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Data extraction is a crucial, yet labor‐intensive and error‐prone part of evidence synthesis. To date, efforts to harness machine learning for enhancing efficiency of the data extraction process have fallen short of achieving sufficient accuracy and usability. With the release of large language models (LLMs), new possibilities have emerged to increase efficiency and accuracy of data extraction for evidence synthesis. The objective of this proof‐of‐concept study was to assess the performance of an LLM (Claude 2) in extracting data elements from published studies, compared with human data extraction as employed in systematic reviews. Our analysis utilized a convenience sample of 10 English‐language, open‐access publications of randomized controlled trials included in a single systematic review. We selected 16 distinct types of data, posing varying degrees of difficulty (160 data elements across 10 studies). We used the browser version of Claude 2 to upload the portable document format of each publication and then prompted the model for each data element. Across 160 data elements, Claude 2 demonstrated an overall accuracy of 96.3% with a high test–retest reliability (replication 1: 96.9%; replication 2: 95.0% accuracy). Overall, Claude 2 made 6 errors on 160 data items. The most common errors (n = 4) were missed data items. Importantly, Claude 2's ease of use was high; it required no technical expertise or labeled training data for effective operation (i.e., zero‐shot learning). Based on findings of our proof‐of‐concept study, leveraging LLMs has the potential to substantially enhance the efficiency and accuracy of data extraction for evidence syntheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment options are currently limited for persons with HIV‐1 (PWH) who are heavily treatment‐experienced and/or have multidrug‐resistant HIV‐1. Three agents have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 2018, representing a significant advancement for this population: ibalizumab, fostemsavir, and lenacapavir. However, there is a paucity of recommendations endorsed by national and international guidelines describing the optimal use (e.g., selection and monitoring after initiation) of these novel antiretrovirals in this population. To address this gap, a modified Delphi technique was used to develop these consensus recommendations that establish a framework for initiating and managing ibalizumab, fostemsavir, or lenacapavir in PWH who are heavily treatment‐experienced and/or have multidrug‐resistant HIV‐1. In addition, future areas of research are also identified and discussed in the main document. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment options are currently limited for persons with HIV‐1 (PWH) who are heavily treatment‐experienced and/or have multidrug‐resistant HIV‐1. Three agents have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 2018, representing a significant advancement for this population: ibalizumab, fostemsavir, and lenacapavir. However, there is a paucity of recommendations endorsed by national and international guidelines describing the optimal use (e.g., selection and monitoring after initiation) of these novel antiretrovirals in this population. To address this gap, a modified Delphi technique was used to develop these consensus recommendations that establish a framework for initiating and managing ibalizumab, fostemsavir, or lenacapavir in PWH who are heavily treatment‐experienced and/or have multidrug‐resistant HIV‐1. In addition, future areas of research are also identified and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and philosophers have debated what leads people to judge others as being hypocritical. Some research has shown that perceivers consider targets to be more hypocritical when those targets contradict attitudes that are strongly (e.g., moralized and/or certain) rather than weakly held by the target. In the present work, I attempt to advance this research in several respects. First, I integrate these findings with research on the dimensions of attitude strength (i.e., commitment, embeddedness) to provide a more structured analysis of these claims. I show that characterizing a target's views as embedded and committed has many of the same hypocrisy‐related effects as labelling those views as moral, and affect (negative) evaluations of targets through similar mechanisms. However, in Experiment 3, I show that moral attitudes are, nonetheless, perceived as distinct from classic strength dimensions in one crucial respect: the presumption that the target would impose them on other people. Furthermore, whereas judgements of hypocrisy relating to embedded/committed attitudes can be mitigated when perceivers engage in situational attribution, perceivers rendering judgements of hypocrisy relating to moral attitudes resist situational counter‐explanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over many decades the environment profession in Australia has evolved into a substantial and diverse workforce. There are many indications that environment professionals provide valued services to Australian society, and their involvement will be increasingly sought. To gain an understanding of characteristics of these professionals and their roles leading into the mid-twenty-first century, a survey was undertaken in 2022. This is built on earlier surveys of the environment profession, so that collectively the results provide some longitudinal information and an indication of trends. This article reports these results, covering participants' general and educational background, current position and overall career situation, generic and specific skills used and thoughts about the environment/sustainability sector. Broadly, the analysis indicates an increasing breadth of the profession, the skills needed and the challenges, with related opportunities, foreseen. Overall, participants continued to express positivity about their profession and potential to build on community and governmental support for issues associated with environment/sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Improving outcomes for older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia remains an unmet need. As part of the LI‐1 trial, we evaluated lenalidomide (LEN) in combination with low‐dose cytosine arabinoside (LDAC) in patients aged >60 years unfit for intensive therapy and compared this to LDAC alone. Two hundred and two patients, randomised 1:1, were evaluable. Overall response rate (CR + CRi) was higher for LDAC + LEN versus LDAC (26% and 13.7% respectively p = 0.031). However, there was no difference in overall survival between the arms (14% and 11.5% at 2 years for LDAC + LEN and LDAC respectively). The addition of LEN was associated with increased toxicity and supportive care requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is a broad array of health equity policy actions that may be important for addressing social determinants of obesity. The objective of this study was to identify local policy actions most salient for addressing health equity among practitioners, policymakers, and researchers active in obesity. Methods: We surveyed 195 participants in August-November 2020, including US public health practitioners, local policymakers, and researchers active in obesity policy or health equity. We asked them to select the most important health equity policy actions and rate them for potential impact and feasibility. Results: Living wage and access to early education scored highly across 3 dimensions of importance, potential impact, and feasibility among 3 of the 4 groups -- local public service employees and policymakers, academics, and others. Local public service employees and policymakers also rated expanded childcare and job/skills training programs highly across all 3 dimensions. Respondents rated policy actions higher for potential impact than feasibility. Conclusions: We present novel, timely findings for prioritizing health equity policy actions for addressing obesity at the local level. Several policy actions not typically considered in obesity research were identified as salient by groups relevant to local obesity policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative exploration of sub-groups of people experiencing homelessness facing similar challenges, or multiple exclusion homelessness (MEH), is limited in Great Britain—as is discussion of what these groupings mean for policy and practice. Through secondary analysis of survey data from a study of single people experiencing homelessness in England, Scotland, and Wales, this paper aims to advance understanding of MEH. Using Latent Class Analysis, we explore several possible typologies of MEH before outlining a preferred typology composed of four groups: those facing high exclusion; those faced with low levels of exclusion; and two intermediate groups, one marked by trauma and mental ill-health, the other by offending and substance dependencies. When compared to international studies on MEH, findings point toward possible common combinations of exclusion amongst people experiencing homelessness drawn from different populations. The emergent policy and practice implications of this analysis demonstrate the value of scrutinising homelessness policy and practice internationally through a lens of MEH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Food Safety Authority of Ireland's (FSAI) report assessing the safety of probiotics in food supplements. Topics include the criteria for evaluating probiotic safety, recommendations for supplement producers, and the differences between European and U.S. safety assessments for probiotics.

Individuals with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) face higher cerebrovascular risk. Yet, the impact of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and kidney transplantation (KTx) on hospitalization rates for cerebral infarction and hemorrhage remains underexplored. Analyzing 2,713,194 ESKD hospitalizations (2005–2019) using the National Inpatient Sample, we investigated hospitalization rates for ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular diseases concerning ESKD, PVD, KTx, or their combinations. Patients hospitalized with cerebral infarction due to thrombosis/embolism/occlusion (CITO) or artery occlusion resulting in cerebral ischemia (AOSI) had higher rates of comorbid ESKD and PVD (4.17% and 7.29%, respectively) versus non-CITO or AOSI hospitalizations (2.34%, p < 0.001; 2.29%, p < 0.001). Conversely, patients hospitalized with nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage (NIH) had significantly lower rates of ESKD and PVD (1.64%) compared to non-NIH hospitalizations (2.34%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, hospitalizations for CITO or AOSI exhibited higher rates of KTx and PVD (0.17%, 0.09%, respectively) compared to non-CITO or AOSI hospitalizations (0.05%, p = 0.033; 0.05%, p = 0.002). Patients hospitalized with NIH showed similar rates of KTx and PVD (0.04%) versus non-NIH hospitalizations (0.05%, p = 0.34). This nationwide analysis reveals that PVD in ESKD patients is associated with increased hospitalization rates with cerebral ischemic events and reduced NIH events. Among KTx recipients, PVD correlated with increased hospitalizations for ischemic events, without affecting NIH. This highlights management concerns for patients with KTx and PVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using administrative data linkage, this paper sought to quantify the impacts of family homelessness on pupil absence from school. It addresses a gap in United Kingdom (UK) homelessness research, which draws predominantly on qualitative methods and where there is a greater focus on people who fall outside of the statutory system, i.e., single people living on the streets, rather than families. Education records for the academic years 2012/13 to 2015/16 relating to pupils aged 5 to 15 years old living in a coastal city in Wales, UK, were linked to data on households assessed by the statutory housing service operating across the same region. Analysis of mean half-day sessions absent from school, and Poisson panel regression were used to explore associations between absenteeism (authorised, unauthorised, and total), and whether pupils were living in a household making a statutory homelessness application, i.e., experiencing family homelessness. On average, in any given academic year, pupils experiencing family homelessness (PEFH) missed 5 days more of school than pupils not experiencing family homelessness (PnEFH). Adjusted regression analysis found that the rate of total absence was 7% higher amongst PEFH compared to PnEFH, whilst for unauthorised absence it was 13% higher. When a student experienced family homelessness, this led to an increase in their rate of total absences by 5%--adjusting for other factors--compared to when they were not homeless. Findings have implications for statutory education and housing provision, specifically the need for greater cross-disciplinary working to prevent and alleviate the harms caused when families experience homelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NOMAD is a suite of spectrometers on the board of the ESA-Roscosmos Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) spacecraft and is capable of investigating the Martian environment at very high spectral resolution in the ultraviolet–visible and infrared spectral ranges by means of three separate channels: UVIS (0.2–0.65 μm), LNO (2.2–3.8 μm), and SO (2.3–4.3 μm). Among all channels, LNO is the only one operating at infrared wavelengths in nadir-viewing geometry, providing information on the whole atmospheric column and on the surface. Unfortunately, the LNO data are characterized by an overall low level of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), limiting their contribution to the scientific objectives of the TGO mission. In this study, we assess the possibility of enhancing LNO nadir data SNR by applying the Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF), a well-known algorithm based on the Principal Components technique that has the advantage of providing transform eigenvalues ordered with increasing noise. We set up a benchmark process on an ensemble of synthetic spectra in order to optimize the algorithm specifically for LNO datasets. We verify that this optimization is limited by the presence of spectral artifacts introduced by the MNF itself, and the maximum achievable SNR is dependent on the scientific purpose of the analysis. MNF application study cases are provided to LNO data subsets in the ranges 2.627–2.648 μm and 2.335–2.353 μm (spectral orders 168 and 189, respectively) covering absorption features of gaseous H2O and CO and CO2 ice, achieving a substantial enhancement in the quality of the observations, whose SNR increases up to a factor of 10. While such an enhancement is still not enough to enable the investigation of spectral features of faint trace gases (in any case featured in orders whose spectral calibration is not fully reliable, hence preventing the application of the MNF), interesting perspectives for improving retrieval of both atmospheric and surface features from LNO nadir data are implied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the second part of Stolzenbach et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007276), named hereafter Paper I, extends the period to the end of MY 34 and the first half of MY 35. This encompasses the end phase of the MY 34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), the MY 34 C‐Storm, the Aphelion Cloud Belt (ACB) season of MY 35, and an unusual early dust event of MY 35 from LS 30° to LS 55°. The end of MY 34 overall aerosol size distribution shows the same parameters for dust and water ice to what was seen during the MY 34 GDS. Interestingly, the layered water ice vertical structure of MY 34 GDS disappears. The MY 34 C‐Storm maintains condition like the MY 34 GDS. A high latitude layer of bigger water ice particles, close to 1 μm, is seen from 50 to 60 km. This layered structure is linked to an enhanced meridional transport characteristic of high intensity dust event which put the MY 34 C‐Storm as particularly intense compared to non‐GDS years C‐Storms as previously suggested by Holmes et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117109). Surprisingly, MY 35 began with an unusually large dust event (Kass et al., 2020, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AGUFMP039...01K) found in the Northern hemisphere during LS 35° to LS 50°. During this dust event, the altitude of aerosol first detection is roughly equal to 20 km. This is close to the values encountered during the MY 34 GDS, its decay phase and the C‐Storm of the same year. Nonetheless, no vertical layered structure was observed. Plain Language Summary: Mars has a peculiar tendency, in one in every three Martian year, the entire planet is covered by dust suspended in the atmosphere. These events are referred as Global Dust Storms (GDS). The dust is lifted by fierce winds from the ground up to 80 km high. The mixture of water ice crystals and dust particle in the air of Mars change how the incoming Sun light warms the atmosphere. It is then of a crucial importance to properly characterize the nature and size of the aerosols, especially during a GDS, to better understand the dynamics of the Martian atmosphere. The spacecraft (ESA/Roscosmos) ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter has been studying the Martian atmosphere since April 2018 and observed a GDS but also other and less intense dust storms. These data help us distinguish the aerosols nature (dust and water ice) and sizes during these distinct types of dust events. Our study confirms that, globally, the particles of dust and water ice are quite small, close to 1 μm or even less. Their distribution varies a lot, meaning that one may find a lot of different particle sizes or lot of similar sized particles. Key Points: MY 34 C‐Storm aerosol effective size and vertical structure is similar to MY 34 Global Dust Storm (GDS)MY 35 early dust event aerosol shows similar effective size and vertical structure as MY 34 GDSMY 34 GDS leads to more intense C‐Storm and an unusual early storm at the start of MY 35 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) science operations in April 2018, its instrument "Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery" (NOMAD) supplies detailed observations of the IR spectrums of the Martian atmosphere. We developed a procedure that allows us to evaluate the composition and distribution's parameters of the atmospheric Martian aerosols. We use a retrieval program (RCP) in conjunction with a radiative forward model (KOPRA) to evaluate the vertical profile of aerosol extinction from NOMAD measurements. We then apply a model/data fitting strategy of the aerosol extinction. In this first article, we describe the method used to evaluate the parameters representing the Martian aerosol composition and size distribution. MY 34 GDS showed a peak intensity from LS 190° to 210°. During this period, the aerosol content rises multiple scale height, reaching altitudes up to 100 km. The lowermost altitude of aerosol's detection during NOMAD observation rises up to 30 km. Dust aerosols reff were observed to be close to 1 μm and its νeff lower than 0.2. Water ice aerosols reff were observed to be submicron with a νeff lower than 0.2. The vertical aerosol structure can be divided in two parts. The lower layers are represented by higher reff than the upper layers. The change between the lower and upper layers is very steep, taking only few kilometers. The decaying phase of the GDS, LS 210°–260°, shows a decrease in altitude of the aerosol content but no meaningful difference in the observed aerosol's size distribution parameters. Plain Language Summary: Mars' atmosphere is filled with dust and water ice particles carried by the winds. These aerosols affect the way sunlight is distributed in the atmosphere and on the surface, and this directly affects temperature. In addition, approximately every three Martian years, Mars experiences what is known as a "global dust storm." This type of dust storm covers the entire red planet in dust. It affects the temperature and water vapor content of the Martian atmosphere. Determining and assessing aerosol properties, number, size and mass during and after a global dust storm is of crucial importance to understanding its underlying mechanisms. Here, we develop an analysis scheme to study the size, nature, number and distribution of Martian aerosols. Our study confirms that, overall, dust and water ice particles are quite small, close to 1 μm or even smaller, and that a global dust storm affects the intensity of other storms that follow. Key Points: Retrieval of Martian aerosols key properties from NOMAD‐SO data during the MY 34 GDSMesospheric dust and water ice reff are mainly ∼1 μm and ≤0.5 μm respectively during the MY 34 GDS and its decay phaseDuring the MY 34 GDS, the effective variance shows a slight N/S asymmetry and values mainly ≤0.2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People experiencing homelessness have elevated morbidity, increasing their risk of COVID-19 related complications and mortality. Achieving high vaccination coverage in a timely manner among homeless populations was therefore important during the mass vaccination programme in Wales to limit adverse outcomes. However, no systematic monitoring of vaccinations among people experiencing homelessness in Wales has been undertaken. Methods: Retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using de-identified administrative data. Study cohort members were adults (≥ 18 years old) living in Wales on the 2 December 2020 and who had recently experienced homelessness, defined as experiencing homelessness between 1 July 2020 and 2 December 2020. The outcome of interest was first coronavirus vaccine dose. Follow-up started on 2 December 2020, and ended if the participant died, had a break in address history > 30 days, reached the end of follow up (30 November 2021), or had the outcome of interest. Median-time-to-vaccination was used as a crude measure of 'timeliness' of vaccine uptake. To account for competing risk of death prior to vaccination, vaccine coverage was described using cumulative incidence at 350-days, and at 50-day increments over follow-up (2 December 2020 to 17 November 2021). As a benchmark, all time-to-event measures were generated for the adult population in Wales with similar baseline individual and residential characteristics as the study cohort. Results: 1,595 people with recent experiences of homelessness were identified and included in analysis. The study cohort were disproportionately male (68.8%) and concentrated in the most deprived areas in Wales. Median time-to-vaccination for the study cohort was 196 days (95% CI.: 184–209 days), compared to 141 days (95% CI.: 141–141 days) among the matched adult population in Wales. Cumulative incidence of vaccination after 350-days of follow-up was 60.4% (95% CI.: 57.8–62.8%) among the study cohort, compared to 81.4% (95% CI.: 81.3–81.5%) among the matched adult population. Visual analysis of cumulative incidence over time suggests that vaccine inequality, i.e., difference between study cohort and matched adult population, peaked after 200-days of follow-up, and declined slightly until last follow-up at 350-days. Conclusions: Despite being prioritised for vaccination, people experiencing homelessness in Wales appear to have been under-engaged, leading to lower vaccination coverage and greater time unvaccinated, potentially increasing their risk of COVID-19 complications and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adequate housing is a basic human right. The many millions of people experiencing homelessness (PEH) have a lower life expectancy and more physical and mental health problems. Practical and effective interventions to provide appropriate housing are a public health priority. Objectives: To summarise the best available evidence relating to the components of case‐management interventions for PEH via a mixed methods review that explored both the effectiveness of interventions and factors that may influence its impact. Search Methods: We searched 10 bibliographic databases from 1990 to March 2021. We also included studies from Campbell Collaboration Evidence and Gap Maps and searched 28 web sites. Reference lists of included papers and systematic reviews were examined and experts contacted for additional studies. Selection Criteria: We included all randomised and non‐randomised study designs exploring case management interventions where a comparison group was used. The primary outcome of interest was homelessness. Secondary outcomes included health, wellbeing, employment and costs. We also included all studies where data were collected on views and experiences that may impact on implementation. Data Collection and Analysis: We assessed risk of bias using tools developed by the Campbell Collaboration. We conducted meta‐analyses of the intervention studies where possible and carried out a framework synthesis of a set of implementation studies identified by purposive sampling to represent the most 'rich' and 'thick' data. Main Results: We included 64 intervention studies and 41 implementation studies. The evidence base was dominated by studies from the USA and Canada. Participants were largely (though not exclusively) people who were literally homeless, that is, living on the streets or in shelters, and who had additional support needs. Many studies were assessed as having a medium or high risk of bias. However, there was some consistency in outcomes across studies that improved confidence in the main findings. Case Management and Housing Outcomes: Case management of any description was superior to usual care for homelessness outcomes (standardised mean difference [SMD] = −0.51 [95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.71, −0.30]; p < 0.01). For studies included in the meta‐analyses, Housing First had the largest observed impact, followed by Assertive Community Treatment, Critical Time Intervention and Intensive Case Management. The only statistically significant difference was between Housing First and Intensive Case Management (SMD = −0.6 [–1.1, −0.1]; p = 0.03) at ≥12 months. There was not enough evidence to compare the above approaches with standard case management within the meta‐analyses. A narrative comparison across all studies was inconclusive, though suggestive of a trend in favour of more intensive approaches. Case Management and Mental Health Outcomes: The overall evidence suggested that case management of any description was not more or less effective compared to usual care for an individual's mental health (SMD = 0.02 [−0.15, 0.18]; p = 0.817). Case Management and Other Outcomes: Based on meta‐analyses, case management was superior to usual care for capability and wellbeing outcomes up to 1 year (an improvement of around one‐third of an SMD; p < 0.01) but was not statistically significantly different for substance use outcomes, physical health, and employment. Case Management Components: For homelessness outcomes, there was a non‐significant trend for benefits to be greater in the medium term (≤3 years) compared to long term (>3 years) (SMD = −0.64 [−1.04, −0.24] vs. −0.27 [−0.53, 0]; p = 0.16) and for in‐person meetings in comparison to mixed (in‐person and remote) approaches (SMD = −0.73 [−1.25,−0.21]) versus −0.26 [−0.5,−0.02]; p = 0.13). There was no evidence from meta‐analyses to suggest that an individual case manager led to better outcomes then a team, and interventions with no dedicated case manager may have better outcomes than those with a named case manager (SMD = −0.36 [−0.55, −0.18] vs. −1.00 [−2.00, 0.00]; p = 0.02). There was not enough evidence from meta‐analysis to assess whether the case manager should have a professional qualification, or if frequency of contact, case manager availability or conditionality (barriers due to conditions attached to service provision) influenced outcomes. However, the main theme from implementation studies concerned barriers where conditions were attached to services. Characteristics of Persons Experiencing Homelessness: No conclusions could be drawn from meta‐analysis other than a trend for greater reductions in homelessness for persons with high complexity of need (two or more support needs in addition to homelessness) as compared to those with medium complexity of need (one additional support need); effect sizes were SMD = −0.61 [−0.91, −0.31] versus −0.36 [−0.68, −0.05]; p = 0.3. The Broader Context of Delivery of Case Management Programmes: Other major themes from the implementation studies included the importance of interagency partnership; provision for non‐housing support and training needs of PEH (such as independent living skills), intensive community support following the move to new housing; emotional support and training needs of case managers; and an emphasis on housing safety, security and choice. Cost Effectiveness: The 12 studies with cost data provided contrasting results and no clear conclusions. Some case management costs may be largely off‐set by reductions in the use of other services. Cost estimates from three North American studies were $45–52 for each additional day housed. Authors' Conclusions: Case management interventions improve housing outcomes for PEH with one or more additional support needs, with more intense interventions leading to greater benefits. Those with greater support needs may gain greater benefit. There is also evidence for improvements to capabilities and wellbeing. Current approaches do not appear to lead to mental health benefits. In terms of case management components, there is evidence in support of a team approach and in‐person meetings and, from the implementation evidence, that conditions associated with service provision should be minimised. The approach within Housing First could explain the finding that overall benefits may be greater than for other types of case management. Four of its principles were identified as key themes within the implementation studies: No conditionality, offer choice, provide an individualised approach and support community building. Recommendations for further research include an expansion of the research base outside North America and further exploration of case management components and intervention cost‐effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation Biological function in protein complexes emerges from more than just the sum of their parts: molecules interact in a range of different sub-complexes and transfer signals/information around internal pathways. Modern proteomic techniques are excellent at producing a parts-list for such complexes, but more detailed analysis demands a network approach linking the molecules together and analysing the emergent architectural properties. Methods developed for the analysis of networks in social sciences have proven very useful for splitting biological networks into communities leading to the discovery of sub-complexes enriched with molecules associated with specific diseases or molecular functions that are not apparent from the constituent components alone. Results Here, we present the Bioconductor package BioNAR, which supports step-by-step analysis of biological/biomedical networks with the aim of quantifying and ranking each of the network's vertices based on network topology and clustering. Examples demonstrate that while BioNAR is not restricted to proteomic networks, it can predict a protein's impact within multiple complexes, and enables estimation of the co-occurrence of metadata, i.e. diseases and functions across the network, identifying the clusters whose components are likely to share common function and mechanisms. Availability and implementation The package is available from Bioconductor release 3.17: https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/BioNAR.html. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present CO density profiles up to about 100 km in the Martian atmosphere obtained for the first time from retrievals of solar occultation measurements by the Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) onboard ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO). CO is an important trace gas on Mars, as it is controlled by CO2 photolysis, chemical reaction with the OH radicals, and the global dynamics. However, the measurements of CO vertical profiles have been elusive until the arrival of TGO. We show how the NOMAD CO variations describe very well the Mars general circulation. We observe a depletion of CO in the upper troposphere and mesosphere during the peak period, LS = 190°–200°, more pronounced over the northern latitudes, confirming a similar result recently reported by Atmospheric Chemistry Suite onboard TGO. However, in the lower troposphere around 20 km, and at least at high latitudes of the S. hemisphere, NOMAD CO mixing ratios increase over 1,500 ppmv during the GDS (Global Dust Storm) onset. This might be related to the downwelling branch of the Hadley circulation. A subsequent increase in tropospheric CO is observed during the decay phase of the GDS around LS = 210°–250° when the dust loading is still high. This could be associated with a reduction in the amount of OH radicals in the lower atmosphere due to lack of solar insolation. Once the GDS is over, CO steadily decreases globally during the southern summer season. A couple of distinct CO patterns associated with the Summer solstice and equinox circulation are reported and discussed. Plain Language Summary: CO is an extremely interesting trace species in the Martian atmosphere. It has been used for both dynamical and photochemical studies of the atmosphere. But its vertical distribution has not been systematically measured until the arrival of the Exomars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO). We use observations of the NOMAD (Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery) spectrometer onboard TGO to retrieve full profiles of mixing ratios of CO up to 100 km with a good vertical resolution. The retrievals cover two Martian seasons during which a global dust storm event occurred. We have found the behavior of CO during this event to be governed by local chemistry as well as by the long range transport. During the dust storm, CO mixing ratios are depleted all over the globe while over the southern high latitudes, we discover an increase in CO due to transport from low latitudes during the end of the southern winter. The dynamical effect of global transport is found in the vertical distribution of CO during the southern summer. Another important result, where the local chemistry might be at play is the increase of CO in the low altitudes over low and midlatitudes during the decay phase of the GDS. Key Points: Global map of CO profiles from Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery solar occultation observations during the first year of Trace Gas Orbiter operations is presented for the first timeDuring the onset of the 2018 global dust storm (GDS), the CO volume mixing ratios (VMRs) are found to be depleted by 28% at 50 km compared to the average CO VMR valuesHigh CO abundance at tropospheric altitudes is observed over NH during decay of the GDS when the atmospheric dust loading is high [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The survival of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients aged over 60 has been suboptimal historically, whether they are treated using hypomethylating agents, low‐dose cytarabine (LDAC) or venetoclax‐based regimens. Progress is being made, however, for subgroups with favourable molecular or cytogenetic findings. Arginine metabolism plays a key role in AML pathophysiology. We report the only randomised study of LDAC with recombinant arginase BCT‐100 versus LDAC alone in older AML patients unsuitable for intensive therapy. Eighty‐three patients were randomised to the study. An overall response rate was seen in 19.5% (all complete remission [CR]) and 15% (7.5% each in CR and CR without evidence of adequate count recovery [CRi]) of patients in the LDAC+BCT‐100 and LDAC arms respectively (odds ratio 0.73, confidence interval 0.23–2.33; p = 0.592). No significant difference in overall or median survival between treatment arms was seen. The addition of BCT‐100 to LDAC was well tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The increasing demand for pharmacy residency programs continues to outpace the supply. The mismatch between available pharmacy residency positions and the number of residency applicants leaves many interested and qualified candidates without a residency. The objective of this review is to describe available literature and factors associated with successful matching to a pharmacy residency program. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses Extension for Protocols and Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) was used to guide the identification and selection of articles. A search strategy was developed using the combination of medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords from a review of titles and abstracts of known articles. Titles and abstracts were independently reviewed, and citation mapping was completed for all studies that met inclusion criteria. Results: Studies assessing residency match rates were included and 28 studies met inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 16 analyzed data from pharmacy schools, with over half evaluating an intervention such as mock interviews or residency preparation courses. Most of these studies found an association between the intervention and higher match rates. Two studies surveyed residency program directors on desired traits of prospective candidates. Ten studies analyzed national data. A higher number of residency applications, a higher number of interviews completed or invitations received, publication of research abstracts, and higher grade point averages were associated with higher match rates. Pharmacy school characteristics with positive impacts on match rates included public institution, older age of the school, higher North American Pharmacy Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) pass rates, and affiliation with an academic medical center. Conclusion: The studies described show the positive benefit of pharmacy residency preparatory activities and individual applicant factors, as well as pharmacy school characteristics on match rates. Most studies had limitations in study design and generalizability, and much of the data were heterogeneous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present vertical profiles of temperature and density from solar occultation (SO) observations by the "Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery" (NOMAD) spectrometer on board the Trace Gas Orbiter during its first operational year, which covered the second half of Mars Year 34. We used calibrated transmittance spectra in 380 scans, and apply an in‐house pre‐processing to clean data systematics. Temperature and CO2 profiles up to about 90 km, with consistent hydrostatic adjustment, are obtained, after adapting an Earth‐tested retrieval scheme to Mars conditions. Both pre‐processing and retrieval are discussed to illustrate their performance and robustness. Our results reveal the large impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), which warmed the atmosphere at all altitudes. The large GDS aerosols opacity limited the sounding of tropospheric layers. The retrieved temperatures agree well with global climate models (GCM) at tropospheric altitudes, but NOMAD mesospheric temperatures are wavier and globally colder by 10 K in the perihelion season, particularly during the GDS and its decay phase. We observe a warm layer around 80 km during the Southern Spring, especially in the Northern Hemisphere morning terminator, associated to large thermal tides, significantly stronger than in the GCM. Cold mesospheric pockets, close to CO2 condensation temperatures, are more frequently observed than in the GCM. NOMAD CO2 densities show oscillations upon a seasonal trend that track well the latitudinal variations expected. Results uncertainties and suggestions to improve future data re‐analysis are briefly discussed. Plain Language Summary: The detailed variation of temperature and density with altitude is of paramount importance to characterize the atmospheric state and to constrain the chemistry and dynamics as a whole. The Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) instrument on board the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) has among its key targets the characterization of the thermal state with unprecedented vertical resolution. This is the target of this work, where we analyzed transmittance spectra obtained from the NOMAD solar occultation channel, with a state‐of‐the‐art retrieval scheme, adapted from Earth to Mars conditions and geometry. We applied it to the first year of TGO observations, which covered the last two Mars seasons of Mars Year 34. The results permit to study the temperature structure up to 90 km and its seasonal and latitudinal variations, revealing the impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm, a warm layer at mesospheric altitudes not present in climate models, more frequent cold pockets than in current global climate models, and generally, colder temperature at those altitudes, all of which can be of importance for the validation of these climate models. Key Points: Temperature and density profiles up to 90 km are retrieved from Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) first year of solar occultations, covering two seasons of Mars Year 34NOMAD temperatures agree well with climate model predictions below 50 km but are wavier and globally colder by about 10 K at high altitudesWe report large thermal tides producing warm layers at 80 km in the morning terminator. Also strong warming by the 2018 global dust storm [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of universities in Australia is nothing new; however, a range of social and economic pressures have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. These pressures are leading to changes, for example greater use of electronic media for teaching, which will affect the delivery of teaching programs. Effects on those programs providing education for environmental professionals could well impact whether the graduates achieve the capabilities expected by the profession, and needed by society. These capabilities have much in common with those sought by a range of professions and disciplines, and the employability agenda promoted by universities. Hence, promotion of learning approaches associated with educating environmental professionals could be of value to universities generally. The review of these aspects indicates the need for the profession to formulate approaches to ensure that education of environmental professionals in Australia continues to achieve those capabilities that have been identified. Effort directed this way could assist in maintaining or enhancing, achieving capabilities of the graduates of environmental and sustainability programs. Such effort would also facilitate all graduates to develop the generic capabilities expected by employers and infuse sustainability across all disciplines with a sustainability leaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Ireland's approach to setting maximum levels for vitamins and minerals in food supplements, in anticipation of harmonized EU regulations. Topics include the Food Safety Authority of Ireland's guidance documents on safe vitamin and mineral levels, specific maximum safe levels for key nutrients, and the proactive role of Irish authorities in contributing to EU regulatory discussions.

EVALUATION OF ABILITY TO TOLERATE THERAPY (COMORBIDITY ASSESSMENT AND MORTALITY PREDICTION) Evaluation of fitness for treatment in older AML patients All patients should be assessed for their suitability to receive intensive induction therapy at presentation. CLINICAL TRIALS This patient population has historically contributed low recruitment to clinical trials due to ineffective therapies, adverse disease biology and physical limitations of the older AML patient. High risk, fit, older patients with high-risk APL (white cell count >10 × 10 SP 9 sp /L) can be treated with a similar treatment approach to that used in younger patients, although dose reduction should be considered with chemotherapy (especially anthracyclines)-based regimens.97-100 Patients with a high white cell count >10 × 10 SP 9 sp /L should receive prophylactic corticosteroids which can potentially reduce the risk of APL differentiation syndrome.97,99 Dexamethasone 10 mg intravenously twice a day should be started immediately at the earliest clinical suspicion of APL differentiation syndrome. An evaluation of 17 years of low dose cytarabine as therapy for AML patients not fit for intensive treatment, including patients with adverse cytogenetics, shows improving survival, potential underutilisation and highlights the need for new therapy. An analysis of 2,767 AML patients in the Swedish Acute Leukaemia Registry evaluated the effect of the decision to treat on outcomes.31 In this study, 30-day mortality rates were dependent on both age and PS; however, older patients with good PS had low early death rates and patients with poor PS had increased early mortality across all ages. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: Assess evidence describing the effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on total daily insulin (TDI) requirements in insulin-dependent patients with type 2 diabetes. Data sources: A scoping review was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Protocols and Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The search was conducted in PubMed; citation mapping was completed in Web of Science. Filters for human studies, English language, and a publication date, from January 1, 2005 to April 12, 2021, were applied. Study selection and data extraction: Studies assessing insulin dose requirements with concurrent use of an SGLT2 inhibitor for patients with type 2 diabetes were included. Data synthesis: Sixteen studies were included and demonstrated that addition of an SGLT2 inhibitor typically reduced TDI requirements. Insulin reductions were often statistically significant, occurring in studies evaluating (1) within subjects who received SGLT2 inhibitors, and (2) between subjects receiving SGLT2 inhibitors versus placebo. Compared with placebo, insulin dose reduction ranged from −0.72 to −19.2 units. However, studies were relatively small, not designed to assess TDI change, and some utilized fixed dose insulin protocols or empiric insulin dose reductions. Conclusions: Lowering insulin requirements may have benefits, such as decreased hypoglycemia risk, insulin resistance, and cost. Addition of an SGLT2 inhibitor may modestly reduce TDI requirements for patients with type 2 diabetes. Evidence indicating SGLT2 inhibitor use reduces TDI may lead to additional implementation in practice and inform future research. Further research is needed to clarify insulin type (i.e., basal or prandial) and degree of TDI reduction expected with addition of an SGLT2 inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the payload of the 2016 ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission, the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery (NOMAD) suite instrument has been observing the Martian atmosphere since March 2018. NOMAD is mainly dedicated to the study of trace atmospheric species taking advantage of a high-spectral resolution. We demonstrate that when NOMAD is observing in nadir mode, i.e., when the line-of-sight points to the centre of Mars, it can be also exploited to detect ice. In this study we present a method based on the investigation of nadir observations of the NOMAD infrared channel, acquired during Mars Years 34 and 35 (March 2018 to February 2021). We take advantage of the strong water ice absorption band at 2.7 µm by selecting the diffraction orders 167, 168, and 169. We derive the Frost and Clouds Index (FCI), which is a good proxy for ice mapping, and obtain latitudinal-seasonal maps for water ice clouds. FCI is sensitive to the Polar Hood clouds. Nevertheless, detections in the Aphelion Cloud Belt (ACB) are limited. This is consistent with previous observations showing different physical properties between the two main Martian atmospheric structures and making the ACB less detectable in the infrared. We hence derive the infrared nadir channel sensitivity limit for the detection of these clouds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Ireland's newly implemented Deposit Return Scheme (DRS), introduced to boost recycling rates and reduce litter for specified beverage bottles and containers. Topics include the regulatory framework outlined in the Separate Collection Regulations 2024, defining in-scope products and deposit amounts, and exemptions for certain retailers from deposit collection obligations.

Clinical recommendations for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) classification and risk-stratification remain heavily reliant on cytogenetic findings at diagnosis, which are present in <50% of patients. Using comprehensive molecular profiling data from 3,653 patients we characterize and validate 16 molecular classes describing 100% of AML patients. Each class represents diverse biological AML subgroups, and is associated with distinct clinical presentation, likelihood of response to induction chemotherapy, risk of relapse and death over time. Secondary AML-2, emerges as the second largest class (24%), associates with high-risk disease, poor prognosis irrespective of flow Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) negativity, and derives significant benefit from transplantation. Guided by class membership we derive a 3-tier risk-stratification score that re-stratifies 26% of patients as compared to standard of care. This results in a unified framework for disease classification and risk-stratification in AML that relies on information from cytogenetics and 32 genes. Last, we develop an open-access patient-tailored clinical decision support tool. Classification and risk-stratification for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) at diagnosis are primarily based on cytogenetics and only a few gene mutations. Here, the authors study the genomic landscape of 3653 AML patients and characterize 16 non-overlapping molecular subgroups of clinical relevance for disease classification and risk prognostication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The prognosis for younger patients with relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is generally dismal. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is the preferred therapy for these patients. As part of the UK NCRI AML17 trial, daunorubicin/clofarabine (DClo) was compared with fludarabine, cytarabine, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor with idarubicin (FLAG‐Ida) in 311 patients designated high‐risk following course one of induction therapy, which has previously been reported. We now report the results of the same randomisation in patients who were refractory to two induction courses or subsequently relapsed. A total of 94 relapsed or refractory AML patients, usually less than 60 years of age and with mainly favourable or intermediate‐risk cytogenetics, were randomised to receive up to three courses of DClo or FLAG‐Ida, with the aim of proceeding to transplant. Complete remission was achieved in 74% of patients with no difference between the arms. Overall, 57% of patients received a transplant with no difference between the arms, likewise overall survival at five years showed no significant difference (21% for DClo vs. 22% for FLAG‐Ida). No patient who did not receive a transplant survived beyond 21months. A stratified analysis including the 311 post course 1 high‐risk patients who underwent the same randomisation showed a consistent treatment benefit for FLAG‐Ida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We report vertical profiles of water and D/H for one Martian year as measured with the TGO/NOMAD instrument. The observations were performed via solar occultation, providing water profiles up to ∼100 km and D/H up to ∼60 km, with a vertical resolution of 1–2 km. The measurements reveal dramatic variability of water and D/H over short timescales and with altitude and location on the planet. We investigated the release of seasonal water from the polar caps during southern and northern summer, by mapping water and its D/H near the polar regions. Above the hygropause, the D/H drops substantially below 2 VSMOW, and both seasonal polar caps show a consistent and enriched D/H of 5–7 VSMOW within the hygrosphere. Plain Language Summary: In our observations of water and its deuterium isotopic ratio (D/H) across a whole Martian year, we observe dramatic variations in the vertical distributions, in particular during dusty storms. The D/H ratio measured above the seasonal northern polar cap is consistent with that above the southern polar cap. Key Points: A full Martian year of water and D/H ratio data are reportedDramatic variations are observed in the vertical distributions of water and D/H during the dusty seasonsThe D/H ratio measured above the seasonal northern polar cap is consistent with that above the southern polar cap [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument aboard Trace Gas Orbiter, we derived the CO/CO2 profiles between 75 and 105 km altitude with the equivalent width technique. The derived CO/CO2 profiles showed significant seasonal variations in the southern hemisphere with decreases near perihelion and increases near aphelion. The estimation of the CO/CO2 profiles with a one‐dimensional photochemical model shows that an altitude‐dependent eddy diffusion coefficient better reproduces the observed profiles than a vertically uniform one. Our estimation suggests that the eddy diffusion coefficient in Ls = 240–270 is uniformly larger by a factor of ∼2 than that in Ls = 90–120 in the southern hemisphere, while they are comparable in the northern hemisphere. This fact demonstrates that the eddy diffusion coefficient is variable with season and latitude. Plain Language Summary: The eddy diffusion coefficient is widely used to parameterize the efficiency of vertical diffusion in the planetary atmosphere, whose variation characterizes the transportation of trace gas species. Additionally, it could vary their vertical distributions in the middle and upper atmosphere, which might cause an impact on the species escaping to space. However, the variability of the eddy diffusion coefficient in those altitude regions have been poorly understood. In this study, we focus on the estimation of variation in the eddy diffusion coefficient by analyzing the CO and CO2 measurements made by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. The observed CO/CO2 ratio between altitudes of 75 and 105 km shows a significant seasonal variation in the southern hemisphere. The observed CO/CO2 profiles are compared with the simulated profiles obtained with a one‐dimensional photochemical model assigning several shapes and intensity of eddy diffusion coefficient. The comparison shows that the eddy diffusion coefficient is not constant but variable depending on altitude, season, and latitude, which suggests that the efficiency of the vertical diffusion varies with season and latitude. This fact is useful to other 1D photochemical models to reproduce the seasonal and latitudinal variation of atmospheric composition. Key Points: The CO/CO2 profiles from 75 to 105 km measured by NOMAD aboard TGO are used to investigate variations in the eddy diffusion coefficientThe estimated CO/CO2 profiles agree well with the observed profiles if altitude‐dependent eddy diffusion coefficients are consideredOur results demonstrate a substantial seasonal variation in the eddy diffusion coefficient in the southern hemisphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vertical opacity structure of the martian atmosphere is important for understanding the distribution of ice (water and carbon dioxide) and dust. We present a new data set of extinction opacity profiles from the NOMAD/UVIS spectrometer aboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, covering one and a half Mars Years (MY) including the MY 34 Global Dust Storm and several regional dust storms. We discuss specific mesospheric cloud features and compare with existing literature and a Mars Global Climate Model (MGCM) run with data assimilation. Mesospheric opacity features, interpreted to be water ice, were present during the global and regional dust events and correlate with an elevated hygropause in the MGCM, providing evidence that regional dust storms can boost transport of vapor to mesospheric altitudes (with potential implications for atmospheric escape). The season of the dust storms also had an apparent impact on the resulting lifetime of the cloud features, with events earlier in the dusty season correlating with longer‐lasting mesospheric cloud layers. Mesospheric opacity features were also present during the dusty season even in the absence of regional dust storms, and interpreted to be water ice based on previous literature. The assimilated MGCM temperature structure agreed well with the UVIS opacities, but the MGCM opacity field struggled to reproduce mesospheric ice features, suggesting a need for further development of water ice parameterizations. The UVIS opacity data set offers opportunities for further research into the vertical aerosol structure of the martian atmosphere, and for validation of how this is represented in numerical models. Plain Language Summary: The martian atmosphere contains several kinds of aerosol, including dust, water ice, and carbon dioxide ice. The NOMAD/UVIS spectrometer aboard the ExoMars Trace Gas orbiter is able to measure the opacity of the atmosphere at different heights by looking through the atmosphere at the Sun, and these opacities provide information on the vertical aerosol distribution. We present a new data set of these opacities for one and a half Mars Years, a period including one Global Dust Storm and several smaller regional‐scale dust storms. By comparing with a martian climate model and previous work we discuss some noteable features in the UVIS data. We see the presence of high‐altitude water ice clouds associated with the Global Dust Storm and several regional dust storms, and find that the lifetime of these cloud layers seems to depend on the seasonal timing of the relevant dust event. These layers also correlate with an elevated higher‐altitude water vapor presence, showing that large dust storms boost the upwards transport of water vapor; this could enhance atmospheric escape of hydrogen. The model temperature structure is consistent with the UVIS results, but the model aerosol field shows a need for improvement in its representation of high‐altitude water ice. Key Points: Mesospheric water ice clouds were present in ExoMars/UVIS opacity profiles during a global and three regional dust stormsMesospheric water ice correlated with elevated hygropause, showing storms boost vertical water transport with hydrogen escape implicationsPerihelion season mesospheric water ice was also present even in the absence of global/regional dust storm activity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Developing collaborative practice through interprofessional education (IPE) activities in undergraduate healthcare curricula is advocated by the World Health Organisation and the regulatory bodies for Medicine and Pharmacy within the UK. Approach: Our local faculty, comprising educators from within the Highland Pharmacy Education and Research Centre (HPERC) and Highland Medical Education Centre (HMEC), developed a 5‐day IPE placement for pharmacy and medical students on clinical placement within NHS Highland. Evaluation: We collected qualitative evaluation data using face‐to‐face focus group discussions with five pharmacy and four medical students (January 2020 cohort). Three key categories and multiple themes within each category were identified from participant narratives: Category 1, overall perception of experience—(themes: better than previous IPE experience; greater exposure to clinical pharmacy); Category 2, student interactions—(themes: learning with a buddy; understanding of interprofessional roles); Category 3, suggestions for improvement—(themes: choice of relevant clinical rotation and content; increase learning from clinical pharmacists; better orientation to placement). Overall, students valued their participation during this week and reported many benefits of learning with students from another profession. Students also highlighted suggestions to improve their learning experience. Implications: This evaluation has indicated students' support for embedding interprofessional placements into their curricula. Clinical educators should consider designing similar placements, while further work should focus on inclusion of higher student numbers and look to include a range of professions and practice settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Induction therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has changed with the approval of a number of new agents. Clinical guidelines can struggle to keep pace with an evolving treatment and evidence landscape and therefore identifying the most appropriate front‐line treatment is challenging for clinicians. Here, we combined drug eligibility criteria and genetic risk stratification into a digital format, allowing the full range of possible treatment eligibility scenarios to be defined. Using exemplar cases representing each of the 22 identified scenarios, we sought to generate consensus on treatment choice from a panel of nine aUK AML experts. We then analysed >2500 real‐world cases using the same algorithm, confirming the existence of 21/22 of these scenarios and demonstrating that our novel approach could generate a consensus AML induction treatment in 98% of cases. Our approach, driven by the use of decision trees, is an efficient way to develop consensus guidance rapidly and could be applied to other disease areas. It has the potential to be updated frequently to capture changes in eligibility criteria, novel therapies and emerging trial data. An interactive digital version of the consensus guideline is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the protocol for a Campbell review. The objectives are as follows: To carry out a mixed methods review to summarise current evidence relating to the components of case-management interventions for people experiencing homelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MRC/NCRI cohort included 9% patients with high-risk MDS, while the SWOG trials only enrolled AML patients. While, overall, AML has remained difficult to cure, the likelihood of resistance to treatment and/or treatment-related mortality varies greatly across individual patients. To the Editor Regulatory approval of several new drugs has expanded the therapeutic options for adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [[1], [3]]. [Extracted from the article]

The question of how to embed transformative change through the implementation of sustainability principles in our education systems has become increasingly important as complex situations, like pandemics and climate change, challenge societies. Education underpinned by a sustainability paradigm requires students to develop the ability to think critically about the nature of knowledge and about the ways in which knowledge is produced and validated. Educating for these skills will require shifts in educational practice, pedagogy and new approaches to learning and teaching. As the relationship between education and sustainability has matured, there has been increasing debate around whether capability or competence frameworks best underlie the type of education we seek to embed in sustainability professionals. Within an Australian context there is a philosophical difference between these two terms and an understanding of how this relates to different typologies of sustainability and education; Education about Sustainable Development, Education for Sustainable Development or Sustainability as Education (Sustainability Education) and this has yet to be fully explored. This is increasingly important as higher education is under pressure to be efficient producers of work-ready graduates. This paper provides an overview of the context of capability and competencies in the Australian higher education context and the associated implications for education, and sustainability education. It compares a competence approach with that of a capability approach and then situates this debate within the evolution of sustainability and education. Finally, it addresses some key consequences of the contemporary approaches to sustainability and education and emphasises the role of the capability approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present observations of terminator CO2 ice clouds events in three groups: Equatorial dawn, Equatorial dusk (both between 20°S and 20°N) and Southern midlatitudes at dawn (45°S and 55°S east of Hellas Basin) with ESA ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter's Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument. CO2 ice abundance is retrieved simultaneously with water ice, dust, and particle sizes, and rotational temperature and CO2 column profiles in 16 of 26 cases. Small particles (<0.5 μm) prevail at dusk, while water ice likely provides most source nuclei at dawn. Clouds east of Hellas are found to be dominantly nucleated on surface‐lifted dust. CO2 ice is sometimes detected in unsaturated air together with dust nuclei at dawn, suggesting ongoing sublimation. Depending on latitude and local time, the interplay between particle precipitation and the lifetime of temperature minima (i.e., cold pockets) determines CO2 ice properties. Plain Language Summary: The upper atmosphere of Mars is characterized by the seasonal presence of CO2 ice clouds. Their properties have been long studied, as well as their formation mechanisms in relation to the thermal structure of the atmosphere and its variability. In this study, we present the first observations of these clouds at the terminator (dawn and dusk) by the NOMAD spectrometer onboard the Exomars Trace Gas Orbiter. CO2 ice is detected simultaneously with dust, water ice and the temperature profile. Our results agree with previous findings in terms of how clouds are spatially distributed and their temporal occurrence. However, we also explore the sources of condensation nuclei for CO2 ice particles, showing that water ice is a possible source at dawn near the Equator. We also identify surface‐lifted dust below the CO2 ice clouds observed east of Hellas Basin, suggesting that, at that location, dust could provide nuclei for CO2 ice. CO2 ice is also sometimes detected at temperatures higher than the CO2 freezing point, suggesting ongoing sublimation. In this work we explore for the first time the composition of CO2 ice clouds, which is critical to advance our understanding of how CO2 ice clouds form in the mesosphere at Mars. Key Points: Twenty Six mesospheric CO2 ice clouds were detected with NOMAD SO in Mars Year 35, simultaneously with water ice, dust, and CO2 saturation ratiosEquatorial CO2 clouds are observed at 50–80 km altitude at dusk, and 40–60 km at dawn, when water ice likely provides condensation nucleiSix CO2 ice clouds are found east of Hellas basin; their formation is likely sourced by surface‐lifted dust at 40–65 km [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating disease which involves multiple body systems (e.g., immune, nervous, digestive, circulatory) and research domains (e.g., immunology, metabolomics, the gut microbiome, genomics, neurology). Despite several decades of research, there are no established ME/CFS biomarkers available to diagnose and treat ME/CFS. Sharing data and integrating findings across these domains is essential to advance understanding of this complex disease by revealing diagnostic biomarkers and facilitating discovery of novel effective therapies.Methods: The National Institutes of Health funded the development of a data sharing portal to support collaborative efforts among an initial group of three funded research centers. This was subsequently expanded to include the global ME/CFS research community. Using the open-source comprehensive knowledge archive network (CKAN) framework as the base, the ME/CFS Data Management and Coordinating Center developed an online portal with metadata collection, smart search capabilities, and domain-agnostic data integration to support data findability and reusability while reducing the barriers to sustainable data sharing.Results: We designed the mapMECFS data portal to facilitate data sharing and integration by allowing ME/CFS researchers to browse, share, compare, and download molecular datasets from within one data repository. At the time of publication, mapMECFS contains data curated from public data repositories, peer-reviewed publications, and current ME/CFS Research Network members.Conclusions: mapMECFS is a disease-specific data portal to improve data sharing and collaboration among ME/CFS researchers around the world. mapMECFS is accessible to the broader research community with registration. Further development is ongoing to include novel systems biology and data integration methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar occultations performed by the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery (NOMAD) ultraviolet and visible spectrometer (UVIS) onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) have provided a comprehensive mapping of atmospheric ozone density. The observations here extend over a full Mars year (MY) between April 21, 2018 at the beginning of the TGO science operations during late northern summer on Mars (MY 34, Ls = 163°) and March 9, 2020 (MY 35). UVIS provided transmittance spectra of the Martian atmosphere allowing measurements of the vertical distribution of ozone density using its Hartley absorption band (200–300 nm). The overall comparison to water vapor is found in the companion paper to this work (Patel et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006837). Our findings indicate the presence of (a) a high‐altitude peak of ozone between 40 and 60 km in altitude over the north polar latitudes for at least 45% of the Martian year during midnorthern spring, late northern summer‐early southern spring, and late southern summer, and (b) a second, but more prominent, high‐altitude ozone peak in the south polar latitudes, lasting for at least 60% of the year including the southern autumn and winter seasons. When present, both high‐altitude peaks are observed in the sunrise and sunset occultations, suggesting that the layers could persist during the day. Results from the Mars general circulation models predict the general behavior of these peaks of ozone and are used in an attempt to further our understanding of the chemical processes controlling high‐altitude ozone on Mars. Plain Language Summary: The presence of ozone in the Martian atmosphere has been observed since it was first detected by the 1969 and 1971 Mariner flyby missions. Mars is known to have a permanent ozone layer below 30 km. Solar occultations performed by the ultraviolet and visible spectrometer onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter have provided a comprehensive mapping of the vertical distribution of ozone in the atmosphere of Mars for an entire Mars year, describing the seasonal, spatial, and local time distribution of ozone in detail. This analysis indicates the presence of a previously undetected high‐altitude peak of ozone between 40 and 60 km in altitude over the north polar latitudes for approximately half of the Martian year. It also confirms the presence of a second, but more prominent, high‐altitude ozone peak in the south polar latitudes. When they are present, both high‐altitude peaks are observed in the sunrise and sunset occultations, indicating that the layers could persist during the day. Key Points: We provide the first detection of a high‐altitude peak of ozone between 40 and 60 km in altitude over the north polar latitudes of MarsWe confirm the presence of a previously detected, more prominent high‐altitude ozone peak in the south polar latitudesBoth high‐altitude peaks are observed in the sunrise and sunset occultations, indicating that the layers could persist during the day [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on importance of sustainability, climate change, and the impact of environmental degradation. Topics include showing the link between polices for food, climate, the environment and the health, of humans, animals, and the planet; and addressing other human factors such as the challenges of rural isolation and mental health.

Background: Primary surgical management of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is performed using an open or endoscopic technique. This study aimed to gather data on public perception of the cost, recovery, and associated potential complications of these two techniques. Methods: Participants were recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk©) and presented with a series of scenarios regarding open or endoscopic carpal tunnel release. Scenarios involved cost differential, duration of recovery, surgical technique, and potential complications following surgery. Participants were asked to provide a utility score between 0 and 100, with 0 representing the equivalent of death and 100 representing the participant feeling they were in perfect health. Results: A total of 410 participants completed the survey. Participant demographic data included average age of 37.78 (range 18–78), 62.4% female participants, 83.4% right-handed, 78.7% worked full- or part-time jobs, and 56.5% would be unable to complete their work with one hand immobilized. Participants favored endoscopic versus open surgery in both dominant and non-dominant hands (p < 0.0001). However, they viewed temporary paresthesia from endoscopic surgery less favorably to significant surgical site tenderness in open carpal tunnel release in both dominant and non-dominant hands (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: When considering cost, recovery duration, and technical ability required by the surgeon, patients prefer endoscopic carpal tunnel release over open surgery in both dominant and non-dominant hands. Subgroup analysis suggests that attitudes towards endoscopic versus open carpal tunnel release are not influenced by ability to perform work with the hand immobilized or income level. Level of evidence: Not ratable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) account for nearly half of those with the disease. Because they are perceived to be unfit for, unwilling to receive, or unlikely to benefit from conventional chemotherapy they represent an important unmet need. Tosedostat is a selective oral aminopeptidase inhibitor, which in phase I/II trials showed acceptable toxicity and encouraging efficacy. We report the only randomised study of low‐dose cytosine arabinoside (LDAC) combined with tosedostat (LDAC‐T) versus LDAC in untreated older patients not suitable for intensive treatment. A total of 243 patients were randomised 1:1 as part of the 'Pick‐a‐Winner' LI‐1 trial. There was a statistically non‐significant increase in the complete remission (CR) rate with the addition of tosedostat, LDAC‐T 19% versus LDAC 12% [odds ratio (OR) 0·61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·30–1·23; P = 0·17]. For overall response (CR+CR with incomplete recovery of counts), there was little evidence of a benefit to the addition of tosedostat (25% vs. 18%; OR 0·68, 95% CI 0·37–1·27; P = 0·22). However, overall survival (OS) showed no difference (2‐year OS 16% vs. 12%, hazard ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·73–1·28; P = 0·8). Exploratory analyses failed to identify any subgroup benefitting from tosedostat. Despite promising pre‐clinical, early non‐randomised clinical data with acceptable toxicity and an improvement in response, we did not find evidence that the addition of tosedostat to LDAC produced a survival benefit in this group of patients with AML. International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number: ISRCTN40571019 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]