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Climate-driven species range expansions are underway with more tropically affiliated species, including Scleractinian corals, becoming increasingly abundant at higher latitudes. However, uncertainty remains on how these range shifts will affect reef-scale ecosystem processes, which will ultimately depend on the traits of the taxa that dominate these assemblages. Here, we quantified spatiotemporal patterns in the taxonomic and trait structure of coral assemblages along the subtropical-temperate coast of Western Australia (27°–34°S). Coral abundance was generally low and coral cover < 5% across our study sites. Coral assemblages shared similarities in morphological trait structures across the latitudinal gradient, mostly characterised by taxa with simple morphologies; yet subtle differences were also observed across latitudes, with high-latitude corals characterised by slower growth rates and reduced maximum colony sizes. We found a 3.4-fold increase (from 1 to 3.4 individuals m−2) in coral abundance at one heavily disturbed location, where canopy-forming seaweeds were replaced by turfing algae, a pattern that was partly driven by an increase in the relative contribution of warm affinity taxa, such as Acropora spp. We predicted these changes would be reflected in different components of functional diversity; yet, despite a localised signal of tropicalisation, we only observed subtle changes in the functional identity, richness, evenness, and divergence. The spatially invariant trait structure of coral assemblages suggests that the nature of ecosystem functions will likely remain unchanged during early stages of tropicalisation, and hence their contribution to temperate reef-scale ecological processes will depend on dominance over other benthic foundational species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health professionals develop their own approach to patient care based on education, experience and philosophical stance. Literature suggests that this practice approach informs patient care, and clinical outcomes. The Osteopaths' Therapeutic Approaches Questionnaire (Osteo-TAQ) is a novel 36-item instrument developed from qualitative grounded theory research with osteopaths in the United Kingdom. The aim of the study was to develop evidence for the structural and construct validity of the Osteo-TAQ in the Australian osteopathic profession and provide initial descriptive data about the therapeutic approaches of osteopaths in Australia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from registered osteopaths in Australia using the Osteo-TAQ and analysed with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The EFA utilised parallel analysis to determine the number of factors to extract and McDonald's omega calculated as the reliability estimation statistic. Results: 691 Australian osteopaths provided data for the study, representing 25% of the Australian osteopathic profession. Empirically the number of factors to extract based on the parallel analysis was seven. Two- and three-factor solutions were evaluated given the underpinning theory identifying two conceptions of practice and three interrelated therapeutic approaches. Both the two- and three-factor solutions were consistent with the underpinning theory with acceptable reliability estimations for each factor. Descriptive data suggested the most common element of the therapeutic approach of Australian osteopaths was establishing rapport, while the least common was 'only talking' with their patients. Conclusions: This study provides evidence for the structural, content and construct validity of the Osteo-TAQ in an Australian osteopathic practitioner population. The results support both a two- and three-factor structure for the Osteo-TAQ in an Australian osteopathic population, with each factor demonstrating acceptable reliability estimations supporting the items comprising each factor as measuring a single construct. From a theoretical and empirical perspective, it can be inferred that the Osteo-TAQ tool encapsulates an osteopaths' conception of practice (professional artistry and technical rational) and three main therapeutic approaches to patient care: Educator, Communicator and Treater. Further research is required to explore each of these therapeutic approaches to better understand how they relate to an individual osteopath's conception of practice, and their associations with other measures of practice including clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential ergogenic effects of an oral lactate supplement. For this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design, fifteen recreational exercisers (nine males, six females) ingested a placebo or a commercially available lactate supplement prior to cycle ergometer exercise. Primary outcomes included peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak; via indirect calorimetry), VO2 at the ventilatory threshold, and work rate at the lactate threshold (arterialized venous blood from a heated hand) determined during incremental exercise to fatigue, and power output during a 20-min cycling time trial. Compared with placebo, the oral lactate supplement (19 ± 1 mg/kg body mass) did not influence VO2peak (placebo: 44.3 ± 7.8 vs. oral lactate: 44.3 ± 7.1 mL/kg/min (mean ± SD); p = 0.87), VO2 at the ventilatory threshold (placebo: 1.63 ± 0.25 vs. oral lactate: 1.65 ± 0.23 L/min; p = 0.82), or work rate at the lactate threshold (placebo: 179 ± 69 vs. oral lactate: 179 ± 59 W; p = 0.41). Throughout the 20-min time trial, the work rate was slightly greater (4%) with oral lactate (204 ± 41 W) compared with placebo (197 ± 41 W; main effect of treatment p = 0.02). Collectively, these data suggest that this commercially available lactate supplement did not acutely influence the physiological responses to incremental cycle ergometer exercise but elicited a modest ergogenic effect during the short-duration time trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erosion is a key process in shaping the physical structure of coral reefs, yet due to erosion being semi‐cryptic and difficult to quantify, information remains limited. Here, we investigate erosional processes along Ningaloo Reef, an extensive fringing coral reef in Western Australia. We employed both direct and indirect methods to measure erosion in wave‐exposed reef slopes and protected lagoonal habitats. Direct measurements of erosion on coral blocks were among the highest found globally, with total erosion of 3.07 kg m−2 yr−1 (4% from micro, 0.6% from macro, and 94% from external), whilst indirect rates were estimated at 2.4 ± 0.20 kg m−2 yr−1 (78% from parrotfish, 22% from urchins). Indirect erosion rates were influenced by the species and size of parrotfish, with Chlorurus microrhinos removing 0.44 ± 0.19 kg m−2 yr−1 (22% of parrotfish erosion). Scanning electron microscopy and computed tomography show that micro and macroborer erosion contributions to direct erosion were low, most likely due to heavy grazing by parrotfish and the short deployment period of experimental substrates. A substantial portion of external erosion on blocks (0.53 ± 0.23 kg m−2 yr−1) could not be attributed to bioeroders and was poorly correlated with wave exposure, suggesting processes not quantified contribute to this unaccounted aspect of erosion. Our results confirm that bioerosion by parrotfish is especially significant at Ningaloo Reef, and large‐bodied individuals of C. microrhinos are key in conserving this key ecological process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the thirteenth century, the carole dance and its refrain songs simultaneously delighted the characters of vernacular French literature, troubled the morals of clerics, and engaged the analytical powers of music theorists. Revising existing scholarship that stresses the differences between these three accounts, this article demonstrates their interlinked uses of caroles to explore musical and sexual ethics. First, clerical authors employed caroles as microcosms of their wider attempts to control sexual and musical behaviour, as expressed both in marriage reforms and a broad range of music-theoretical, confessional, and homiletic texts. Second, the ethical associations that clerics established for caroles allowed vernacular literary authors like Jean Renart and Gerbert de Montreuil to use these dances to undercut and satirize clerical attempts at social control. Finally, these ethical discourses enabled music theorists to produce layered analyses of the social role of caroles , as in this article's closing rereading of Johannes de Grocheio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motets in the fourteenth-century liturgical manuscript Oxford, Bodleian, lat. liturg. e. 42 have, despite some sidelong glances, not been the subject of any concentrated study since F. Alberto Gallo introduced them in 1970. This article proposes a date for the copying of these motets in the first few decades of the fourteenth century and demonstrates that they have much to add to ongoing debates about stylistic and notational change between the Ars Antiqua and Ars Nova styles. First, they underline the importance of considering polyphony within the context of the whole book that transmits it: e. 42's motets work together with its monophonic chant to emphasise a set of feasts which were particularly important for the compilers of this manuscript within their institutional context. Second, these motets act as an important reminder that narratives of fourteenth-century stylistic change must be heterogeneous: the wide-ranging mix of musical styles found in the motets of e. 42 add to an emerging picture of early fourteenth-century Ars Antiqua collections in which such stylistic eclecticism is a common feature. Third, e. 42's notation and its connections to that of other manuscripts enrich and complicate narratives of notational change in this period. Parallels for e. 42's ligature use can be found in a temporally and geographically diverse set of manuscripts. Its notation of semibreves, however, resembles that of a smaller group of manuscripts from the early fourteenth century and provides an important witness for the changes to semibreve rhythm at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chiropractors, osteopaths and physiotherapists (COPs) can assess and manage musculoskeletal conditions with similar manual or physical therapy techniques. This overlap in scope of practice raises questions about the boundaries between the three professions. Clinical settings where they are co-located are one of several possible influences on professional boundaries and may provide insight into the nature of these boundaries and how they are managed by clinicians themselves. Objectives: To understand the nature of professional boundaries between COPs within a co-located clinical environment and describe the ways in which professional boundaries may be reinforced, weakened, or navigated in this environment. Methods: Drawing from an interpretivist paradigm, we used ethnographic observations to observe interactions between 15 COPs across two clinics. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis principles. Results: We identified various physical and non-physical 'boundary objects' that influenced the nature of the professional boundaries between the COPs that participated in the study. These boundary objects overall seemed to increase the fluidity of the professional boundaries, at times simultaneously reinforcing and weakening them. The boundary objects were categorised into three themes: physical, including the clinic's floor plan, large and small objects; social, including identities and discourse; and organisational, including appointment durations and fees, remuneration policies and insurance benefits. Conclusions: Physical, social, organisational related factors made the nature of professional boundaries between COPs in these settings fluid; meaning that they were largely not rigid or fixed but rather flexible, responsive and subject to change. These findings may challenge patients, clinicians and administrators to appreciate that traditional beliefs of distinct boundaries between COPs may not be so in co-located clinical environments. Both clinical practice and future research on professional boundaries between COPs may need to further consider some of these broader factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep radio surveys of extragalactic legacy fields trace a large range of spatial and brightness temperature sensitivity scales, and therefore have differing biases to radio-emitting physical components within galaxies. This is particularly true of radio surveys performed at |$\lesssim 1 \ \mathrm{arcsec}$| angular resolutions, and so robust comparisons are necessary to better understand the biases present in each survey. We present a multiresolution and multiwavelength analysis of the sources detected in a new Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) survey of the Cosmic Assembly Near-IR Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey-North field. For the 24 VLBA-selected sources described in Paper I, we augment the VLBA data with EVN data, and ∼0.1–1 arcsec angular resolution data provided by Very Large Array (VLA) and enhanced-Multi Element Remotely Linked Interferometry Network. This sample includes new active galactic nuclei (AGN) detected in this field, thanks to a new source extraction technique that adopts priors from ancillary multiwavelength data. The high brightness temperatures of these sources (TB ≳ 106 K) confirm AGN cores, that would often be missed or ambiguous in lower-resolution radio data of the same sources. Furthermore, only 15 sources are identified as 'radiative' AGN based on available X-ray and infrared constraints. By combining VLA and VLBA measurements, we find evidence that the majority of the extended radio emission is also AGN dominated, with only three sources with evidence for extended potentially star formation-dominated radio emission. We demonstrate the importance of wide-field multiresolution (arcsecond–milliarcsecond) coverage of the faint radio source population, for a complete picture of the multiscale processes within these galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a book titled "Medieval Polyphony and Song" by Helen Deeming and Frieda van der Heijden. The book provides an accessible overview of medieval polyphony and song, covering a period of over 500 years. It is organized geographically, with chapters focusing on different European regions and their musical cultures. The book includes socio-cultural summaries at the beginning of each chapter, providing context for the music discussed. While the book is praised for its clarity and accessibility, some scholars argue that it presents a fixed and uncontested narrative of the musical past, overlooking recent scholarship and debates. Overall, the book offers a valuable introduction to medieval music for readers interested in the subject. [Extracted from the article]

The practice of osteopathy differs around the world. However, the dominant practice is that of manual therapy interventions guided by assessment of the neuromusculoskeletal system. Patient populations treated by osteopaths vary across the lifespan and include groups with more-nuanced care requirements such as those who are pregnant. The volume of evidence for osteopathy care is increasing. This umbrella review seeks to identify systematic reviews of osteopathic care with the purpose of highlighting current knowledge about the high-level evidence underpinning the profession. The umbrella review will be conducted consistent with the Joanna Briggs Institute umbrella review methodology. Articles will be limited to those describing osteopathic care. An initial search did not identify a similar study and nor is one registered. A search of MEDLINE and CINAHL informed the search syntax. A full search will be performed across MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL (EBSCO), Scopus, Web of Science, PEDro, Osteopathic Research Web, AMED, Index to Chiropractic Literature, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Osteopathic Medicine Digital Repository (OSTMED.DR). The reference lists of included articles will be reviewed to identify potentially relevant systematic reviews. Data will be extracted from each systematic review and presented in tabular format. The umbrella review will synthesise what is known about osteopathic care as described in systematic reviews. The review will inform stakeholders about the role of osteopathic care in the health system and provide recommendations for future research. The findings will be submitted for peer-review publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of 475h of interferometric observations with the Australia Telescope Compact Array towards the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16. We search for large, extended molecular gas reservoirs among 46 previously detected CO(1−0) emitters, employing a customised method we developed. Based on the CO emission images and position–velocity diagrams, as well as the ranking of sources using a binary weighting of six different criteria, we have identified 14 robust and 7 tentative candidates that exhibit large extended molecular gas reservoirs. These extended reservoirs are defined as having sizes greater than 40 kpc or supergalactic scale. This result suggests a high frequency of extended gas reservoirs, comprising at least 30 percent of our CO-selected sample. An environmental study of the candidates is carried out based on Nth nearest neighbour and we find that the large molecular gas reservoirs tend to exist in denser regions. The spatial distribution of our candidates is mainly centred on the core region of the Spiderweb protocluster. The performance and adaptability of our method are discussed. We found 13 (potentially) extended gas reservoirs located in eight galaxy (proto)clusters from the literature. We noticed that large extended molecular gas reservoirs surrounding (normal) star-forming galaxies in protoclusters are rare. This may be attributable to the lack of observations low- J CO transitions and the lack of quantitative analyses of molecular gas morphologies. The large gas reservoirs in the Spiderweb protocluster are potential sources of the intracluster medium seen in low redshift Virgo- or Coma-like galaxy clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to understand the interplay between resistance and recovery on coral reefs, and to investigate dependence on pre‐ and post‐disturbance states, to inform generalizable reef resilience theory across large spatial and temporal scales. Location: Tropical coral reefs globally. Time Period: 1966–2017. Major Taxa Studied: Scleractinian hard corals. Methods: We conducted a literature search to compile a global data set of total coral cover before and after acute storms, temperature stress and coastal run‐off from flooding events. We used meta‐regression to identify variables that explained significant variation in disturbance impact, including disturbance type, year, depth and pre‐disturbance coral cover. We further investigated the influence of these same variables, as well as post‐disturbance coral cover and disturbance impact, on recovery rate. We examined the shape of recovery, assigning qualitatively distinct, ecologically relevant, population growth trajectories: linear, logistic, logarithmic (decelerating) and a second‐order quadratic (accelerating). Results: We analysed 427 disturbance impacts and 117 recovery trajectories. Accelerating and logistic were the most common recovery shapes, underscoring non‐linearities and recovery lags. A complex but meaningful relationship between disturbance impact, the state of a reef pre‐ and post‐disturbance, and recovery rate was identified. Fastest recovery rates were predicted for intermediate to large disturbance impacts, but a decline in this rate was predicted when more than ~75% of pre‐disturbance cover was lost. We identified a shifting baseline, with declines in both pre‐ and post‐disturbance coral cover over the 50‐year study period. Main Conclusions: We break down the complexities of coral resilience, showing interplay between resistance and recovery, as well as dependence on both pre‐ and post‐disturbance states, alongside documenting a chronic decline in these states. This has implications for predicting coral reef futures and implementing actions to enhance resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The point-spread function (PSF) is a fundamental property of any astronomical instrument. In interferometers, differing array configurations combined with their uv coverage, and various weighting schemes can produce an irregular but deterministic PSF. As a result, the PSF is often deconvolved using CLEAN-style algorithms to improve image fidelity. In this paper, we revisit a significant effect that causes the flux densities measured with any interferometer to be systematically offset from the true values. Using a suite of carefully controlled simulations, we show that the systematic offset originates from a mismatch in the units of the image produced by these CLEAN-style algorithms. We illustrate that this systematic error can be significant, ranging from a few to tens of per cent. Accounting for this effect is important for current and future interferometric arrays, such as MeerKAT, LOFAR, and the SKA, whose core-dominated configuration naturally causes an irregular PSF. We show that this offset is independent of other systematics, and can worsen due to some factors such as the goodness of the fit to the PSF, the deconvolution depth, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the source. Finally, we present several methods that can reduce this effect to just a few per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral communities can survive in stressful environments; however, the mechanisms corals employ to endure challenging conditions are poorly understood. This study assessed how the heterotrophy of three coral genera (Acropora spp., Porites spp. and Platygyra spp.) varies among sites in the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, exposed to different levels of turbidity. Stable isotope δ13C and δ15N analysis of coral host and endosymbionts were combined with modern Bayesian isotopic niche analysis to demonstrate that heterotrophy in all three coral genera increased in highly turbid environments. While all coral genera were found to be more heterotrophic in highly turbid waters, Porites spp. favoured heterotrophy across all levels of turbidity, whereas Platygyra spp. and Acropora spp. were less heterotrophic at sites with lower turbidity. Thus, some scleractinian corals can alter their feeding strategies in response to turbidity levels. As nearshore coral reefs experience increased and prolonged turbidity with intensifying climate change and anthropogenic development, the knowledge gained from this study will allow for improved environmental impact assessment and predictive modelling for future coral reef conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low grade serous ovarian carcinoma (LGSOC) demonstrates unique clinical and molecular features compared to other ovarian cancer types. The relationship between common histological features of LGSOC and molecular events, such as hormone receptor expression patterns and MAPK gene mutation status, remains poorly understood. Recent data suggest some of these molecular features may be biomarkers of response to recently introduced biologically-targeted therapies, namely endocrine therapy and MEK inhibitors. We utilize a cohort of 63 pathologically-confirmed LGSOC cases with whole exome sequencing and hormone receptor expression data to investigate these relationships. LGSOC cases demonstrated uniformly high oestrogen receptor (ER) expression, but variable progesterone receptor (PR) expression intensity. 60% and 37% of cases demonstrated micropapillary and macropapillary patterns of stromal invasion, respectively. 63% of cases demonstrated desmoplasia, which was significantly associated with advanced disease stage and visible residual disease after cytoreductive surgery. MAPK-mutant cases (KRAS, BRAF, NRAS) more frequently demonstrated macropapillary stromal invasion, while Chr1p loss was associated with desmoplasia and low PR expression. Presence of micropapillary stromal invasion and low PR expression were associated with significantly poorer survival after accounting for stage and residual disease status. Together, these data identify novel relationships between histopathological features and molecularly-defined subgroups in LGSOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cancer and anti-cancer treatment (ACT) may be risk factors for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and limited vaccine efficacy. Long–term longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate these risks. The Scottish COVID cancer immunity prevalence (SCCAMP) study characterizes the incidence and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in patients with solid tumors undergoing ACT. This preliminary analysis includes 766 patients recruited since May 2020. Methods Patients with solid-organ cancers attending secondary care for active ACT consented to the collection of routine electronic health record data and serial blood samples over 12 months. Blood samples were tested for total SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Results A total of 766 participants were recruited between May 28, 2020 and October 31, 2021. Most received cytotoxic chemotherapy (79%). Among the participants, 48 (6.3%) were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR. Infection rates were unaffected by ACT, largely aligning with the local population. Mortality proportion was not higher with a recent positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR (10.4% vs 10.6%). Multivariate analysis revealed lower infection rates in vaccinated patients regardless of chemotherapy (HR 0.307 [95% CI, 0.144-0.6548]) or immunotherapy (HR 0.314 [95% CI, 0.041-2.367]) treatment. A total of 96.3% of patients successfully raised SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after >2 vaccines. This was independent of the treatment type. Conclusion This is the largest on-going longitudinal real-world dataset of patients undergoing ACT during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. This preliminary analysis demonstrates that patients with solid tumors undergoing ACT have high protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection following COVID-19 vaccination. The SCCAMP study will evaluate long–term COVID-19 antibody trends, focusing on specific ACTs and patient subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SKA PAthfinder Radio Continuum Surveys (SPARCS) are providing deep-field imaging of the faint (sub-mJy) extragalactic radio source populations through a series of reference surveys. One of the key science goals for SPARCS is to characterize the relative contribution of radio emission associated with active galactic nucleus (AGN) from star formation (SF) in these faint radio source populations, using a combination of high sensitivity and high angular resolution imaging over a range of spatial scales (arcsec to mas). To isolate AGN contribution from SF, we hypothesize that there exists a brightness temperature cut-off point separating pure AGN from SF. We present a multiresolution (10–100 mas) view of the transition between compact AGN and diffuse SF through a deep wide-field EVN +  e -MERLIN, multiple phase centre survey of the centre of the Northern SPARCS (SLOAN) reference field at 1.6 GHz. This is the first (and only) VLBI (+  e -MERLIN) milliarcsecond angular resolution observation of this field, and of the wider SPARCS reference field programme. Using these high spatial resolution (9 pc–0.3 kpc at z ∼ 1.25) data, 11 milliarcsec-scale sources are detected from a targeted sample of 52 known radio sources from previous observations with the e -MERLIN, giving a VLBI detection fraction of |$\sim 21{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$|⁠. At spatial scales of |$\sim 9\,$| pc, these sources show little to no jet structure whilst at |$\sim 0.3\,$| kpc one-sided and two-sided radio jets begin to emerge on the same sources, indicating a possible transition from pure AGN emissions to AGN and SF systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence-based practice (EBP) is fundamental to the delivery of high-quality, safe and effective health care. Naprapaths, manual therapy providers that specialize in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction, became a Swedish licensed health profession in 1994. This study investigated the attitudes, skills and implementation of EBP among licensed naprapaths in Sweden. Methods: Licensed naprapaths (n = 950) of Svenska Naprapatförbundet (the Swedish Naprapathy Association) were invited by email to take part in this cross-sectional anonymous online study using the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude and Utilisation Survey in February 2019. Results: Fourteen percent (137/950) of invited naprapaths completed the survey. There was an approximately equal gender divide among responders; most were in the mid-career age range, practiced in city areas, and had a university or college certificate/diploma as their highest qualification. The majority of naprapaths agreed or strongly agreed that EBP was necessary in the practice of naprapathy, assisted them in making care decisions, and improved the quality of patient care. Naprapaths' self-reported skills in EBP were mostly in the moderate to moderate-high range. The majority of participating naprapaths reported infrequent implementation of EBP. Perceived minor or moderate barriers to EBP uptake included a lack of colleague support for EBP and a lack of relevant resources. Access to the internet and free online databases were reported as very useful enablers to improving EBP uptake. Conclusions: The licensed naprapaths participating in this survey reported positive attitudes toward EBP, moderate levels of EBP skills, and infrequent implementation of EBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Only two European countries – France and the UK, both NATO members – have nuclear weapons, and leading politicians have called for the UK and EU to maintain close military and security links post-Brexit. In the context of the Trident renewal debate and the UK government's recently published integrated defence and security review, this article uses data from the new UK Security Survey to analyse attitudes towards the possession of nuclear weapons among the British public. It assesses three key theorical strands in the wider scholarly literature on public opinion and states' use of military force: domestic political attitudes, foreign policy predispositions, and the 'gender gap'. We find that all three theoretical perspectives contribute to the underpinnings of contemporary public opinion towards nuclear weapons. Support for the retention of Britain's nuclear deterrent is associated with being a Conservative Party supporter, favouring Brexit, endorsing superior military power worldwide as an important foreign policy goal, wanting to protect the transatlantic relationship, and with being male. The article makes a distinctive contribution to the growing subfield of research on public opinion and foreign policy, while the findings advance wider empirical understanding of contemporary citizen engagement in a key dimension of security policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a study of a luminous, |$z\, =\, 0.15$|⁠ , type-2 quasar (⁠|$L_{[\rm O III]}$|  = 1042.8 erg s−1) from the Quasar Feedback Survey. It is classified as 'radio-quiet' (⁠|$L_{\mathrm{1.4\, GHz}}$|  = 1023.8 W Hz−1); however, radio imaging reveals ∼ 1 kpc low-power radio jets (Pjet = 1044 erg s−1) inclined into the plane of the galaxy disc. We combine MUSE and ALMA observations to map stellar kinematics and ionized and molecular gas properties. The jets are seen to drive galaxy-wide bi-conical turbulent outflows, reaching W 80  = 1000 – 1300 km s−1, in the ionized phase (traced via optical emission lines), which also have increased electron densities compared to the quiescent gas. The turbulent gas is driven perpendicular to the jet axis and is escaping along the galaxy minor axis, reaching 7.5 kpc on both sides. Traced via CO(3–2) emission, the turbulent material in molecular gas phase is one-third as spatially extended and has three times lower velocity-dispersion as compared to ionized gas. The jets are seen to be strongly interacting with the interstellar medium (ISM) through enhanced ionized emission and disturbed/depleted molecular gas at the jet termini. We see further evidence for jet-induced feedback through significantly higher stellar velocity-dispersion aligned, and co-spatial with, the jet axis (⁠|$\lt 5\, ^{\circ }$|⁠). We discuss possible negative and positive feedback scenarios arising due to the interaction of the low-power jets with the ISM in the context of recent jet–ISM interaction simulations, which qualitatively agree with our observations. We discuss how jet-induced feedback could be an important feedback mechanism even in bolometrically luminous 'radio-quiet' quasars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: As a result of TP53 gene mutation high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is dependent on the G2 checkpoint for the repair of DNA damage and survival. The key role of WEE1 kinase at this checkpoint makes inhibition of WEE1 kinase in combination with DNA damaging agents an attractive therapeutic strategy for HGSOC. Our aim was to characterise resistance mechanisms to WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775 and identify ways to overcome resistance ready for use in the clinic. Methods: AZD1775-resistant HGSOC cell clones were isolated and western blotting, cell cycle analysis, growth assays, RNA-Seq and gene expression analysis were used to characterise resistance mechanisms and investigate a way to overcome resistance. Results: A resistance mechanism previously reported in small cell lung cancer did not operate in HGSOC. Instead, resistance resulted from different cell cycle control pathway changes that slow AZD1775-induced cell cycle progression and reduce accumulation of replication associated DNA damage. One major change was reduced levels of CDK1, the substrate for WEE1 kinase inhibition; another was increased levels of PKMYT1, which can also inhibit CDK1. Increased expression of TGFβ signalling to slow cell cycle progression occurred in resistant clones. A TGFβR1 inhibitor overcame resistance in a clone with the highest TGFβR1 receptor expression. Conclusions: Although overexpression of the membrane glycoprotein MDR1 is a common mechanism of drug resistance, it was not involved in our HGSOC cells. Instead AZD1775 resistance resulted from cell cycle control pathway changes that combine to slow AZD1775-induced cell cycle progression and so reduce accumulation of replicationassociated DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased support for NATO following Russia's invasion of Ukraine is hardly surprising and matches theories of public opinion in times of war. This article unpacks this headline, considering not just Russian and Chinese pre-war behaviour but the underlying foreign policy attitudes of citizens across three different NATO member states. When grey-zone tactics were the preferred mode of action for both Russia and China, were citizens in NATO countries such as the US, the UK and a former Soviet state such as Lithuania in agreement on how to respond to threats? Using survey data from March 2021, Catarina P Thomson finds that although NATO is generally perceived as the first port of call, the dynamics underlying such support vary between these three countries.◼ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative impact of populist anti-aid rhetoric on public opinion has been based on anecdotal reports to date. Here, we take a systematic and empirical look at this inquiry. We hypothesize that even though populist rhetoric decreases support for foreign development aid in donor publics, this effect is conditioned by individuals' preexisting beliefs about populist leaders. Using data from original survey experiments conducted with representative samples of American and British adults, we find that exposure to different variants of populist frames decreases individuals' willingness to support their government providing development aid through an international organization. However, this effect is moderated by whether people think populist leaders stand up for the little guy or scapegoat out-groups. Connecting foreign aid and populism literatures, our results suggest that the future of global development might not be as bleak as previously feared in the age of populism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea urchins can play a critical ecological role in the functioning of marine benthic ecosystems, mediating competitive interactions between corals and algae. Yet, little is known about factors affecting urchin distribution in intact coral reef systems. This study aims to determine the spatial distribution of two sympatric urchin species, Echinometra mathaei and Echinostrephus molaris , and potential factors contributing to this, within the intact coral reef system of Ningaloo Marine Park, north-western Western Australia. Benthic photographs and surveys were conducted on SCUBA at 126 sites across the Park to determine urchin presence, rugosity, substrate cover, water velocity, and fish predation for each site. Generalised additive models found that E. mathaei presence was positively related to algal cover, rugosity and non-sanctuary zones, suggesting that distribution may be driven by foraging behaviour, habitat complexity and predation. Echinostrephus molaris presence was positively related to habitat and region, suggesting its distribution may be largely driven by hydrodynamics, feeding strategy and regional variation. This study highlighted species-habitat associations and the complexities of these in structuring urchin communities. Although occupying similar niches, the predominantly non-overlapping feeding preferences, and morphological and behavioural differences between E. mathaei and E. molaris enable these species to coexist within the intact reef system of Ningaloo Marine Park. Sea urchins can play a critical ecological role in the functioning of marine benthic ecosystems, mediating competitive interactions between corals and algae. Yet, little is known about factors affecting urchin distribution in intact coral reef systems. This study determines the spatial distribution and occurrence of two sympatric urchin species, Echinometra mathaei and Echinostrephus molaris , and the potential factors contributing to this, within the Ningaloo Marine Park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While evidence-based practice (EBP) is widely accepted across healthcare professions, research investigating its implementation in manual therapy professions such as osteopathy is limited. The primary aim of this study was to investigate Italian osteopaths' attitudes, skills, and use of EBP. A secondary purpose was to understand the obstacles and enablers to EBP adoption in the Italian osteopathic context. Methods: A cross-sectional national survey was conducted (April to June 2020) among a sample of Italian osteopaths. Eligible participants were invited to complete the Italian-translated Evidence-Based practice Attitude and Utilization Survey (EBASE) anonymously online using various recruitment strategies, including email and social media campaigns. In addition to the three EBASE sub-scores (attitudes, skills and use), the demographic characteristics of the sample were considered. Results: A total of 473 osteopaths responded to the survey. The sample appeared to represent the Italian osteopathic profession. The majority of participants had a favorable attitude toward EBP. Eighty-eight percent of respondents agreed that EBP was necessary for osteopathy practice and that scientific literature and research findings were beneficial to their clinical scenario (95%). Perceived skill levels in EBP were rated as moderate, with the lowest scores for items relating to clinical research and systematic review conduct. Apart from reading/reviewing scientific literature and using online search engines to locate relevant research papers, participant engagement in all other EBP-related activities was generally low. Clinical practice was perceived to be based on a very small proportion of clinical research evidence. The primary obstacles to EBP implementation were a dearth of clinical evidence in osteopathy, and poor skills in applying research findings. The primary enablers of EBP adoption were access to full-text articles, internet connectivity at work, and access to online databases. Conclusions: Italian osteopaths were largely supportive of evidence-based practice but lacked basic skills in EBP and rarely engaged in EBP activities. The updating of osteopathic training curriculum and professional formal regulation in Italy could provide a suitable framework to improve EBP skills and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Overcoming barriers to equality, diversity, inclusivity, and sense of belonging in healthcare education: the underrepresented groups' experiences in osteopathic training (UrGEnT) mixed methods study" published in BMC Medical Education. The correction addresses an error in the author name, stating that the correct name is Oliver P. Thomson, not Oliver T. Thomson. The original article has been corrected accordingly. The publisher, Springer Nature, maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. The authors of the article are Jerry Draper-Rodi, Hilary Abbey, John Hammond, Oliver P. Thomson, Kevin Brownhill, Andrew MacMillan, Yinka Fabusuyi, and Steven Vogel. [Extracted from the article]

Red quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) are a subset of the quasar population with colours consistent with reddening due to intervening dust. Recent work has demonstrated that red QSOs show special radio properties that fundamentally distinguish them from normal blue QSOs, specifically a higher incidence of low-power radio emission (1.4 GHz luminosities L 1.4 ≈ 1025–1027 W Hz−1) that is physically compact when imaged by arcsecond-resolution radio surveys such as FIRST. In this work, we present e-MERLIN imaging of a set of intermediate-redshift (1.0 < z < 1.55), luminous (bolometric luminosities L bol ≈ 1046–1047 erg s−1) red and normal QSOs carefully selected to have radio properties that span the range over which red QSOs show the most divergence from the general population. With an angular resolution 25× better than FIRST, we resolve structures within the host galaxies of these QSOs (>2 kpc). We report a statistically significant difference in the incidence of extended kpc-scale emission in red QSOs. From an analysis of the radio size distributions of the sample, we find that the excess radio emission in red QSOs can be attributed to structures that are confined to galaxy scales (<10 kpc), while we confirm previous results that red and normal QSOs have similar incidences of radio jets and lobes on circumgalactic or larger scales (>10 kpc). Our results indicate that the primary mechanism that generates the enhanced radio emission in red QSOs is not directly connected with the nuclear engine or accretion disc, but is likely to arise from extended components such as AGN-driven jets or winds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinical practice guidelines commonly recommend adopting a biopsychosocial (BPS) framework by practitioners managing musculoskeletal pain. However, it remains unclear how osteopaths implement a BPS framework in the management of musculoskeletal pain. Hence, the objective of this review was to systematically appraise the literature on the current practices, barriers and facilitators experienced by osteopaths in implementing a BPS framework of care when managing people with musculoskeletal pain.Methods: The following electronic databases from January 2005 to August 2020 were searched: PubMed, CINAHL, Science Direct, Google Scholar, ProQuest Central and SCOPUS. Two independent reviewers reviewed the articles retrieved from the databases to assess for eligibility. Any studies (quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods) that investigated the use or application of the BPS approach in osteopathic practice were included in the review. The critical appraisal skills program (CASP) checklist was used to appraise the qualitative studies and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to appraise quantitative or mixed methods studies. Advanced convergent meta-integration was used to synthesise data from quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies.Results: A total of 6 studies (two quantitative, three qualitative and one mixed methods) were included in the final review. While two key concepts (current practice and embracing a BPS approach) were generated using advanced meta-integration synthesis, two concepts (barriers and enablers) were informed from qualitative only data.Discussion: Our review finding showed that current osteopathic practice occurs within in the biomedical model of care. Although, osteopaths are aware of the theoretical underpinnings of the BPS model and identified the need to embrace it, various barriers exist that may prevent osteopaths from implementing the BPS model in clinical practice. Ongoing education and/or workshops may be necessary to enable osteopaths to implement a BPS approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrioid ovarian carcinoma (EnOC) is an under-investigated ovarian cancer type. Recent studies have described disease subtypes defined by genomics and hormone receptor expression patterns; here, we determine the relationship between these subtyping layers to define the molecular landscape of EnOC with high granularity and identify therapeutic vulnerabilities in high-risk cases. Whole exome sequencing data were integrated with progesterone and oestrogen receptor (PR and ER) expression-defined subtypes in 90 EnOC cases following robust pathological assessment, revealing dominant clinical and molecular features in the resulting integrated subtypes. We demonstrate significant correlation between subtyping approaches: PR-high (PR + /ER + , PR + /ER−) cases were predominantly CTNNB1-mutant (73.2% vs 18.4%, P < 0.001), while PR-low (PR−/ER + , PR−/ER−) cases displayed higher TP53 mutation frequency (38.8% vs 7.3%, P = 0.001), greater genomic complexity (P = 0.007) and more frequent copy number alterations (P = 0.001). PR-high EnOC patients experience favourable disease-specific survival independent of clinicopathological and genomic features (HR = 0.16, 95% CI 0.04–0.71). TP53 mutation further delineates the outcome of patients with PR-low tumours (HR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.14–5.75). A simple, routinely applicable, classification algorithm utilising immunohistochemistry for PR and p53 recapitulated these subtypes and their survival profiles. The genomic profile of high-risk EnOC subtypes suggests that inhibitors of the MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathways, alongside PARP inhibitors, represent promising candidate agents for improving patient survival. Patients with PR-low TP53-mutant EnOC have the greatest unmet clinical need, while PR-high tumours—which are typically CTNNB1-mutant and TP53 wild-type—experience excellent survival and may represent candidates for trials investigating de-escalation of adjuvant chemotherapy to agents such as endocrine therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first results from the Quasar Feedback Survey, a sample of 42 z < 0.2, [O  iii ] luminous AGNs (L [O III] > 1042.1 ergs s−1) with moderate radio luminosities (i.e. L 1.4GHz > 1023.4 W Hz−1; median L 1.4GHz = 5.9 × 1023 W Hz−1). Using high spatial resolution (∼0.3–1 arcsec), 1.5–6 GHz radio images from the Very Large Array, we find that 67 per cent of the sample have spatially extended radio features on ∼1–60 kpc scales. The radio sizes and morphologies suggest that these may be lower radio luminosity versions of compact, radio-loud AGNs. By combining the radio-to-infrared excess parameter, spectral index, radio morphology, and brightness temperature, we find radio emission in at least 57 per cent of the sample that is associated with AGN-related processes (e.g. jets, quasar-driven winds, or coronal emission). This is despite only 9.5–21 per cent being classified as radio-loud using traditional criteria. The origin of the radio emission in the remainder of the sample is unclear. We find that both the established anticorrelation between radio size and the width of the [O    iii ] line, and the known trend for the most [O  iii ] luminous AGNs to be associated with spatially extended radio emission, also hold for our sample of moderate radio luminosity quasars. These observations add to the growing evidence of a connection between the radio emission and ionized gas in quasar host galaxies. This work lays the foundation for deeper investigations into the drivers and impact of feedback in this unique sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral reefs have been heavily affected by elevated sea-surface temperature (SST) and coral bleaching since the late 1980s; however, until recently coastal reefs of north-western Australia have been relatively unaffected compared to Timor Sea and eastern Australian reefs. We compare SST time series with changes in coral cover spanning a period of up to 36 years to describe temporal and spatial variability in bleaching and associated coral mortality throughout the Pilbara–Ningaloo region. Declines in coral cover ranged from 12.5 to 51.3%, with relative declines ranging from 38 to 92%. Since 2013, coral cover throughout the region has declined to historically low levels at four of five subregions, with impaired recovery occurring at two subregions. Observations are consistent with global trends of repeated severe heat waves, coral bleaching and acute declines in coral cover. Locations within this study region have already experienced multiple coral-bleaching events within a period of less than 5 years. There is a high likelihood that reefs in the western Pilbara and northern Ningaloo regions will experience more frequent marine heatwaves, coral bleaching and mortality events in the future. Action, therefore, needs to be taken now to support the resilience of coral reef ecosystems in the region, which is arguably the most important coral-reef province on Australia's western coast. Changes in coral cover and sea surface temperature time series, across a period of up to 36 years to describe the coral bleaching and associated mortality throughout coastal north-western Australia. Reefs within this study region experienced multiple bleaching events between 2011 and 2014, and declines ranged from 12.5–51.3% (relative reductions between 38–92%), resulting in historically low coral cover at four of five sub-regions, with impaired recovery at two. This is consistent with global trends of repeated bleaching and coral decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyse a robust sample of 30 near-infrared-faint (K AB > 25.3, 5σ) submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) selected from a 0.96 deg2 field to investigate their properties and the cause of their faintness in optical/near-infrared wavebands. Our analysis exploits precise identifications based on Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) 870- μ m continuum imaging, combined with very deep near-infrared imaging from the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey. We estimate that SMGs with K AB > 25.3 mag represent 15 ± 2 per cent of the total population brighter than S 870 = 3.6 mJy, with a potential surface density of ∼450 deg−2 above S 870 ≥ 1 mJy. As such, they pose a source of contamination in surveys for both high-redshift 'quiescent' galaxies and very high redshift Lyman-break galaxies. We show that these K -faint SMGs represent the tail of the broader submillimetre population, with comparable dust and stellar masses to K AB ≤ 25.3 mag SMGs, but lying at significantly higher redshifts (z = 3.44 ± 0.06 versus z = 2.36 ± 0.11) and having higher dust attenuation (AV = 5.2 ± 0.3 versus AV = 2.9 ± 0.1). We investigate the origin of the strong dust attenuation and find indications that these K -faint galaxies have smaller dust continuum sizes than the K AB ≤ 25.3 mag galaxies, as measured by ALMA, which suggests their high attenuation is related to their compact sizes. We identify a correlation of dust attenuation with star formation rate surface density (ΣSFR), with the K -faint SMGs representing the higher ΣSFR and highest AV galaxies. The concentrated, intense star formation activity in these systems is likely to be associated with the formation of spheroids in compact galaxies at high redshifts, but as a result of their high obscuration these galaxies are completely missed in ultraviolet, optical, and even near-infrared surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although evidence-based practice (EBP) is largely supported across healthcare professions, its implementation in manual therapy professions such as osteopathy remains limited and debated. There is currently little knowledge of how Spanish osteopaths relate to EBP.Objectives: The main aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes, skills and use of EBP among Spanish osteopaths. A secondary aim was to identify barriers and facilitators for the adoption of EBP in the Spanish osteopathic context.Methods: National cross-sectional survey of Spanish osteopaths registered and non-registered to an osteopathic association in Spain. Eligible participants were invited by a range of recruitment strategies including email and social media campaigns to complete the Spanish-translated Evidence-Based practice Attitude and utilization Survey (EBASE) anonymously online.Results: A total of 567 osteopaths completed the survey which represents an approximate response rate of 9%. Participant's attitudes toward EBP were largely positive. Most respondents agreed or strongly agreed that EBP was necessary in the practice of osteopathy (89.6%) and that professional literature and research findings were useful to their day-to-day practice (88.9%). Levels of perceived skill in EBP were reported as low to moderate with lowest levels for items related to 'research conduct'. Except reading/reviewing professional literature and using online search engines to find practice-related literature, participant engagement in all other EBP-related activities was generally infrequent. The perceived proportion of clinical practice that was based on clinical research evidence was reported to be very small. Main barriers to EBP uptake included a lack of clinical evidence in osteopathy and insufficient skills for applying research findings. Main facilitators of EBP uptake included access to full-text articles, internet at the workplace and online databases.Conclusions: Spanish osteopaths were largely supportive of evidence-based practice, had low to moderate skills in EBP and engaged in EBP activities infrequently. Formal regulation of the profession in Spain and the inclusion of osteopathic programs into the university sector would potentially improve EBP skills and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence-based practice (EBP) is integral to the delivery of high-quality health care. Chiropractic has been a licensed health profession in Sweden since 1989, but little is known of the uptake of EBP in this professional group. This study explored the self-reported skills, attitudes and uptake of EBP, and the enablers and barriers of EBP uptake, among licensed chiropractors in Sweden. Methods: Licensed chiropractors (n = 172) of the Swedish Chiropractic Association (Legitimerade Kiropraktorers Riksorganisation) were invited to participate in an anonymous online questionnaire, using the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude and Utilisation Survey (EBASE) in February 2019. Results: Fifty-six (33%) chiropractors completed the survey. Participants were predominantly male, aged 30–49 years, held a Master's degree, and had received their highest qualification and practiced chiropractic for over a decade. Chiropractors rated their EBP skill-level mostly in the moderate to moderate-high range. The majority of chiropractors reported positive attitudes towards EBP, with most agreeing or strongly agreeing that EBP is necessary in the practice of chiropractic, and that EBP assists in making decisions about patient care. Chiropractors reported an average level of engagement in EBP activities. All participants indicated professional literature and research findings were useful in their day-to-day chiropractic practice. The main perceived enabler of EBP uptake was internet access in the workplace, whereas the main barrier to EBP uptake was lack of clinical evidence in chiropractic. Conclusions: Participating chiropractors of the Swedish Chiropractic Association were generally favourable of EBP, though only reported modest levels of EBP-related skills and engagement in EBP activities. Our findings suggest future studies investigating interventions focussed on improving chiropractors' skills and uptake of EBP are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spermatogenesis is the male version of gametogenesis, where germ cells are transformed into haploid spermatozoa through a tightly controlled series of mitosis, meiosis and differentiation. This process is reliant on precisely timed changes in gene expression controlled by several different hormonal and transcriptional mechanisms. One important transcription factor is SRY-box transcription factor 3 (SOX3), which is transiently expressed within the uncommitted spermatogonial stem cell population. Sox3 -null mouse testes exhibit a block in spermatogenesis, leading to infertility or subfertility. However, the molecular role of SOX3 during spermatogonial differentiation remains poorly understood because the genomic regions targeted by this transcription factor have not been identified. In this study we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to identify and characterise the endogenous genome-wide binding profile of SOX3 in mouse testes at Postnatal Day 7. We show that neurogenin3 (Neurog3 or Ngn3) is directly targeted by SOX3 in spermatogonial stem cells via a novel testes-specific binding site. We also implicate SOX3, for the first time, in direct regulation of histone gene expression and demonstrate that this function is shared by both neural progenitors and testes, and with another important transcription factor required for spermatogenesis, namely promyelocytic leukaemia zinc-finger (PLZF). Together, these data provide new insights into the function of SOX3 in different stem cell contexts. Tightly controlled gene expression is critical for the initiation of spermatogenesis. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, we characterised the genome-wide binding profile of the transcription factor SRY-box transcription factor 3 (SOX3) in mouse Postnatal Day 7 testes, identifying key targets such as neurogenin3 and canonical and testes-specific histones. These data provide valuable insights into some of the fundamental transcriptional mechanisms that drive spermatogonial progenitor cell differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the radio properties of 706 submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) selected at 870 μm with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array from the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey map of the Ultra Deep Survey field. We detect 273 SMGs at >4σ in deep Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array 1.4 GHz observations, of which a subset of 45 SMGs are additionally detected in 610 MHz Giant Metre-Wave Radio Telescope imaging. We quantify the far-infrared/radio correlation (FIRRC) through parameter qIR, defined as the logarithmic ratio of the far-infrared and radio luminosity, and include the radio-undetected SMGs through a stacking analysis. We determine a median qIR = 2.20 ± 0.03 for the full sample, independent of redshift, which places these z ∼ 2.5 dusty star-forming galaxies 0.44 ± 0.04 dex below the local correlation for both normal star-forming galaxies and local ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). Both the lack of redshift evolution and the offset from the local correlation are likely the result of the different physical conditions in high-redshift starburst galaxies, compared to local star-forming sources. We explain the offset through a combination of strong magnetic fields (B ≳ 0.2 mG), high interstellar medium (ISM) densities and additional radio emission generated by secondary cosmic rays. While local ULIRGs are likely to have similar magnetic field strengths, we find that their compactness, in combination with a higher ISM density compared to SMGs, naturally explains why local and high-redshift dusty star-forming galaxies follow a different FIRRC. Overall, our findings paint SMGs as a homogeneous population of galaxies, as illustrated by their tight and nonevolving far-infrared/radio correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scleractinian corals, which create complex three-dimensional carbonate structures, are the foundation of coral reef ecosystems. There are a variety of coral growth forms or 'morphologies' that have distinct advantages and disadvantages when corals compete for space and light, and when they are exposed to hydrodynamic disturbances. We developed a novel three-dimensional functional-structural model, Coralcraft, to investigate how hydrodynamic disturbances (of different frequencies and intensities) influence coral communities. Using five common coral morphologies—encrusting, hemispherical, tabular, corymbose and branching—Coralcraft tracks the temporal dynamics of simulated coral communities. Six metrics are considered: (1) the number of colonies, (2) the percentage cover and (3) the volume of each morphology; (4) the structural complexity (rugosity) and (5) the total coral cover of the community; and (6) the diversity of morphologies in the community as calculated according to metrics (1)–(3). Frequent high intensity disturbances caused the greatest reduction to the structural complexity and morphological diversity of simulated communities, with some variation depending on the metric used to calculate diversity. Conversely, scenarios of no disturbance or infrequent disturbance (of low or high intensity) led to communities with higher structural complexity and a higher diversity of morphologies. These results indicate that disturbance frequency may play a greater role in eroding structural complexity and diversity than disturbance intensity. Importantly, given that the scientific coral reef literature generally uses percentage cover, the other metrics we considered—number of colonies, volume, rugosity and diversity—captured the dynamics of impact and recovery from disturbance in subtly different ways. While there are many models for corals, Coralcraft is the first to model the temporal dynamics of three-dimensional growth, competition and response to disturbance in a community with different coral morphologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce five measures describing the system-wide behaviour of complex ecological systems. Within an information-theoretic framework, these measures account for changes in both species diversity and total biomass to describe (i) overall system change, (ii) sustainability to external pressure, (iii) shift from a baseline state and two types of resilience: (iv) ability to recover from local pressures and (v) overall potential to return to a baseline state. We apply these measures to study the behaviour of three computer models: a large 59-functional groups complex ecological model (Ecopath with Ecosim) of north Western Australia undergoing internal dynamics, a smaller 6-group coral reef model subjected to various combinations of single and multiple stressors and a prey–predator model displaying limit cycles. We demonstrate the state-dependency of properties like resilience and sustainability by showing how these measures change in time as a function of internal dynamics and external forcing. Furthermore, we show how our proposed measures can simplify system analysis and monitoring by providing indicators of changes in system behaviour, sustainability, and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the first results on weak gravitational lensing from the SuperCLASS survey: the first survey specifically designed to measure the weak lensing effect in radio-wavelength data, both alone and in cross-correlation with optical data. We analyse |$1.53 \, \mathrm{deg}^2$| of optical data from the Subaru telescope and |$0.26 \, \mathrm{deg}^2$| of radio data from the e -MERLIN and VLA telescopes (the DR1 data set). Using standard methodologies on the optical data only we make a significant (10σ) detection of the weak lensing signal (a shear power spectrum) due to the massive supercluster of galaxies in the targeted region. For the radio data we develop a new method to measure the shapes of galaxies from the interferometric data, and we construct a simulation pipeline to validate this method. We then apply this analysis to our radio observations, treating the e -MERLIN and VLA data independently. We achieve source densities of |$0.5 \,$|  arcmin−2 in the VLA data and |$0.06 \,$|  arcmin−2 in the e -MERLIN data, numbers which prove too small to allow a detection of a weak lensing signal in either the radio data alone or in cross-correlation with the optical data. Finally, we show preliminary results from a visibility-plane combination of the data from e -MERLIN and VLA which will be used for the forthcoming full SuperCLASS data release. This approach to data combination is expected to enhance both the number density of weak lensing sources available, and the fidelity with which their shapes can be measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, GHz radio emission has been used extensively to characterize the star-formation activity in galaxies. In this work, we look for empirical relationships amongst the radio luminosity, the infrared luminosity, and the CO-based molecular gas mass. We assemble a sample of 278 nearby galaxies with measurements of radio continuum and total infrared emission, and the 12CO J = 1–0 emission line. We find a correlation between the radio continuum and the CO emission line (with a scatter of 0.36 dex), in a large sample of different kinds of galaxies. Making use of this correlation, we explore the evolution of the molecular gas mass function and the cosmological molecular gas mass density in six redshift bins up to z = 1.5. These results agree with previous semi-analytic predictions and direct measurements: the cosmic molecular gas density increases up to z = 1.5. In addition, we find a single plane across five orders of magnitude for the explored luminosities, with a scatter of 0.27 dex. These correlations are sufficiently robust to be used for samples where no CO measurements exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an overview and description of the e -MERGE Survey (e -MERLIN Galaxy Evolution Survey) Data Release 1 (DR1), a large program of high-resolution 1.5-GHz radio observations of the GOODS-N field comprising ∼140 h of observations with enhanced-Multi-Element Remotely Linked Interferometer Network (e -MERLIN) and ∼40 h with the Very Large Array (VLA). We combine the long baselines of e -MERLIN (providing high angular resolution) with the relatively closely packed antennas of the VLA (providing excellent surface brightness sensitivity) to produce a deep 1.5-GHz radio survey with the sensitivity (⁠|${\sim}1.5\, \mu$|  Jy beam−1), angular resolution (0.2–0.7 arcsec) and field-of-view (∼15 × 15 arcmin2) to detect and spatially resolve star-forming galaxies and active galactic nucleus (AGN) at |$z$| ≳ 1. The goal of e -MERGE is to provide new constraints on the deep, sub-arcsecond radio sky which will be surveyed by SKA1-mid. In this initial publication, we discuss our data analysis techniques, including steps taken to model in-beam source variability over an ∼20-yr baseline and the development of new point spread function/primary beam models to seamlessly merge e -MERLIN and VLA data in the uv plane. We present early science results, including measurements of the luminosities and/or linear sizes of ∼500 galaxies selected at 1.5 GHz. In combination with deep Hubble Space Telescope observations, we measure a mean radio-to-optical size ratio of r e-MERGE/ r HST ∼ 1.02 ± 0.03, suggesting that in most high-redshift galaxies, the ∼GHz continuum emission traces the stellar light seen in optical imaging. This is the first in a series of papers that will explore the ∼kpc-scale radio properties of star-forming galaxies and AGN in the GOODS-N field observed by e -MERGE DR1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depth gradients are known to drive patterns of adult and juvenile coral distribution, but the influence on early successional communities and subsequent interactions with coral larvae settlement are poorly understood. We studied how early successional communities changed across a 40 m depth gradient to test whether patterns of coral larvae settlement could be explained by changes in preferred settlement substrates. Light decreased 83-fold from 3 to 40 m, and coral settlement orientation switched from tile undersides at 3 and 8 m to tile topsides at 25 and 40 m as expected. Regardless of the reduction in light, community composition on the topsides of settlement tiles did not change across depths, being dominated by turf algae (49%), crustose coralline algae (CCA; 29%), and biofilmed tile (12%). In contrast, settlement tile undersides were dominated by coralline and fleshy algae at 3 m, transitioning to ascidians and bryozoans at 8 m and 25 m, and biofilmed tile (80%) at 40 m. Following multiple regression analysis from an initial 21 bio-physical variables (R2 = 0.34), the optimal reduced model for predicting coral settlement included just five variables and explained most of the variability (R2 = 0.29). CCA contributed an R2 of 0.14 to the model and was positively correlated with Acroporidae settlement, biofilmed tile contributed an R2 of 0.09 to the model and was negatively correlated with Acroporidae settlement, while the other predictors explained nominal model variance. As assessed using electivity indices, Acroporidae switched settlement preference from CCA at shallower depths to biofilmed tile in deeper environments. In addition to the influence of light on larval settlement behaviour as described in previous research, our results show that CCA also provide an important facilitator of coral settlement behaviour across depth gradients. However, as in shallow reefs environments, further work is required to elucidate whether changes occurring at a finer taxonomic resolution within the CCA community can help to further explain switches in coral larval settlement behaviour in light-limited environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using data from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and near-infrared (NIR) integral field spectrographs, including both Spectrograph for INtegral Field Observations in the Near Infrared and K-band Multi Object Spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope, we investigate the two-dimensional distributions of H and rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) continuum in six submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at z ~ 2. At a similar spatial resolution (~0: 005 FWHM; ~4.5 kpc at z = 2), we find that the half-light radius of Hα is significantly larger than that of the FIR continuum in half of the sample, and on average Hα is a median factor of 2:0 ± 0:4 larger. Having explored various ways to correct for the attenuation, we find that the attenuation-corrected Hα-based star-formation rates (SFRs) are systematically lower than the infrared (IR)-based SFRs by at least a median factor of 3 ± 1, which cannot be explained by the diαerence in half-light radius alone. In addition, we find that in 40% of cases the total V-band attenuation (AV) derived from energy balance modeling of the full ultraviolet (UV)-to-FIR spectral energy distributions (SEDs) is significantly higher than what is derived from SED modeling using only the UV-to-NIR part of the SEDs, and the discrepancy appears to increase with increasing total infrared luminosity. Finally, in considering all of our findings along with the studies in the literature, we postulate that the dust distributions in SMGs, and possibly also in less IR luminous z ~ 2 massive star-forming galaxies, can be decomposed into the following three main components: the diαuse dust heated by older stellar populations, the more obscured and extended young star-forming Hii regions, and the heavily obscured central regions that have a low filling factor but dominate the infrared luminosity in which the majority of attenuation cannot be probed via UV-to-NIR emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the commonest cause of liver disease in developed countries affecting 25–33% of the general population and up to 75% of those with obesity. Recent data suggest that alterations in DNA methylation may be related to NAFLD pathogenesis and progression and we have previously shown that dynamic changes in the cell lineage identifier 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) may be important in the pathogenesis of liver disease. We used a model of diet-induced obesity, maintaining male mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) to generate hepatic steatosis. We profiled hepatic gene expression, global and locus-specific 5hmC and additionally investigated the effects of weight loss on the phenotype. HFD led to increased weight gain, fasting hyperglycaemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hepatic periportal macrovesicular steatosis. Diet-induced hepatic steatosis associated with reversible 5hmC changes at a discrete number of functionally important genes. We propose that 5hmC profiles are a useful signature of gene transcription and a marker of cell state in NAFLD and suggest that 5hmC profiles hold potential as a biomarker of abnormal liver physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an analysis of the morphology and profiles of the dust continuum emission in 153 bright sub-millimetre galaxies (SMGs) detected with ALMA at signal-to-noise ratios of >8 in high-resolution 0.18 arcsec (∼1 kpc) 870  |$\mu$| m maps. We measure sizes, shapes, and light profiles for the rest-frame far-infrared emission from these luminous star-forming systems and derive a median effective radius (R e) of 0.10 ± 0.04 arcsec for our sample with a median flux of S 870 = 5.6 ± 0.2 mJy. We find that the apparent axial ratio (b / a) distribution of the SMGs peaks at b / a ∼ 0.63 ± 0.02 and is best described by triaxial morphologies, while their emission profiles are best fitted by a Sérsic model with n ≃ 1.0 ± 0.1, similar to exponential discs. This combination of triaxiality and n ∼ 1 Sérsic index are characteristic of bars and we suggest that the bulk of the 870  |$\mu$| m dust continuum emission in the central ∼2 kpc of these galaxies arises from bar-like structures. As such we caution against using the orientation of shape of the bright dust continuum emission at |$\eqsim$| resolution to assess either the orientation of any disc on the sky or tits inclination. By stacking our 870  |$\mu$| m maps we recover faint extended dust continuum emission on ∼4 kpc scales which contributes 13 ± 1 per cent of the total 870  |$\mu$| m emission. The scale of this extended emission is similar to that seen for the molecular gas and rest-frame optical light in these systems, suggesting that it represents an extended dust and gas disc at radii larger than the more active bar component. Including this component in our estimated size of the sources we derive a typical effective radius of ≃0.15 ± 0.05 arcsec or 1.2 ± 0.4 kpc. Our results suggest that kpc-scale bars are ubiquitous features of high star-formation rate systems at |$z$| ≫ 1, while these systems also contain fainter and more extended gas and stellar envelopes. We suggest that these features, seen some 10–12 Gyr ago, represent the formation phase of the earliest galactic-scale components: stellar bulges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mJy variable extragalactic radio sky is known to be broadly non-changing with approximately |$3{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| of persistent radio sources exhibiting variability that is largely active galactic nucleus-related (AGN). In the faint (