Search

Utilization of waste pollution to solve electromagnetic waves pollution is a good strategy towards a green future. In this study, we have used two different biowastes, wheat stubble and peanut hulls, as biocarbon sources to obtain two diverse inherited morphologies, i.e., sheet-like morphology from wheat stubble and distorted/ripped biocarbon morphology from peanut hulls. Detailed microwave absorption characterization analysis shows that the distorted/ripped morphology has better reflection loss and effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) as compared to the sheet-like morphology. Furthermore, MnFe 2 O 4 particles are also used to get composites with both types of biocarbon. The minimum reflection loss (RLmini) value achieved by the ripped biocarbon/ MnFe 2 O 4 is − 40.6 dB, with EAB being 5.6 GHz (13.2–7.6 GHz). Our findings show that better microwave absorption performance is attributed to the distorted/ripped morphology and by biocarbon– MnFe 2 O 4 synergetic influence. These findings open a route for biowaste and magnetic waste to be used in controllable microwave absorption applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual disability, a genetically and clinically varied disorder and is a significant health problem, particularly in less developed countries due to larger family size and high ratio of consanguineous marriages. In the current genetic study, we investigate and find the novel disease causative factors in the four Pakistani families with severe type of non-syndromic intellectual disability. For genetic analysis whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing was performed. I-TASSER and Cluspro tools were used for Protein modeling and Protein–protein docking. Sanger sequencing confirms the segregation of novel homozygous variants in all the families i.e., c.245 T > C; p.Leu82Pro in SLC50A1 gene in family 1, missense variant c.1037G > A; p.Arg346His in TARS2 gene in family 2, in family 3 and 4, nonsense mutation c.234G > A; p.Trp78Term and missense mutation c.2200G > A; p.Asp734Asn in TBC1D3 and ANAPC2 gene, respectively. In silico functional studies have found the drastic effect of these mutations on protein structure and its interaction properties. Substituted amino acids were highly conserved and present on highly conserved region throughout the species. The discovery of pathogenic variants in SLC50A1, TARS2, TBC1D1 and ANAPC2 shows that the specific pathways connected with these genes may be important in cognitive impairment. The decisive role of pathogenic variants in these genes cannot be determined with certainty due to lack of functional data. However, exome sequencing and segregation analysis of all filtered variants revealed that the currently reported variants were the only variations from the respective families that segregated with the phenotype in the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In northwestern Pakistan, Lotkuh is a high-altitude terrain nestled within the eastern Hindu Kush region. Enclaved by towering peaks and harboring a unique culture, the region mirrors the geographical and cultural diversity of Pakistan. In this geographically isolated region, a treasure trove of ethnobotanical knowledge unfolds through generations of interaction between the inhabitants and indigenous plants, resulting in a profound understanding of the plant uses in nutritional, medicinal, cultural, and ritual contexts. Thus, the study seeks to gather, analyze, and document the indigenous knowledge of plant utilization of the distinct tribal culture. Methods: Through semi-structured questionnaires, inventory interviews, and participatory workshops, data were collected by engaging a cohort of 120 local respondents. The collected data were then classified into nine distinct use categories, following which quantitative indices were calculated. Results: The research identified a total of 150 plant species spanning across 59 different families and categorized them into 9 distinct usage groups. Among these, Astragalus oihorensis, Astragalus owirensis, Cicer nuristanicum, Geranium parmiricum, and Rochelia chitralensis stand out as novel species with distinctive applications. Notably, medicinal use garnered 600 reports, while animal feed, veterinary applications, human consumption, and toxicity recorded 500, 450, 425, and 104 reports, respectively. Informant consensus was high ranging between 0.8 and 0.9 with most agreement on human food and animal feed category. Platanus orientalis and Juglans regia, with RFC 0.91, were the most cited. The Family Importance Value (FIV) of Juglandaceae and Platanaceae, each with an FIV of 0.91, and Capparidaceae with an FIV of 0.83 indicate the intricate role the families play. Conclusions: In this study, we explore 150 ethnobotanical species, uncovering novel entries within ethnobotanical literature. Among these, several species showcase unique uses previously undocumented in Pakistani literature. Our research sheds light on the intricate interaction between plants and the distinct cultural landscape of the Lotkuh region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to assess the ratooning potential of various sugarcane strains at the Sugarcane Research Station Khanpur during the 2019-20 period. The selected promising sugarcane genotypes, including S2013-US-917, S2014-SL-1359, S2014-SL-2200, PSR-07-45, S2015-SL-89, S2015-SL-289, S2015-SL-404, S2015-SL-444, CPF-253, and HSF-240 (check), were subjected to experimentation. The research followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Significant variations in ratooning performance were observed among the studied genotypes. Notably, the strain S2015-SL-444 emerged as the most promising, exhibiting the highest cane yield at 119.80 tons per hectare and excellent stubble sprouting with 1.64 sprouts per plant. Additionally, this top-performing strain demonstrated good quality, registering a field brix of 19.55%. Although the highest field brix (21.65%) was recorded in S2013-US-917, S2015-SL-89 closely followed with a field brix of 21.24%. S2015-SL-444, the standout sugarcane clone, outperformed the check by producing 14.02 tons more ratoon cane yield per hectare. Therefore, it is recommended that the genotype S2015-SL-444, with its exceptional ratooning potential, be cultivated in the agro-ecological climatic conditions of South Punjab for ratoon crop cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we used density functional theory to examine how the wide band gap optoelectronic properties of pure, silver-, and cadmium-doped LaAlO3 perovskites changed. Structural, electrical, elastic, and mechanical properties were calculated using generalized gradient approximation. Silver and cadmium incorporated at Al site demonstrated a decreasing trend in the band gap. Both impurities showed the reduction in band gap from 2.98 to 0.468 eV and from 2.98 to 2.0238 eV. The density of states was examined for pristine and doped structures to understand behavioral change of LaAlO3. It was observed that p states in upper valance band and d states in lower conduction band were contributing toward the reduction of band gap. Elastic properties were computed. Elastic parameters were used to calculate Born's stability and it is predicted that the material is stable mechanically for both pristine and doped forms. Mechanical properties were also predicted and brittle nature was found for both pristine and doped materials. Optical responses such as dielectric function, absorption, and refractive index were also predicted. The impurity inclusion in pristine structure not only reduces the bad gap but also alters the optical behavior. Absorption edge shifted toward lower energy shows a clear redshift, whereas refractive index also reduces from 2.4 to 1.9, making the material more transparent. The absorption spectrum as well as electronic band gap makes this material more useful for solar cell application as well as photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intellectual disability (ID) is a condition that varies widely in both its clinical presentation and its genetic underpinnings. It significantly impacts patients' learning capacities and lowers their IQ below 70. The solute carrier (SLC) family is the most abundant class of transmembrane transporters and is responsible for the translocation of various substances across cell membranes, including nutrients, ions, metabolites, and medicines. The SLC13A3 gene encodes a plasma membrane-localized Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter 3 (NaDC3) primarily expressed in the kidney, astrocytes, and the choroid plexus. In addition to three Na + ions, it brings four to six carbon dicarboxylates into the cytosol. Recently, it was discovered that patients with acute reversible leukoencephalopathy and a-ketoglutarate accumulation (ARLIAK) carry pathogenic mutations in the SLC13A3 gene, and the X-linked neurodevelopmental condition Christianson Syndrome is caused by mutations in the SLC9A6 gene, which encodes the recycling endosomal alkali cation/proton exchanger NHE6, also called sodium-hydrogen exchanger-6. As a result, there are severe impairments in the patient's mental capacity, physical skills, and adaptive behavior. Methods and results: Two Pakistani families (A and B) with autosomal recessive and X-linked intellectual disorders were clinically evaluated, and two novel disease-causing variants in the SLC13A3 gene (NM 022829.5) and the SLC9A6 gene (NM 001042537.2) were identified using whole exome sequencing. Family-A segregated a novel homozygous missense variant (c.1478 C > T; p. Pro493Leu) in the exon-11 of the SLC13A3 gene. At the same time, family-B segregated a novel missense variant (c.1342G > A; p.Gly448Arg) in the exon-10 of the SLC9A6 gene. By integrating computational approaches, our findings provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of ID in individuals with SLC13A3 and SLC9A6 mutations. Conclusion: We have utilized in-silico tools in the current study to examine the deleterious effects of the identified variants, which carry the potential to understand the genotype-phenotype relationships in neurodevelopmental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan's conventional feed supply is rapidly depleting, forcing the country to turn to non-conventional sustainable feed to meet the demand of the livestock and fishery sectors. The current study investigates the effect of pH on the nutritional composition of Lemna minor L., a freshwater macrophyte and a potential alternative feed. Fronds were grown in a pH range of 4–10 and replicated three times. The growth rate was highest (90 g m−2 day−1) at pH 7 while lowest (40 g m−2 day−1) at pH 4. Protein content dropped sharply at pH 4, but the highest (31 g/100 g) was found at pH 7 and 8. The lipid fraction was high at greater pH values (9, 10), while low in acidic conditions. Carbohydrate was maximum (59.3 g/100 g dw). A higher level of Ca (34, 37, 38 mg/100 g dw) was observed in pH 5 and 6 while low Ca content (24 mg/100 g dw) was recorded for the control group. In contrast, the Mg level slightly increased with increasing pH while the maximum concentration (32 mg/100 g dw) was observed at pH 10 and in the control group. High Fe moiety (936 mg/100 g) was found at pH 5 and 6. Higher Mn (3.0 mg/100 g) was seen at a slightly acidic pH. The lowest level of Mn (1.7 mg/100 and 2.0 mg/100) was recorded at pH 9 and 10, respectively. The highest fraction of Zn (0.08 mg/100 g) was observed in pH 6 and 7 while the lowest Zn came at pH 9. The study concluded that L. minor grows best between pH 6 and 10 under the current agroclimatic conditions of Pakistan with an optimal nutritional profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The optimal approach to the surveillance of non-functioning pituitary microadenomas (micro-NFPAs) is not clearly established. Our aim was to generate evidence on the natural history of micro-NFPAs to support patient care. Design: Multi-centre, retrospective, cohort study involving 23 endocrine departments (UK NFPA consortium). Methods: Clinical, imaging, and hormonal data of micro-NFPA cases between January, 1, 2008 and December, 21, 2021 were analysed. Results: Data for 459 patients were retrieved [median age at detection 44 years (IQR 31-57)--152 males/307 females]. Four hundred and nineteen patients had more than two magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) [median imaging monitoring 3.5 years (IQR 1.71-6.1)]. One case developed apoplexy. Cumulative probability of micro-NFPA growth was 7.8% (95% CI, 4.9%-8.1%) and 14.5% (95% CI, 10.2%-18.8%) at 3 and 5 years, respectively, and of reduction 14.1% (95% CI, 10.4%-17.8%) and 21.3% (95% CI, 16.4%-26.2%) at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Median tumour enlargement was 2 mm (IQR 1-3) and 49% of micro-NFPAs that grew became macroadenomas (nearly all >5 mm at detection). Eight (1.9%) patients received surgery (only one had visual compromise with surgery required >3 years after micro-NFPA detection). Sex, age, and size at baseline were not predictors of enlargement/reduction. At the time of detection, 7.2%, 1.7%, and 1.5% patients had secondary hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, and hypoadrenalism, respectively. Two (0.6%) developed hypopituitarism during follow-up (after progression to macroadenoma). Conclusions: Probability of micro-NFPA growth is low, and the development of new hypopituitarism is rare. Delaying the first follow-up MRI to 3 years and avoiding hormonal re-evaluation in the absence of tumour growth or clinical manifestations is a safe approach for micro-NFPA surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-term load forecasting (STLF) is critical for the energy industry. Accurate predictions of future electricity demand are necessary to ensure power systems' reliable and efficient operation. Various STLF models have been proposed in recent years, each with strengths and weaknesses. This paper comprehensively reviews some STLF models, including time series, artificial neural networks (ANNs), regression-based, and hybrid models. It first introduces the fundamental concepts and challenges of STLF, then discusses each model class's main features and assumptions. The paper compares the models in terms of their accuracy, robustness, computational efficiency, scalability, and adaptability and identifies each approach's advantages and limitations. Although this study suggests that ANNs and hybrid models may be the most promising ways to achieve accurate and reliable STLF, additional research is required to handle multiple input features, manage massive data sets, and adjust to shifting energy conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The edible oil import bill is posing a huge burden on the foreign reserves of Pakistan. Enhancing local production through breeding high-yielding cultivars is the possible solution. The present research work was carried out at Oilseeds Research Station Khanpur from 2006-21. The main objective was to develop a mustard cultivar with improved quantitative and qualitative traits. Bagh-o-bahar Raya is the name for strain KJ-238 and is an outcome of pedigree selection after hybridizing KJ-206 and J90-43001genotypes. Its maximum grain yield (3306 kg ha-1) was recorded at the Sahiwal location in national trials during 2017- 18. Mean oil recovery was 38% with an average grain yield of 2048 kg ha-1 across twelve test locations in the national trial. It showed a 17% higher grain yield than the check variety (Khanpur Raya) at the station yield trials. This newly bred cultivar takes 133-142 days from sowing to maturity. Thousand seed weight ranges from 5.10 to 5.23 grams. Its average stature is 157-171 cm and possesses tolerance against aphids and diseases especially Alternaria blight and White rust. It yielded the highest (2891 kg ha-1) at the NPK@ 80:40:40 level. The optimum yield was produced (1976 kg ha-1) when sown on 30th September. Its cultivation on a commercial scale will enhance the share of local edible oil production and will strengthen the national economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sin is the name of everything that is against the command and will of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala, and it becomes a cause of punishment in this world and the hereafter. In the term, the sin that is called minor, even though it is not minor, disobeying Allah Almighty and opposing His will is a severe crime in any case. The difference between Kabeerah and Sagheerah is made only by comparing the sins. The sin which is called saghira does not mean that such sins are neglected or lazily committed, and they are ignored as trivial, but when a person commits a minor sin carelessly. So that small thing also becomes big. Renunciation of sins socially is the best form of worship and it is one of the duties of man. One of the effects of sin is that people start hating the sinner. Avoid doing business, social relations, and relationships with the person who commits major sins. Sometimes the result of a minor sin makes it a major sin, and due to the severity of major sins, the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم mentioned different punishments for these sins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A leader refers to a person who, when given a responsibility or position, has the ability to perform it in a manner worthy of his position. Under Islamic law, leaders are required to possess certain qualities. For example, they believe in Allah Almighty and His Messenger (peace be upon him), believe the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Messenger as a religious and legal document. Leadership is the name of a conscious, talented and sincere collective. The reformation of the individual leads to the reformation of the society. Every man must first take account of himself and follow the commandments which Allah has made obligatory upon him. Among the qualities of a Muslim leader, the establishment of wisdom, knowledge, bravery, generosity and above all justice is very important? So that he can solve public problems in a timely manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, the SIR model with nonlinear recovery and Monod type equation as incidence rates is proposed and analyzed. The expression for basic reproduction number is obtained which plays a main role in the stability of disease-free and endemic equilibria. The nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) scheme is constructed for the model and the denominator function is chosen such that the suggested scheme ensures solutions boundedness. It is shown that the NSFD scheme does not depend on the step size and gives better results in all respects. To prove the local stability of disease-free equilibrium point, the Jacobean method is used; however, Schur–Cohn conditions are applied to discuss the local stability of the endemic equilibrium point for the discrete NSFD scheme. The Enatsu criterion and Lyapunov function are employed to prove the global stability of disease-free and endemic equilibria. Numerical simulations are also presented to discuss the advantages of NSFD scheme as well as to strengthen the theoretical results. Numerical simulations specify that the NSFD scheme preserves the important properties of the continuous model. Consequently, they can produce estimates which are entirely according to the solutions of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among an extensive range of materials, biocarbon has acquired considerable interest because of its superiority of wide absorption bandwidth, strong absorption, accessibility, cost-effective and eco-friendly. Here, the inherited morphology of the biocarbon has been utilized to tune the performance of the microwave absorber. Biocarbon (wheat straw & peanut shells) and industrial waste (MnFe2O4) have been used to fabricate microwave absorption composites. Biocarbon wastes with two different morphologies, sheetlike and distorted, have been used to prepare the composites. Composite with sheetlike morphology attained the minimum reflection loss (RLmini) of − 19 dB but, on the other hand, composite with distorted morphology achieved RLmini of − 43 dB, as well as, it is the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) covers the whole X-band. Our findings reveal that microwave absorption performance of the absorbers strongly relies on the anisotropic morphology of the biocarbon. It is expected that composites with anisotropic morphology of the biocarbon may be utilized to modify microwave absorption performance for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human body exchanges heat through the environment by various means, such as radiation, evaporation, conduction, and convection. Thermo-physiological comfort is associated with the effective heat transfer between the body and the atmosphere, maintaining the body temperature in a tolerable thermal range (36.5–37.5ºC). In order to ensure comfort, the body heat must be preserved or emitted, depending on external conditions. If the body heat is not properly managed, it can cause hyperthermia, heatstroke, and thermal discomfort. Conventionally, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems are used to provide comfort. However, they require a huge amount of energy, leading to an increase in global warming, and are limited to indoor applications. In recent decades, scientists across the world have been working to provide thermal comfort through wearable innovative textiles. This review article presents recent innovative strategies for moisture and/or thermal management at the material, filament/fiber, yarn, and fabric scales. It also summarizes the passive/active textile models for comfort. Integrating electrical devices in garments can rapidly control the skin temperature, and is dynamic and useful for a wide range of environmental conditions. However, their use can be limited in some situations due to their bulky design and batteries, which must be frequently recharged. Furthermore, adaptive textiles enable the wearer to maintain comfort in various temperatures and humidity without requiring batteries. Using these wearable textiles is convenient to provide thermal comfort at the individual level rather than controlling the entire building temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in terms of these complications in our setup. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of General Surgery, MTI-Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar. Period: July 2018 to June 2019. Material & Methods: A total of 115 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were enrolled in this study and were assessed for the development of various postoperative complications. Results: The mean ± SD age of study participants was 45.92±5.41 years. Females (n=67; 58.2%) outnumbered males (n=48; 41.7%) in this study. Most common complication was port site infection noted in 7 patients (6.1%) with gall bladder perforation being second most common complication observed in 6 patients (5.2%). Post-operative fever was noted in 4 patients (3.5%). Conclusion: In our study the majority of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy recovered uneventfully without any mortality. Port site infection was the most common complication and gall bladder perforation was found to have statistically significant association with all the complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare clinical appendicitis with histopathological appendicitis. Study Design: Prospective Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Surgery, Lady Reading Hospital, MTI, Peshawar. Period: December 2019 to March 2020. Material & Methods: Out 106 patients with signs and symptoms of acute appendicitis 100 patients were included in the study. 6 patients were excluded because of incomplete data. Patients were examined, ALVARADO score was calculated and routine investigations were done. After open appendectomies all specimens were sent for histopathology. Results: Male to female ratio was 1.7:1, with a mean age of 25 ± 11 year. The most common presenting complain was right iliac fossa pain (98%), followed by nausea/vomiting (86%). The commonest signs elicited were right iliac fossa tenderness (100%), rebound tenderness (100%). Mean ALAVARADO score is 7.39 ± 1.03. Intraoperative findings showed acutely inflamed appendix (90%), perforated appendix (7%) and normal (1%). The histopathology specimens showed acute appendicitis (88%), acute appendicitis with periappendicitis (8%) and normal histology (1%). Conclusion: Our study comparing clinical appendicitis with histological appendicitis with a negative appendectomy rate of only 1% suggests that acute appendicitis remains a clinical diagnosis and that timely accurate clinical diagnosis can prevent many complications associated with delayed/misdiagnosis of acute appendicitis. Laboratory evaluation and imaging especially CT may help in establishing diagnosis in equivocal cases but often leads to delay in diagnosis and also puts extra burden on the health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) is an aquatic macrophyte and grows profoundly on the surface of polluted water reservoirs of Pakistan. The plant can be used as a potential alternative for the fish and poultry industry to meet the promptly growing demand for feed. Our study investigates the effect of varying concentrations (ppm) of nutrients like N, P, and their combination, NP on biomass production, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and mineral (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn & Zn) contents of L. minor. The varying concentrations of N and P substantially affected the above-stated parameters. The highest biomass yield was recorded in the 30 ppm NP tank as 172 g/m2 day in comparison with the control tank. Higher protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents were recorded for 30 ppm NP, 20 ppm NP, and 10 ppm NP respectively. Minerals like Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn & Zn increased in 20 ppm P and all N concentrations. The combined application of NP was more effective in boosting the protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content whereas less effective in increasing the mineral contents. A rise in the concentration of N and P showed a positive correlation with the nutritional composition of L. minor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinus is one of the most economical and ecological important conifers, model specie for studying sequence divergence and molecular phylogeney of gymnosperms. The less availability of information for genome resources enable researchers to conduct evolutionary studies of Pinus species. To improve understanding, we firstly reported, previously released chloroplast genome of 72 Pinus species, the sequence variations, phylogenetic relationships and genome divergence among Pinus species. The results displayed 7 divergent hotspot regions (trnD-GUC, trnY-GUA, trnH-GUG, ycf1, trnL-CAA, trnK-UUU and trnV-GAC) in studied Pinus species, which holds potential to utilized as molecular genetic markers for future phylogenetic studies in Pinnus species. In addition, 3 types of repeats (tandem, palindromic and dispersed) were also studied in Pinus species under investigation. The outcome showed P. nelsonii had the highest, 76 numbers of repeats, while P. sabiniana had the lowest, 13 13 numbers of repeats. It was also observed, constructed phylogenetic tree displayed division into two significant diverged clades: single needle (soft pine) and double-needle (hard pine). Theoutcome of present investigation, based on the whole chloroplast genomes provided novel insights into the molecular based phylogeny of the genus Pinus which holds potential for its utilization in future studies focusing genetic diversity in Pinnus species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori is an important medical pathogen present in more than half of the world's population. Various treatment regimen are in use for the eradication of H. pylori, but due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, its management is a big issue for clinicians. Methods: In this study all suspected cases that had visited District Headquarters Hospital Kohat were considered for screening of H. pylori infections. Preliminary information about their age, gender, general health conditions, occupation, etc. was taken for consideration. After recording initial signs and symptoms, samples were considered for H. pylori detection using stool antigen test and endoscopy. Fourteen-day proton pump inhibitor base triple and quadruple therapy were administered to each patient. Results: In total (n = 178), there were high numbers of positivity in patients aged below 30 years (82; 46.06%), most of whom belonged to rural areas. Conclusion: This study concludes that there were high numbers of positive patients aged below 30 years, and according to this study MEL (Metronidazole + Esomeprazole + Levofloxacin) is the most effective treatment regimen for the eradication of H. pylori. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 30-year-old man was admitted to Intensive Therapy Unit (ITU) with status epilepticus secondary to severe hypoglycaemia on a background of type 1 diabetes. CT of the brain showed generalised cerebral oedema. He was successfully stepped down to a medical ward after 2 weeks. He was noted to have persistently high calcium, which required multiple doses of pamidronate. Parathyroid hormone level was appropriately low. CT of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis showed mild hepatosplenomegaly with small pathological lymph nodes throughout the abdomen. Bone marrow biopsy was unremarkable. Lymph node biopsy was difficult to achieve, and therefore a positron emission tomography scan was arranged. This showed an enlarged and hypermetabolic spleen. Differential diagnoses at this point included lymphoma and sarcoidosis. He underwent diagnostic splenectomy, and the diagnosis of sarcoidosis was confirmed histologically. Calcium level remained normal 17 months after splenectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curative therapies for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remain a distant goal, and the persistence of stable covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) during HBV replication is a key barrier that is hard to break through using the drugs currently approved for HBV treatment. Due to the accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of genome editing, CRISPR/Cas technologies are being widely used for gene therapy and in antiviral strategies. Although CRISPR/Cas could possibly clear cccDNA, ensuring its safety is requirement for application. In our study, we analyzed the liver specificity of several promoters and constructed candidate promoters in the CRISPR/ Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) system combined with hepatotropic AAV8 (whereby AAV refers to adeno-associated virus) to verify the efficacy against HBV. The results revealed that the reconstructed CRISPR/SaCas9 system in which the original promoter replaced with a liver-specific promoter could still inhibit HBV replication both in vitro and in vivo. Three functional guide RNAs (gRNAs), T2, T3, and T6, which target the conserved regions of different HBV genotypes, demonstrated consistently better anti-HBV effects with different liver-specific promoters. Moreover, the three gRNAs inhibited the replication of HBV genotypes A, B, and C to varying degrees. Under the action of the EnhII-Pa1AT promoter and AAV8, the expression of SaCas9 was further decreased in other organs or tissues in comparison to liver. These results are helpful for clinical applications in liver by ensuring the effects of the CRISPR/Cas9 system remain restricted to liver and, thereby, reducing the probability of undesired and harmful effects through nonspecific targeting in other organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B virus is an enveloped DNA virus, that infects more than three hundred and sixty million people worldwide and leads to severe chronic liver diseases. Interferon-alpha inducible protein 6 (IFI6) is an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) whose expression is highly regulated by the stimulation of type I IFN-alpha that restricts various kinds of virus infections by targeting different stages of the viral life cycle. This study aims to investigate the antiviral activity of IFI6 against HBV replication and gene expression. The IFI6 was highly induced by the stimulation of IFN-α in hepatoma cells. The overexpression of IFI6 inhibited while knockdown of IFI6 elevated replication and gene expression of HBV in HepG2 cells. Further study determined that IFI6 inhibited HBV replication by reducing EnhII/Cp of the HBV without affecting liver enriched transcription factors that have significant importance in regulating HBV enhancer activity. Furthermore, deletion mutation of EnhII/Cp and CHIP analysis revealed 100 bps (1715-1815 nt) putative sites involved in IFI6 mediated inhibition of HBV. Detailed analysis with EMSA demonstrated that 1715-1770 nt of EnhII/Cp was specifically involved in binding with IFI6 and restricted EnhII/Cp promoter activity. Moreover, IFI6 was localized mainly inside the nucleus to involve in the anti-HBV activity of IFI6. In vivo analysis based on the hydrodynamic injection of IFI6 expression plasmid along with HBV revealed significant inhibition of HBV DNA replication and gene expression. Overall, our results suggested a novel mechanism of IFI6 mediated HBV regulation that could develop potential therapeutics for efficient HBV infection treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the availability of effective vaccines, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is still a major health issue, and approximately 350 million people have been chronically infected with HBV throughout the world. Interferons (IFNs) are the key molecules in the innate immune response that restrict several kinds of viral infections via the induction of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The objective of this study was to confirm if interferon alpha-inducible protein 27 (IFI27) as an ISG could inhibit HBV gene expression and DNA replication both in cell culture and in a mouse model. In human hepatoma cells, IFI27 was highly induced by the stimulation of IFN-alpha (IFN-α), and it potentiated the anti-HBV activity. The overexpression of IFI27 inhibited, while its silencing enhanced the HBV replication in HepG2 cell. However, the knocking out of IFI27 in HepG2 cells robustly increases the formation of viral DNA, RNA, and proteins. Detailed mechanistic analysis of the HBV genome showed that a sequence [nucleotide (nt) 1715–1815] of the EnhII/Cp promoter was solely responsible for viral inhibition. Similarly, the hydrodynamic injection of IFI27 expression constructs along with the HBV genome into mice resulted in a significant reduction in viral gene expression and DNA replication. In summary, our studies suggested that IFI27 contributed a vital role in HBV gene expression and replication and IFI27 may be a potential antiviral agent for the treatment of HBV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study attempts to analyze the impact of energy supply and oil price shocks on agricultural productivity in Pakistan using time series data from 1990 to 2017. To this end, the data was retrieved from Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, World Development Indicators and Pakistan Agricultural Statistics (PAS). Energy supply, Foreign Direct Investment and Oil prices has been taken as an explanatory variables and determinants of agricultural productivity in Pakistan. The study uses Autoregressive Distribution Lag model (ARDL) to measure the correlation between dependent and independent variables. In order to know the stationarity of variables, unit root test is used by employing Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test. It is found that energy supply and foreign direct investment affect agricultural productivity positively and significantly while oil prices negatively affect the productivity in Pakistan. It is also observed that Pakistan lacks behind in using modern scientific techniques of testing and processing agriculture land and seeds for higher per acre yield which affects farmers directly. Most of the farmers either use electricity or oil to run the tube well for irrigation, increase in the prices of both electricity and oil affect crop productivity negatively. Consequently, government should provide electricity and oil in subsidized rates to the farmers at the time of cultivation and irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holy Quran is the book of All-Mighty Allah. It has revealed the Holy Prophet Muhammad (). By 'development of knowledge' we mean 'promotion', 'advancement' & 'spread' of knowledge. No other book of the world has focused on the spread of knowledge so much as the Holy Quran has. The spread of knowledge and knowledge is the main objective of the Quran. Holy Quran indicates the basic principles of knowledge that lead a human to an examination of the universe and environment, where he can calculate the answers to many questions by his efforts. Holy Quran highlights the importance of knowledge. On one occasion it says, "Can the learned and illiterate be the same status?"Similarly, in another situation, it says that those who do not use their capabilities and intelligence are like animals rather worse than animals and they will be sent to hell. Holy Quran, in itself, is total knowledge and lifelong learning. The very meaning of the word "Quran" that is 'recitation' or 'reading' is related to knowledge. Allah Almighty has revealed it for the main objective of knowledge. Knowledge has a very prominent position in the Quran. The very first revelation was started with the words 'Iqra' (read) and 'Qalam' (pen). The first word that is 'Iqra' is a symbol of 'reading' whereas, the second word that is 'Qalam' is a symbol of 'writing'. The use of both these terms and so many others shows the importance of knowledge in the Holy Quran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Everyone needs a guideline whether he lives in a Muslim society or he is the inhabitant of the non-Muslim society, so that he should lead a successful life. Almighty Allah sent messengers for the guidance and showing right path to the human beings. They imparted awareness to the people that this earthly life is not a reality but the ife after death is the undying reality. Life on earth means to achieve the real life, so that our matter must follow the direction of life hereafter. Our Holy Prophet (S.W.A) was sent last of all messengers who was entrusted the sacred duty of universal direction for all people living in any part of earth. This honorable sort of direction and guidance has been given for the people till the Day of Judgment. Our Holy prophet (S.W.A) has imparted the education of Istikhara for the betterment of future and avoidance of losses to the "Ummah". The tendency of making mess of Sharai style of life and tennets of shariah among the Muslim Ummah have not only spared pious practice of Istikhara but many ambiguous and controversial ways have been used for this pious action of Istikhara. So it is the imperative of time to let the "Ummah" be told what the significance of Istikhara is and how it ought to be performed. This research paper elucidates the true method of Istikhara according to Sunnah in practical details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islam is a religion of nature and its every principal proves advantageous to human beings in this world as well as in the world hereafter. Therefore, it is wise that a man should follow the Sunnah of the prophet (SAW) because Allah likes it. Our Holy Prophet (SAW) has guided his Ummah in all walks of life and in case of any confusion about decision-making he has taught prayer of Istikhara. Istikhara is offering of two Rakah of Salah and then seeking guidance of Allah through Dua'a-e- Istikhara. Istikhara can be performed any time except Mukrooh Aowqat. The Holy prophet (S.A.W) had advised Hazrat Anas (RA) to do Istikhara Seven times. Hazrat Jaber (RA) says that the Holy prophet (SAW) used to advise Istikhara as he used to teach us asurah of Holy Quran. Keeping in view the importance of Istikhara, I have tried my level best to discuss the Aadaab-e-Istikhara in this research paper. I have made research on Istikhara; its literal and figurative definition and lastly I have discussed approximately its eight basic Aadab: the observance of which makes the Istikhara acceptable to Alimighty Allah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Islamic religion guides humanity in all walks of life. For the guidance of human beings and remove their difficulties, Islam has a principled and set procedure for tilting towards Allah, which is called Istikhara. It is a fact that to invoke the guidance of Allah or removal of any hindrance is one of the basics of Bandage. Istikhara, no doubt is a loved procedure of sincerity and pleasure. It is very sad to point out that in this chaotic period, of humanity and the so called enlightened moderation, we have set aside the distinguished traditions and we are ignoring our religious and spiritual values. The fact is that the cause of our success lies in following the golden principles of Islam. Unfortunately we have adopted this painful neglect even towards Istikhara. Most of the people do not have any concept of Istikhara and the few who use it are ignorant of its procedure that is against sunned. One of those practiced procedures is the determination of dream for Istikhara. It is not correct that the result of Istikhara as revealed through dream. I have explained the fact of Sharah Sadar in this paper. Its literal and figurative meanings with the reference of circumstances and events of the companions of Prophet (S.A.W). At the end, I have elaborated the need of Sharah Sadar in the process of Istikhara in the light and arguments of Scholars of the Ummah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almighty Allah sent elite person known as His messengers continually in all past ages for the purpose of reverting the blasphemous as well as erroneous people to the right path from deviation and polytheism. Such messengers of Almighty Allah are not simply the common human beings but they are thoroughly complete and unique personages bearing typical model of actions. They are meant spiritually to bring about reformation and guidance of the people. It is justly in the same manner Almighty Allah has created expertise, specialist doctors and wise people in all ages. It suggests that training of character and manner of the human being is essential for making the human beings accomplished in all spheres of life. Competent physicians and doctors are necessary for keeping up physiological as well as hygienic health of the human beings. It is because every physician's prime duty is to save the person from malignant matter from his body it is possible only when he is past master and perfect in his field. In the very paper the capabilities and responsibilities of doctor are described in the light of Islamic teachings, so then we should distinguish doctor and quack that are playing with the lives of people in society and are the cause of restlessness and disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazarat Muhammad (SAW) told to his Ummah those actions and prayers, by their regularity the connection of creature to the Creator become the strongest. Moreover, he has guided about those matter which are related to future betterment and to avoid of loss. For the betterment of future, the action which Holy prophet (SAW) told is known as istikhara. About this matter the hadith which Holy Prophet (SAW) has told is known as Hadith-i- Istikhara.In this very hadith Holy Prophet (SAW) told about two rakaat salat-e istikhara and the procedure of dua-e-istikhara to his Ummah. It is concluded by pondering over the words of dua-e-istikhara that these words contain many issues and explanations. Each word shows the power, control and knowledge of Allah and shows the weakness and helplessness of man. By pondering over this hadith, we come to the conclusion that these words are the greatest sources of strengthening the relationship between the creation and the Creator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allah is the creator of this universe and has created each and every thing on the earth and in the sky. He is the lord of every thing and has complete control over these. He is Rub, i.e., the up bringer of everything. In up bringing, those acts are done which apparently please a human being and those acts are also performed which make him angry. The true believer is one who remains happy whether Allah gives him something or takes anything away form him. He thanks Him when he rewards him or punishes him. It is so because he believes that Allah is omnipotent in rewarding and punishing humans and He knows the hikmah of His deeds. Therefore that person is called agreed man who not only is pleased with Allah Himself but also with His deeds, taqdeer and affairs. However this raza with Allah should be with pleasure and not by force. In a human being there should be so much love, relationship and satisfaction that he should accept his destiny with pleasure. However in this research we have tried to make it clear that whatever Allah determines for a human is better for him and he should accept it with pleasure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking and the different uses of Tobacco has been considered the major cause of human deaths all over the world. Nearly five million people who smoke die from tobacco related diseases every year around the world. There is no other consumer product that kills and causes terminal illness and disability in so many people. To save the humanity, The World Health Organization has thrown its normal weight behind the effort to control the tobacco epidemic. Many countries have made significant progress in this area and have supplemented education programs with restrictive and legislative measures. Many countries regulate or restrict tobacco sales and advertising and require warnings to be placed prominently on the product packaging. Many governments have now banned smoking in public venues over concerns of second hand smoke, and ostensibly to discourage tobacco use in general. The paper suggests that the Advertising, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco use should be banned. On the other hand, Mass media (Newspapers, TV, radio etc) should play their role to eradicate this menace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking and the different uses of Tobacco has been considered the major cause of human deaths all over the world. Nearly five million people who smoke die from tobacco related diseases every year around the world. There is no other consumer product that kills and causes terminal illness and disability in so many people. To save the humanity, The World Health Organization has thrown its normal weight behind the effort to control the tobacco epidemic. Many countries have made significant progress in this area and have supplemented education programs with restrictive and legislative measures. Many countries regulate or restrict tobacco sales and advertising and require warnings to be placed prominently on the product packaging. Many governments have now banned smoking in public venues over concerns of second hand smoke, and ostensibly to discourage tobacco use in general. The paper suggests that the Advertising, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco use should be banned. On the other hand, Mass media (Newspapers, TV, radio etc) should play their role to eradicate this menace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]