomass into reagents for chemical synthesis and biodiesel production. Biomass includes banana, pomegranate, rice, papaya, century plant, water hyacinth, bael fruit, nilgiri, mango, onion, muskmelon fruit, pomelo, lemon fruit, teak and tamarind. Chemical reactions include Knoevenagel condensation, Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling, Sonogashira reaction, Dakin reaction, Henry reaction, Ullmann coupling, Pd-catalyzed homocoupling, aromatic bromination, hydroxylation of arylboronic acids, hydration of nitriles and azide–alkyne click reaction. The synthesis of peptide bonds, disulfides, aminochromenes, carboxycoumarins, diazohydroxy esters, imidazopyridines, pyranopyrazoles, chalcones, flavones and bisenols is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of porphyrins as ligands in organic synthesis reveals the natural process, because these are the constituent motifs of catalysts in many bio‐organic reactions. This article presents the synthesis of two N‐pincer tetradentate porphyrins; tetrasodium meso‐tetra(p‐sulfonatophenyl)phorphyrin (H2TSTpSPP) and meso‐tetra(m‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (H2TmCPP), and study on their aptness for Cu‐catalyzed C–N coupling reactions of arylboronic acids and amines (Chan–Lam coupling reaction) in water under external base free conditions. The porphyrins and Chan–Lam coupling products were well characterized by their spectral analysis. The high product yields, application of nature‐inspired conditions, large extent of substrates, ease of making and handling the ligands, avoidance of base, and use of water as reaction media are the attractive attributes of this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the aptness of water extract of pomegranate ash (WEPA) of agro‐waste origin as an effective media for a heterogeneous reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐supported Au–Pd bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs)‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling without the need of additional ligand, base, and additives at room temperature. Morphological and structural details of Au–Pd bimetallic nanoparticles/rGO are evaluated using a suite of electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and cyclic voltammetry techniques. A facile chemical reduction method using methyl amine borane as a reducing agent yields 5.8 nm‐sized Au–Pd bimetallic particles on the rGO surface with an Au@Pd core‐shell morphology. The structural, synergistic, and support capabilities offered by core‐shell structured Au@Pd NPs/rGO could made a positive contribution in achieving Suzuki coupling reactions in very short times (5–30 min) with a good to excellent yields of biaryls (91–99%). The catalyst has been easily recovered by phase separation and reused for three consecutive times without losing its effective catalytic property up to two cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solvent-free, versatile procedure has been developed for the effective synthesis of tert-butanesulfinylimines of a variety of aldehydes using chiral tert-butanesulfinamides under green, sonochemical conditions. This method utilizes silica supported p-toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA.SiO2) as an efficient, safer and inexpensive catalyst under aerobic conditions. The practicable simplicity, easy preparation of the catalyst from readily available substances, high substrate scope, excellent yields of products in short reaction times and environmentally benign (solvent-free sonochemical) conditions are the exceptional assets of this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bio-derived sustainable medium based on water extract of pomegranate ash (WEPA) has, for the first time, been developed for the homocoupling of aryl halides under palladium-assistance. Avoiding the requirement of an external base, ligand and π-acid, the use of the proposed renewable medium offers remarkable attributes like wide substrate scope, good to nearly quantitative yields of biphenyls with exceptional chemoselectivity and scale up viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imines of Ellman's tert‐butylsulfinamides have become one of the elementary substrates for the construction of chiral precursors and complex organic molecules. This article reports a mechanochemical access to imines of chiral tert‐butylsulfinamides with a variety of aldehydes using solid acid catalyst, perchloric acid‐silica (HClO4⋅SiO2) at innocuous reaction environs. The conversion can be carried out at ambient temperature under solvent and metal‐free conditions by (hand) grinding the contents in a mortar at open‐air. The current protocol is highly economical, allows large‐scale preparation, offers a very good to nearly quantitative yields of imines in short reaction times with no product racemization and doesn′t necessitate the moisture‐free conditions. A mechanochemical procedure has been developed for an easy access to N‐(tert‐butylsulfinyl)imines of aldehydes under solvent‐ and metal‐free conditions using HClO4⋅SiO2 as an effective catalyst at room temperature in open‐air. This protocol is highly economical, allows large‐scale preparation, offers a very good to nearly quantitative yields of imines in short reaction times with no product racemization and doesn′t necessitate the moisture‐free conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a simple and convenient procedure for the preparation of pinacol arylboronates from aryl/heteroaryl bromides and bis(pinacolato)diborane using a PdII-porphyrin complex as a catalyst. Seven different PdII-porphyrin complexes (PdII-TmHPP, PdII-TmCPP, PdII-TPP, PdII-TSTpSPP, PdII-TpCPP, PdII-TpTP, and PdII-TpAP) have been synthesized and investigated for their catalytic influence in the Miyaura borylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convenient and efficient palladium(II)-porphyrin catalytic system has been developed for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) of aryl bromides with potassium aryltrifluoroborate in water. A series of seven different porphyrins and their complexes with palladium (PdII(por)- 1-PdII(por)- 7) were prepared, and screened their catalytic activity in making biaryls through C(sp2)−C(sp2) coupling. Significantly, the present protocol utilizes safe, water-soluble, and highly stable porphyrins as an alternative to toxic and unstable phosphine ligands. The simple preparation of porphyrins and their complexes, use of moisture-resistant catalyst, excellent yields of the isolated products, use of eco-friendly solvent (such as water), and reusability of the catalyst are the notable advantages of this method. This finding uses marginally explored, moisture-insensitive potassium phenyltrifluoroborates as nucleophiles for SMC. Furthermore, the scope of the method has been demonstrated for the multi-gram scale preparation of biaryls without any side products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NBS in polyethylene glycol has been efficiently utilized for regio- and chemoselective bromination of activated aromatics at room temperature to form the corresponding bromo products in excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a simple method for the fabrication of highly diffusive, adsorptive and conductive eco-friendly polyelectrolyte membranes (PEMs) with sulfonate functionalized pectin and poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) was established. The graft-copolymers were synthesized by employing the use of potassium persulfate as a free radical initiator from pectin (PC), a carbohydrate polymer with 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulphonic acid (AMPS) and sodium 4-vinylbenzene sulphonate (SVBS). The PEMs were fabricated from the blends of pectin graft-copolymers (PC-g-AMPS and PC-g-SVBS) and PVA by using a solution casting method, followed by chemical crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. The composite PEMs were fabricated by mixing phosphomolybdic acid with the aforementioned blends. The PEMs were successfully characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDAX studies. They were assessed for the controlled release of an anti-cancer drug (5-fluorouracil) and the removal of toxic metal ions (Cu2+) from aqueous media. Furthermore, the composite PEMs were evaluated for fuel cell application. The 5-fluorouracil release capacity of the PEMs was found to be 93% and 99.1% at 300 min in a phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.4). The highest Cu2+ removal was observed at 206.7 and 190.1 mg/g. The phosphomolybdic acid-embedded PEMs showed superior methanol permeability, i.e., 6.83 × 10−5, and 5.94 × 10−5, compared to the pristine PEMs. Furthermore, the same trend was observed for the proton conductivities, i.e., 13.77 × 10−3, and 18.6 × 10−3 S/cm at 30 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyelectrolyte membranes (PEMs) are a novel type of material that is in high demand in health, energy and environmental sectors. If environmentally benign materials are created with biodegradable ones, PEMs can evolve into practical technology. In this work, we have fabricated environmentally safe and economic PEMs based on sulfonate grafted sodium alginate (SA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). In the first step, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulphonic acid (AMPS) and sodium 4-vinylbenzene sulfonate (SVBS) are grafted on to SA by utilizing the simple free radical polymerization technique. Graft copolymers (SA-g-AMPS and SA-g-SVBS) were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, XRD and DSC. In the second step, sulfonated SA was successfully blended with PVA to fabricate PEMs for the in vitro controlled release of 5-fluorouracil (anti-cancer drug) at pH 1.2 and 7.4 and to remove copper (II) ions from aqueous media. Moreover, phosphomolybdic acids (PMAs) incorporated with composite PEMs were developed to evaluate fuel cell characteristics, i.e., ion exchange capacity, oxidative stability, proton conductivity and methanol permeability. Fabricated PEMs are characterized by the FTIR, ATR-FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDAX. PMA was incorporated. PEMs demonstrated maximum encapsulation efficiency of 5FU, i.e., 78 ± 2.3%, and released the drug maximum in pH 7.4 buffer. The maximum Cu(II) removal was observed at 188.91 and 181.22 mg.g–1. PMA incorporated with PEMs exhibited significant proton conductivity (59.23 and 45.66 mS/cm) and low methanol permeability (2.19 and 2.04 × 10−6 cm2/s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metalloporphyrins (and porphyrins) are well known as pigments of life in nature, since representatives of this group include chlorophylls (Mg-porphyrins) and heme (Fe-porphyrins). Hence, the construction of chemistry based on these substances can be based on the imitation of biological systems. Inspired by nature, in this article we present the preparation of five different porphyrin, meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP), meso-tetra(p-anisyl)porphyrin (TpAP), tetrasodium meso-tetra(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TSTpSPP), meso-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (TmHPP), and meso-tetra(m-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TmCPP) as well as their N-pincer Pd(II)-complexes such as Pd(II)-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (PdTPP), Pd(II)-meso-tetra(p-anisyl)porphyrin (PdTpAP), Pd(II)-tetrasodium meso-tetra(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (PdTSTpSPP), Pd(II)-meso-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (PdTmHPP), and Pd(II)-meso-tetra(m-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (PdTmCPP). These porphyrin N-pincer Pd(II)-complexes were studied and found to be effective in the base-free self-coupling reactions of potassium aryltrifluoroborates (PATFBs) in water at ambient conditions. The catalysts and the products (symmetrical biaryls) were characterized using their spectral data. The high yields of the biaryls, the bio-mimicking conditions, good substrate feasibility, evading the use of base, easy preparation and handling of catalysts, and the application of aqueous media, all make this protocol very attractive from a sustainability and cost-effective standpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An agro waste‐derived, 'water extract of pomegranate ash' (WEPA), has been utilized for the first time as a renewable medium for Pd(OAc)2‐catalysed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling at room temperature. This method offers a simple and sustainable synthesis of biaryls from aryl halides and arylboronic acids under ligand‐ and external base‐free aerobic and ambient conditions. This method has been found effective for both activated and unactivated aryl halides in the production of biaryls with moderate to nearly quantitative yields. The protocol shows high chemoselectivity over identical/similar reactive sites in aryl halides (i.e. selectivity over identical halogens or different halogens of aryl halides). This method exhibits high regioselectivity, i.e. the selective reactivity of a halogen over other identical halogens at different positions on the aromatic nucleus. Therefore, we disclose here a clean, benign, substantial chemo‐ and regioselective and highly economic alternative method for the palladium‐assisted synthesis of biaryls using an agro waste‐derived medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted alkenes containing a benzyl substituent has been achieved by employing Friedel-Craft reaction of aromatic compounds with unactivated Baylis-Hillman adducts in the presence of Fe3+-K-10 montmorillnnite clay as a heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst can be recovered and reused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconyl chloride mediated regio- and stereoselective ring opening of epoxides and aziridines at room temperature affords the corresponding β-chlorohydrins and β-chloroamines, respectively in high yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]