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The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program can potentially help expand access to neighborhoods with low poverty and economic opportunities for low-income households. Prior studies described that LIHTC units are in neighborhoods with relatively high poverty, but with improvements in recent years. Beyond cross-sectional analyses, scholars have not extensively looked at the movements of tenants. It remains unclear whether the program creates opportunities for low-income households to move into better neighborhoods than they previously lived in or reinforces segregation by encouraging moves to similarly or more disadvantaged neighborhoods. Using an extensive consumer database, I am tracking the movements of households who move into new LIHTC properties in California. The experimental findings show that residents experience, on average, increases in poverty exposure by up to six percentage points over other moved low-income renters. Tenants see lower levels of neighborhood amenities than at their previous addresses. The construction of LIHTC housing can increase the chance of households moving into minority-concentrated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous managerial and corporate finance perspectives suggest mutual tax advantages when depreciation is transferred from an asset's user to a lessor, creating a perceived loss of tax revenue for the government. This study delves deeper into the lease versus buy decision and its ramifications on government tax revenue. It goes beyond tax rate discrepancies, exploring how factors like lessor‐lessee borrowing rate differences, asset lifespan, depreciation, and lease payment schedules impact tax revenues, both analytically and numerically. The paper establishes a strong theoretical foundation, emphasizing positive‐sum games involving lessees, lessors, and governments in individual deals. Government benefits from leasing vary across asset classes, market structures, depreciation timelines, credit quality, tax credits, and business cycles. The proposal is that the aggregate impact at the federal level could be positive, negative, or neutral across all leasing deals. These insights surpass conventional knowledge, offering valuable perspectives for finance and accounting educators, students, practitioners, and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program is the largest housing production subsidy in the U.S. Two types of credit, known as the 9% credit and the 4% credit, are subject to different allocation criteria. The 4% program has been flying under the radar of policymakers, housing advocates, and researchers since its inception. Whereas newly constructed 9% units are increasingly sited in lower poverty neighborhoods, 4% investment is made in high-poverty and low-opportunity neighborhoods. This paper reveals that states have not actively influenced the locational outcomes of 4% projects credit until recently. Policy levers have a more substantial impact on the outcomes of the 9% program. However, the results indicate that increased competition and strong policy levers have enabled some states to influence the siting outcomes of 4% projects. As states have significant power over tax credit allocations and additional financing required to enable the 4% credit, they could consider explicitly using this credit to further fair housing goals and help low-income households reach opportunities. However, careful consideration is needed to balance these goals with neighborhood revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 15 presents a critical moment for the preservation of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) properties. While there have been studies looking into the year-15 challenges in weak housing markets, there has been little research on strategies and contexts that have led to successful preservation outcomes. While different localities may require different strategies depending on local contexts, there are common challenges shared by LIHTC properties due to the program structure. This paper aims to examine how New York City has been responding to some of these common challenges through its LIHTC (Year-15) Preservation Program which has been quite successful in preserving expiring LIHTC properties. Through a combination of data analysis on LIHTC and New York City's Year-15 Program, interviews with government officials, and an examination of approximately 530 land documents of 107 expiring LIHTC properties in New York City, this study takes an in-depth look into the development process, strategies, and outcomes of the program. By doing so, future challenges and lessons are highlighted that are helpful for New York City and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the critical role of tax credits, specifically Sections 45Q and 45V, in the financing and economic feasibility of low-carbon-intensity hydrogen projects, with a focus on natural-gas-based hydrogen production plants integrated with carbon capture and storage (CCS). This study covers the current clean energy landscape, underscoring the importance of low-carbon hydrogen as a key component in the transition to a sustainable energy future, and then explicates the mechanics of the 45Q and 45V tax credits, illustrating their direct impact on enhancing the economic attractiveness of such projects through a detailed net present value (NPV) model analysis. Our analysis reveals that the application of 45Q and 45V tax credits significantly reduces the levelized cost of hydrogen production, with scenarios indicating a reduction in cost ranging from USD 0.41/kg to USD 0.81/kg of hydrogen. Specifically, the 45Q tax credit demonstrates a slightly more advantageous impact on reducing costs compared to the 45V tax credit, underpinning the critical role of these fiscal measures in enhancing project returns and feasibility. Furthermore, this paper addresses the inherent limitations of utilizing tax credits, primarily the challenge posed by the mismatch between the scale of tax credits and the tax liability of the project developers. The concept and role of tax equity investments are discussed in response to this challenge. These findings contribute to the broader dialogue on the financing of sustainable energy projects, providing valuable insights for policymakers, investors, and developers in the hydrogen energy sector. By quantifying the economic benefits of tax credits and elucidating the role of tax equity investments, our research supports informed decision-making and strategic planning in the pursuit of a sustainable energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Critique of Law: Independent Legal Studies / Krytyka Prawa: Niezalezne Studia nad Prawem is the property of Akademia Leona Kozminskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Governments worldwide have spent billions of dollars on monetary incentives for consumers to encourage the adoption of eco-friendly ("green") products. However, there is little consensus on the effectiveness of delayed monetary incentives with complex structures, such as tax credits in increasing green product adoption and reducing carbon emissions. The literature is also limited on the mechanisms through which monetary incentives work in general. We address these issues by studying the impact of tax credit incentives on green and nongreen vehicle sales in the U.S. auto industry. A tax credit incentive could boost green vehicle sales through cost savings on the vehicle's price. However, the incentive may prove ineffective because of important barriers to adoption (e.g., long charging times for electric cars). To measure the sales and emissions impacts of tax credits, we study incentive changes in South Carolina and Oregon via various quasi-experimental approaches and assess the generalizability of our key findings to Colorado. Unlike recent studies showing an insignificant or negative correlation between tax credits and electric vehicle adoption, our analyses show that unit sales of incentivized plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) increase by an average of 3.7% (up to 52.7% in some counties) following a $2,000 incentive. In contrast, PHEV sales remain unchanged after the incentive's termination, implying a positive net sales effect. We also explore the underlying mechanisms for the incentive's impact by examining various purchase funnel stages. In the awareness stage, the incentive's positive effect on PHEV demand peaks around the consumers' tax-filing period. As for the consideration stage, our analyses of online consumer search indicate that the incentive does not expand the consumer pool considering PHEVs. In the conversion stage, the incentive generates more sales for PHEVs in counties where (i) consumers are more likely to have PHEVs in their consideration sets regardless of the incentive (i.e., Democratic counties) and (ii) consumers value cost-saving more (i.e., counties with lower middle income). Also, the heightened demand for PHEVs following the incentive stems from the substitution from gasoline vehicles with high fuel efficiency. We estimate the average cost of reducing carbon emissions through tax credits to be $109 per ton, which is less expensive than tax rebates for conventional hybrids and subsidies for residential solar panels. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, Special Section of Management Science on Business and Climate Change. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4781. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic & Political Thought / Myśl Ekonomiczna & Polityczna is the property of Lazarski University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the issue of selected tax law institutions that constitute a form of tax credits and other tax incentives relating directly to the immovable property market in a broad sense, which have been implemented into the Polish legal system in recent years. The article includes an analysis of the legal aspects of the functioning of the relevant regulations, the statutory objectives of their introduction, as well as possible disputed issues revealed in the course of their application raised in judicial practice. The authors attempt to answer the research question whether the tax reliefs used in Poland adequately fulfil the tasks set for them by the legislator and how they influence the real estate market in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Politicians promise infrastructure investment via tax credits by involving outside investors, but uncertainty affects the demand for and price of tax credits. We theoretically model and empirically estimate how macroeconomic and federal tax policy uncertainty separately affect the demand for tax credits using data from the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program. By exploiting reapplications, our identification strategy is simple: federal tax credit prices depend on changes in federal tax policy uncertainty while state tax credit prices do not. Consistent with the theoretical expectations we derive, investors view tax credits as an insurance vehicle causing tax credit prices to increase in response to higher levels of policy uncertainty. As expected, we also confirm that tax credit prices decrease in response to an increase in macroeconomic uncertainty. Our results shed light on the efficiency of using tax credits to finance low-income housing and other types of public infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Construction Technology is the property of Railway Construction Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using South Korean panel data from 2008 to 2019 and censored quantile regression method, this study calculates the effects of different tax incentives on charitable contributions. We observe price elasticity under two different tax‐benefit systems in South Korea and find that, first, taxpayers tend to be more sensitive to tax incentives under a tax deduction system than a tax credit system. The price elasticity gap between a tax deduction and tax credit is approximately −2.3 to −1.0. Second, we show the existence of heterogeneity in taxpayers' behaviour: the price elasticity of charitable contributions exhibits a convex shape, where more significant donors have lesser reactions to tax incentives. We further show that socioeconomic contexts, such as income, gender, marital status, and education, affect people's attitudes. In sum, the results are as expected: tax deductions work more efficiently than tax credits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological theories of crime have found that perceptions of neighborhood safety are influenced by a broad range of building features. Yet most research on how building design impacts perceptions of neighborhood safety for low-income renters was developed in a period of affordable housing defined by dense, segregated, and brutalist-inspired public housing. Research on low-income rental design has yet to focus on how residents in Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) properties perceive their levels of neighborhood safety, and how that may be influenced by building design. This study uses survey responses from 652 LIHTC residents in Ohio paired with design attributes and crime data to test how residents' perceptions of neighborhood safety are related to building design features, controlling for neighborhood violent and property crimes. We find that design features minimally impact residents' perceived neighborhood safety, and this does not vary significantly by resident characteristics. We suggest this contrast with past literature may relate to the design and maintenance standards associated with LIHTC properties. We recommend that housing finance agencies continue to encourage or incentivize affordable housing developers to design housing with features to increase natural surveillance, access control, and territoriality, and to focus on fostering community for LIHTC residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Superbonus is an Italian tax relief policy aimed at encouraging residential buildings' energy and seismic efficiency. Only the energy part of the legislation is analyzed here. The tax deductions of the Superbonus exceed the nominal value of the project, making the interventions convenient even for economically disadvantaged citizens and small construction companies. However, the measure has only found wide diffusion in single-family housing, while it proceeds more slowly for multi-family buildings, where procedural complexities greatly amplify the risk of the financial failure of projects. The purpose of the paper is to analyze how urban planning and technical and administrative problems affect the Return on Investment (ROI) when the Superbonus is applied to multi-unit buildings. Therefore, a financial risk analysis is conducted from the perspective of an ordinary Energy Service Company (ESCo), which assumes the burden of carrying out energy efficiency measures. The property considered has all the requirements of an ordinary multi-family building for which the Superbonus is generally used. The works considered are also those carried out most frequently. The study shows that only three out of five energy interventions are financially sustainable. This result is in line with the data provided by the Italian Revenue Agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This policy brief proposes a tax credit with related qualifying conditions that address the serious deficiencies related to abuse and neglect found in the current for-profit long-term care space. It also seeks to address the lack of government accountability for huge outlays of taxpayer dollars in the form of Medicare and Medicaid payments to these facilities, much of which results in maximizing profits for wealthy investors at the expense of vulnerable individuals with limited voice. Our proposed policy arrangement alters the organizational DNA of the for-profit organization, including the moderation of profit, to circumvent the existing financial incentives that are driving the mistreatment and malpractice so evident in the system. It aims to achieve this through four policy components including social financing, a sliding dividend cap, employee-ownership, and limits on complex corporate structures which are tied to a tax credit. This multi-faceted policy idea is intended to start the discussion around a possible path forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Previdência is the property of Revista Brasileira de Previdencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista del ICDT is the property of Instituto Colombiano de Derecho Tributario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tax collection and management is an important cornerstone to safeguard a country's financial strength, and it is also a key task to realize the modernization of a country's tax governance. This study examines the effect of tax-collection mechanism and management on technological innovation in China from 2007 to 2020. By using a fixed effect model, the findings indicate that a higher intensity of regional compulsory tax collection and management rises the level of technological innovation of enterprises. Strengthening tax collection and management is more conducive to raising the level of technological innovation of midwestern enterprises, non-high-tech enterprises and enterprises in a poor market environment. The concrete impact mechanism shows that tax collection and management improve the level of enterprises and technology innovation by using a tax credit-rating system and enhancing enterprises' information transparency; the application of the Golden Three system has been more conducive to strengthening tax collection and management to enhance the level of enterprises' technological innovation. The findings of this study have policy implications for China regarding rising innovation through tax collection [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine the problematic aspects of VAT refund at the current stage, it is proved in the article that VAT is a budget-forming tax in the system of Ukraine’s state finance, which significantly affects the financial and economic activity of economic entities. Therefore, an important aspect of the research within the scope of this publication is the determination of the essence of the VAT refund; outlining its features in the domestic taxation system; identification of problematic aspects of the VAT refund, including the one during the martial law period in the country; search for ways to improve tax administration in terms of the VAT refund. In order to solve the tasks, the normative requirements for reimbursement of VAT from the budget in the relevant directions are considered in the article; the total volume of budgetary VAT refunds in Ukraine in the dynamics of years, the specific weight of refunds in certain regions of Ukraine, the amounts of declared VAT refunds that were rejected as a result of tax control and the reasons for such deviations are analyzed. When verifying the correctness of the VAT refunds, the problematic aspects faced by the control authorities are identified, and the operations of taxpayers that lead to improper VAT refunds due to unjustified overestimation of the VAT tax credit (for example, when making fictitious exports, importing goods at reduced prices, when creating fictitious enterprises, etc.). At the same time, it is noted that due to the introduction of a more transparent VAT refund mechanism using the Register of applications for the refund of the budgetary VAT refund, the administration of this tax has improved, which contributed to the reduction of corruption and the creation of equal conditions for all VAT payers. For improving the VAT refund mechanism, it is proposed to develop a set of measures in the tax administration system aimed at strengthening control over the legality of VAT refund applications based on documentary confirmation of VAT amounts. It is stated that at the same time it is worth taking into account the legislative innovations regarding VAT administration and constantly studying the dynamics of tax changes during martial law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyse the impact of the implementation of a child tax credit in Austria in 2018. We combine microsimulation techniques, labour supply modelling and dynamic general equilibrium modelling to make an ex ante evaluation of the reform, accounting also for behavioural responses of individuals. We show that although the macroeconomic effect of the Austrian reform is expected to be relatively small, accounting for feedback effects on a micro‐level is very important, especially when analysing socioeconomic and policy‐relevant indicators, such as poverty and inequality. When focusing on the distributional implications and the impact on poverty, our analysis highlights that the first‐round effects of the child tax credit substantially underestimate the increase in household income for households with children. Additionally, we find that when accounting for second‐round effects, the loss in tax revenues is partly offset. The estimated self‐financing effect of the reform is estimated to be about 13 per cent. Our results also indicate that part of the associated tax decrease can be potentially captured by the employer, meaning that gross wages are expected to fall slightly. Therefore, in the medium term, some households without children might suffer a small reduction in their disposable income. Overall, our analysis highlights the importance of accounting for second‐round effects when analysing tax reforms ex ante. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid process of reforming and improving the tax system contributes to the emergence of new objects for scientific research. The introduction of the electronic register of tax invoices, the electronic administration system of VAT led to the need for changes in the implementation of accounting procedures, the accrual and payment of tax, drawing up and registration of tax invoices, settlements with the budget. The abovementioned requires a study to determine specific features of VAT accounting, systematization of individual stages of its implementation. The position of the taxpayer as a permanent user of the electronic administration system at the time of financial accounting is reflected. The process of documentation depending on the essence of economic operations and the position of business entities, the features of primary accounting for the tax on value added and subsequent generalization in such a type of calculation is investigated. The process of forming VAT-accounting, which is used in Ukraine with the introduction of technological support is presented schematically. An approach to accounting for a tax credit and a tax liability for VAT is given, depending on the terms of payment and taking into account the needs of the organization of analytical accounting, which is associated with the possibility of registering a tax invoice with a date different from the date of its preparation. The features of accounting for the object of research are considered. Displayed detailing on the maintenance of VAT calculation when preparing the formation of tax reporting. The conditions for calculating the repayment of the tax liability and the value-added tax credit after the filing of the tax return were tracked. As a result of the work carried out, the stages of the process of accounting, reporting on VAT and its payment were systematized, as well as the expression of an opinion from an accounting point of view regarding the effectiveness of automation of tax accounting for taxes and its impact on the tax system, financial accounting at enterprises, as well as the formation of unresolved issues before legislation to ensure a high level of functioning of this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of External Economic Bulletin / Külgazdaság is the property of KOPINT Konjunktura Kutatasi Alapitvany and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Innovation tax credit (crédit d'impôt innovation, CII) is an extension of the Research tax credit (crédit d'impôt recherche, CIR) intended to boost the incentive effect of the latter on SMEs to encourage them to engage in the creation of new products via the development of prototypes or pilot plants. Introduced in 2013, it represented €120 million of tax credit in 2014 for some 5,300 recipients. This article seeks to measure the impact of the introduction of this scheme on its beneficiaries over the period from 2013 to 2016. Using a difference-in-differences method following propensity score matching, we find a greater increase in employment in the short term for firms benefiting from the scheme, along with a more pronounced increase in their turnover in the medium term. A greater increase in the number of new products produced by the beneficiaries is also observed. Finally, the introduction of the CII went along with a reduction in the research expenditure reported under the CIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last twenty years, the integration of Renewable Energy Resources (RESs) projects has become feasible in many electricity markets around the globe. The primary objective of these developments is to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In many countries, RESs integration projects could make a profit according to the subsidies policies of each electricity market. The United States (U.S.) electricity market is considered the most competitive one in the world. Hence, RES integration is subject to many financial and technical factors that eventually affect the integration process. Since the electricity production from RESs in the U.S. electricity market has become cost-effective, many projects have been implemented in a short period. In this paper, a discussion on the opportunities and challenges of renewable energy integration in the U.S. electricity market is demonstrated. The research starts with an overview of the electricity market in the U.S. with policies and bylaws governing the RESs integration. Some factors might empower the renewable energy deployment. Environmental aspects, government subsidies, regulations, and marginal cost price increase the renewable energy opportunities in the U.S. electricity market. By contrast, the paper discussed many challenges faced by renewable energy such as generation variability, intermittency, environmental issues, and capital and reserve cost. Such challenges might affect the electricity market prices. This paper provides an insight to the developed plans to implement RESs and control GHG emissions. In addition, corresponding policies to encourage RES integration and their technical impacts are highlighted. Restructuring the market and developing Renewable Energy Sources technologies are recommended to increase renewable energy market share in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Opinião Jurídica is the property of Revista Opiniao Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quaestio Iuris (QI) is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research objective of this article is to examine the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA) on innovative efficiency, which measures how effectively firms convert research spending and existing human capital into new patents and products. Research method- wise, this study measures innovative efficiency by dividing the number of new patents to average R&D expenses and analyses how innovative efficiency changed after the ERTA using regression. The main conclusion is that the ERTA tax credit decreased innovative efficiency and competitions for research resources could explain this reduction. These findings provide new insights on the effectiveness of R&D tax policies from the efficiency perspective. Policy makers should consider these findings when designing R&D tax policies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing a fiscal function, tax calculations are one of the key processes in the activities of enterprises. A study of the practice of using modern software products for accounting automation showed that even powerful decision support systems such as SAP cannot provide ease, efficiency and clarity of conducting business operations in compliance with historically established tax laws and accounting procedures. At the same time, VAT calculations are the most laborious, since they significantly depend on the peculiarities of the tax legislation of each country. The article reveals the key directions for improving the process of making calculations for VAT using the SAP ERP system. Taking into account practical experience, the main difficulties in complying with the regulatory requirements of Ukrainian legislation in accounting of business transactions in SAP ERP are highlighted. The features of tracking the first event in VAT-related transactions with the display of accounting procedures on the example of product sales were disclosed, taking into account the technical features of the information system. The methodological and technical reasons for the impossibility of full automation of tracking the first event were shown, based on the practice of Ukrainian enterprises. The standard process for calculating a tax credit for VAT in the SAP ERP system was outlined. It was determined that the existing procedures not only meet the requirements of the current legislation, but also provide significant efficiency in the rapid achievement of correct reporting indicators. To expand the automation of the accounting process, authors' substantiated recommendations were provided, some of which were implemented in the SAP program, in particular, the mass creation of accounting documents in the system and the assignment of status for electronic tax documents in individual cases determined by the current regulatory framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This policy memo proposes and simulates the effects of a two-tier, nonrefundable tax credit for charitable contributions. A two-rate credit would expand access to tax incentives for charitable contributions to most Americans and increase charitable giving significantly, with substantial cost savings compared to alternative policy changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Financial Space is the property of Cherkasy Institute of Banking, University of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The D4 RIN is the tradable compliance certificate for the biomass‐based diesel (BBD) mandate in the renewable fuel standard (RFS). Understanding the price dynamics of the D4 RIN is important for understanding the RFS because its price sets a ceiling on the ethanol RIN (D6) and because some observers have suggested that RIN price fluctuations are too large to be explained by economic theory. We use option pricing theory to develop a model of the D4 RIN in terms of its economic fundamentals: the spread between the price of biodiesel and petroleum diesel and the status of the biodiesel blenders' tax credit. The resulting D4 fundamental price closely tracks actual D4 prices. We conclude that RIN price volatility arises because of the design of the RFS and intrinsic features of the U.S. fuel supply system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international distribution of Italian films, especially art house films, will receive a new impulse from the incentives provided for by the law n. 220 of 2016. The law has completely reshaped the structure of public aid to cinema and has provided an articulate system of interventions in sustain of international distribu tion, mainly: the tax credit on the expenditures, the automatic contribution calculated on the economic and cultural results of the film, the selective contribu tion for specific films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Finland subsidizes caring for young children at home by several cash-for-care schemes. In 2001, it adopted a tax credit for domestic services, including care. This article adopts an everyday perspective to social policies to analyse how Finnish cash-for-care policies produce local care loops using a time-economy approach. It examines the increase in private services alongside public ones through an analysis of the organization of childcare in time and space, paying attention to the micro-mobilities and daily choreographies of care. Drawing on interviews with Finnish employers of privately employed childcarers, our results demonstrate that childcare policies and tax credits are central means through which childcare is increasingly being privatized. We argue that the notion of time as a scarce resource and the organization of care loops in a way that maximizes time available for wage labour and 'quality time' point towards the emergence of a classed time discipline. Time becomes a commodity with not only monetary value but also another inherent value, captured in the notion of 'quality time with children'. Significantly, this quality time does not include time used for other reproductive labour tasks, such as cleaning or cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The personal income tax, which has a significant influence on total tax revenue, has been part of the Czech tax system since 1993. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the dependence of tax revenue on the personal income tax based upon a dependent activity related to tax relief for the taxpayer, namely the tax credit for children in the Czech Republic in the period of 2008 - 2017. Another objective is to analyze the dependence on the valorization of the tax reliefs and tax credit claims. The database of the Czech Statistical Office and the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic is used as a source of input data for the analysis. To achieve the objectives of the paper, methods of description, comparison, analysis, synthesis, as well as regression and correlation analyses are used. The results of the analysis show that the tax credit for children has a positive effect on tax revenue. The amount of the tax advantage for children has almost doubled in the last 11 years. On the other hand, general tax relief for all taxpayers has not been valorized since 2008. The existence of a certain non-taxable minimum is typical for personal income tax systems around the world tax, and the valorization in the Czech Republic did not show a negative impact on the tax system's competitiveness. Increasing the amount of deductions might be non-effective from the perspective of the state, but the results of this study show that the effect on personal income tax revenue in the Czech Republic is the opposite. The projected value and uniqueness of the article is not only in the analysis of dependencies of selected tax allowances upon each other, but also in the context of tax revenue and selected macroeconomics indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Crónica Tributaria is the property of Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, Ministerio de Hacienda y Funcion Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the opportunities provided by the local tax legislation to deduct tax similar to, or imposed instead of, the corporate income tax paid abroad. Using specific practical examples, the paper shows how the profits earned abroad should be declared in the annual tax return under Article 92 of the Corporate Income Tax Act depending on the method provided for in the relevant Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation, i.e. taxation with progression or tax credit. The article looks into the specific set of circumstances where a local legal entity earns one and the same type of income abroad, i.e. real estate income, but depending on the country where the real estate is located, i.e., in Spain or in Russia, respectively, the Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation provides for different methods for taxation of the worldwide income of the entity which in its turn determines a different approach in declaring the profits in the annual tax return under Art. 92 of the Corporate Income Tax Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Meritum: Revista de Direito da Universidade FUMEC is the property of Meritum: Revista de Direito da Universidade FUMEC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economy & Forecasting / Ekonomìka ì Prognozuvannâ is the property of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Institute for Economic Forecasting and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of conservation easements to protect vulnerable land is growing rapidly, but there is growing public concern about the social cost of easement tax credit programs that promote the use of easements. Landowners who agree to an easement sell or donate their development rights to a conservation agency and receive a tax credit on the "gifted" amount. The tax credit is intended to reduce underinvestment in land preservation by conservation agencies that operate with tight budgets. Using a model that combines asymmetric information and real options, this paper shows that the tax credit program is least effective for land with the highest environment value and, for a sufficiently high value, may decrease rather than increase the probability of an easement outcome. The failure of the conservation agency to internalize the land's development value can result in the agency agreeing to accept a welfare-worsening donated easement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Contabilidade, Gestao E Governanca is the property of Revista Contabilidade, Gestao E Governanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research examines the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) developments in metropolitan areas nationwide. The results indicate that the LIHTC program contributes to the spatial concentration of poverty as well as of racial and ethnic minorities. The program is not promoting mixed-income housing. The program is serving an income category with very little need for additional units and is not serving those with a need. Finally, the program is increasing the rental housing stock in soft markets and failing to increase the supply in tight ones. It is recommended that states adopt allocation standards that would deconcentrate poverty and affirmatively further fair housing. The benefits of the program should be reconfigured to promote mixed-income housing. The LIHTC program should permit states to exchange tax-credit authority for vouchers, to better serve the poorest households. The program should exercise greater rigor in market analysis so that new units are added only in tight markets and deteriorated units are rehabilitated elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]