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The climb of Gasherbrum IV's (7,925 m) 'Shining Wall' in 1985 by Voytek Kurtyka and Robert Schauer is considered one of the greatest mountaineering achievements in the twentieth century, even though the two climbers did not reach the summit. The article explores three ways of understanding mountaineering without the objective of reaching the summit. I start with a game-playing approach and then a view on mountaineering that takes its inspiration from deep ecology and argue that while both have the potential for explaining important aspects of mountaineering, neither will fully account for the value of climbing mountains without summiting. Finally, I argue that we can supplement either of these two views with a radically different way of understanding mountaineering, which involves creating and appreciating a work of art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The concept of friction was integrated into the broader field of tribology in the 20th century. Here, we revive the older friction coefficient concept and show that it is the defining parameter for a family of granular materials. We show, for the first time, that kinetic friction coefficients of such systems can be described as a function of the lubricating fluid and the shape of the granules, without any fitting parameters. With this, we define the value and conditions for the minimal friction of this system and show how it can increase depending on the properties of the system. This paper shows that the minimum possible friction for an assembly of granular media is the same universal constant of ¼ that da Vinci identified for kinetic friction between two rigid bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine trends in intergenerational educational mobility throughout the 20th century in Denmark. We demonstrate that major reforms in compulsory schooling substantially increased not only the levels of education but also intergenerational mobility in education for children born in the 1940s through to the 1960s. However, even as college education has expanded significantly for children born in the 1970s and 1980s, educational mobility has been declining. We empirically test different mechanisms that could account for this decline in educational mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tabayyun is the property of Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Strasbourg, this article argues, played a seminal role in the development of urban planning. The city's transformation in the late nineteenth century was one of the earliest, largest, and most expensive planned urban extensions in modern Germany. In the process, Strasbourg also came to play a central role in the development of urban planning into an established area of technical expertise, an academic discipline, and an area of professional practice. Initially conceived under the aegis of the empire's military command, the transformation of Strasbourg quickly involved local politicians, landowners, and independent experts, accelerating the development of urban planning into a practice dominated by what Camillo Sitte described as "technicians and specialists." The reception of Strasbourg impacted the salient debates in urban planning from the 1870s to the early twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dados - Revista de Ciências Sociais is the property of DADOS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Italian economic thought between the 1960s and 1990s provided important scientific contributions and one of its most authoritative representatives was certainly Augusto Graziani (1933–2014). On the international plane, Graziani is mainly known for his monetary theory of production while his theory of development and his analysis of the Italian economic have drawn relatively little debate. The purpose of this work is to illustrate his analysis of development in the light of two main considerations: (i) Graziani was very interested in long-term development issues for a long time. The 1969 collective book Lo sviluppo di un'economia aperta (The development of an open economy), the various editions of his L'economia italiana (The Italian economy) (1972, 1979 and 1989) and his contributions on the economy of Southern Italy (Mezzogiorno) are part of an organic, continuous, detailed and impressive explanatory work of the economic events that affected Italy from the 1950s onward and on which Graziani devoted more than thirty years of his scientific activity. (ii) His analysis of development offers interesting tools for interpreting the effects of some Italian policy choices critically debated by a part of the contemporary literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The joy of play permeates universal human culture. However, when observing the cultural habits and value dynamics that have become identities in posthuman and postcolonial societies, many may feel a sense of absence upon hearing this statement. Our well-worn concepts often face obstacles, and the notion of play is no exception. Consider, for example, play as competition, manifesting in conflict and defeating others, versus play as sacred action (play), which entails acts of representation, revelation, sharing, and participation. Johan Huizinga’s seminal Homo Ludens offers inspiring insights into the unique and extraordinary qualities of play, proposing the surprising paradox that play becomes part of culture only through its seriousness. In this study, I explore the concept of play through the aesthetic diagnoses of music and dance dramaturgy. Delving into fragments of emblematic dance works from the late 20th century, I aim to outline new perspectives on the social and aesthetic roles of play, presenting it as a caesura among the aesthetic-philosophical attributes of contemporary dance dramaturgy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young Barbarians (2022), a successful theatrical production by the Hungarian State Theatre of Cluj, Romania, is set against the backdrop of the socio-political tragedies that shaped Central and Eastern Europe in the first half of the 20th century. Inspired by the lives of Hungarian composers and ethnomusicologists Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, this study examines how Young Barbarians provides an effective model for rethinking contemporary tragedy in performance. The analysis focuses on the interplay of various compositional elements, both in their sources and effects: the scenic presence of actors, dancers, choir, and musicians; ethnographic practices tied to the collection of folk music among diverse ethnic groups; and subsequent cultural phenomena, such as the Hungarian dance house movement, which serves as both a revival and a living tradition. The study further explores the dynamic interaction between embodied culture – manifested in the performers’ acting–and written culture, represented by the textual materials informing the performance. Given the multilayered contextuality of the production, the research also addresses how the play mediates specific stages of crisis within the multilingual, multi-ethnic regional setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study scrutinizes the common wisdom concerning Turkey's crucial geopolitical significance and central physical location against the backdrop of four global transformations that are taking place in the twenty-first century. These tectonic shifts include China's rise and the ongoing Sino-US rivalry, trade routes and supply chains favoring the Asia-Pacific, technological changes brought by the fourth Industrial Revolution and finally, the decarbonization process. Based on an examination of these new dynamics, the article concludes that Turkey's geographical location and its traditional 'bridge' status between Asia and Europe no longer provides it the strategic leverage it had enjoyed in the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops new forecasting methods for an old and ongoing problem by employing 13 machine learning algorithms to study 147 years of systemic financial crises across 17 countries. Findings suggest that fixed capital formation is the most important variable. GDP per capita and consumer inflation have increased in prominence whereas debt‐to‐GDP, stock market, and consumption were dominant at the turn of the 20th century. A lag structure and rolling window both improve on optimized contemporaneous and individual country formats. Through a lag structure, banking sector predictors on average describe 28% of the variation in crisis prevalence, the real sector 64%, and the external sector 8%. Nearly half of all algorithms reach peak performance through a lag structure. As measured through AUC, F1 and Brier scores, top‐performing machine learning methods consistently produce high accuracy rates, with both random forests and gradient boosting in front with 77% correct forecasts, and consistently outperform traditional regression algorithms. Learning from other countries improves predictive strength, and non‐linear models generally deliver higher accuracy rates than linear models. Algorithms retaining all variables perform better than those minimizing the influence of variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the psychology literature there is a dearth in understanding how and why instances of heightened creativity, or 'Big-C', may manifest randomly, often at an early age with minimal practice and experience. In contrast to ordinary "little-c" creativity, depictions of profound creative moments and the means by which they can be attained therefore remain as enigmatic as acts of mystical prayer. Pursuing this metaphor: with little-p equating to ordinary prayer and Big-P equating to mystical prayer, from the work of St. John Cassian and Thomas Merton, we contrast the developmental path of prayer with subjective accounts of little-c and Big-C moments of creativity in the lives of famous 20th century Anglophone artist-musicians. Here, we identify a symmetry between the aetiology of prayer and creativity. As with little-p, the development of little-c creativity is sequential, tracing a path from authenticity to task motivation , to practice and then experience. By contrast, akin to Big-P, Big-C creativity may be obtained moving from authenticity to task motivation , but thereafter circumventing the requirements of elevated practice and experience. Moreover, in moments of extreme creativity, artists manifest a profound surrender of agency as Big-C emerges spontaneously with minimal deliberate thought and an absence of ownership. Thus, drawing on the insights of Cassian-Merton, we present a historically grounded perspective on the spontaneous and enigmatic emergence of Big-C creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article finds novel evidence on the uncovered equity parity (UEP) condition by employing copula methodology with historical datasets spanning back to 1870. First, across 17 advanced countries over the twentieth century, a higher equity return currency tends to depreciate in real terms at an annual frequency. Moreover, we also find a statistically significant positive tail dependence between the real equity returns differential and the real exchange rate differential. That is, when real currency returns and real equity returns take extreme values, they tend to co-move in the same direction, implying a time-varying UEP condition that is also confirmed by our time-varying Student-t copula estimation. Our novel findings call for richer theoretical explanations on the UEP relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythritol is a four-carbon sugar alcohol naturally produced by microorganisms as an osmoprotectant. As a new sugar substitute, erythritol has recently been popular on the ingredient market because of its unique nutritional characteristics. Even though the history of erythritol biosynthesis dates from the turn of the twentieth century, scientific advancement has lagged behind other polyols due to the relative complexity of making it. In recent years, biosynthetic methods for erythritol have been rapidly developed due to an increase in market demand, a better understanding of metabolic pathways, and the rapid development of genetic engineering tools. This paper reviews the history of industrial strain development and focuses on the underlying mechanism of high erythritol production by strains gained through screening or mutagenesis. Meanwhile, we highlight the metabolic pathway knowledge of erythritol biosynthesis in microorganisms and summarize the metabolic engineering and research progress on critical genes involved in different stages of the synthetic pathway. Lastly, we talk about the still-contentious issues and promising future research directions that will help break the erythritol production bottleneck and make erythritol production greener and more sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric blocking is quantified by a variety of different blocking indices. Here, the index by Davini et al. (DAV12) is modified to a hybrid index by additionally considering the extent of the blocking anticyclone. Applying both indices, the DAV12 and the hybrid index, to the twentieth-century reanalyses, the ERA-20C and the 20CRv3 (hereafter 20CR) ensemble reveals large differences between the reanalyses. The annual blocking frequency increases widespread and significantly in ERA-20C, but only regionally and nonsignificantly in the 20CR ensemble mean. Trend analysis reveals higher reliability of the 20CR ensemble mean than ERA-20C blocking results. Seasonally, the changes in summer blocking are most pronounced and significantly positive around Greenland. The CMIP6-mean historical climate simulation agrees well in magnitude with 20CR during the period 1900–2014, with some underestimation of blocking frequency in the last decades related to inconsistent trends. For a future climate, the average of the CMIP6 models projects a decrease in blocking frequency in major parts of the Northern Hemisphere in summer and in winter. A CMIP6 subset of models which agree best with reanalyses shows a less negative future trend. Because of the mismatch of historical trends, especially in summer, the future projections are uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the psychology literature there is a dearth in understanding how and why instances of heightened creativity, or 'Big-C', may manifest randomly, often at an early age with minimal practice and experience. In contrast to ordinary "little-c" creativity, depictions of profound creative moments and the means by which they can be attained therefore remain as enigmatic as acts of mystical prayer. Pursuing this metaphor: with little-p equating to ordinary prayer and Big-P equating to mystical prayer, from the work of St. John Cassian and Thomas Merton, we contrast the developmental path of prayer with subjective accounts of little-c and Big-C moments of creativity in the lives of famous 20th century Anglophone artist-musicians. Here, we identify a symmetry between the aetiology of prayer and creativity. As with little-p, the development of little-c creativity is sequential, tracing a path from authenticity to task motivation , to practice and then experience. By contrast, akin to Big-P, Big-C creativity may be obtained moving from authenticity to task motivation , but thereafter circumventing the requirements of elevated practice and experience. Moreover, in moments of extreme creativity, artists manifest a profound surrender of agency as Big-C emerges spontaneously with minimal deliberate thought and an absence of ownership. Thus, drawing on the insights of Cassian-Merton, we present a historically grounded perspective on the spontaneous and enigmatic emergence of Big-C creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Second Vatican Council is generally considered as the Church's serious effort to engage the modern world, which at the turn of the twentieth century confronted the crisis brought by the two world wars, the Cold War, the increasing secularization of culture, and the challenges posed by the late industrial age and the new information society. One of the documents of Vatican II, the Decree on Social Communication, laid down the principles and means by which the Church will utilize the mass media in its work and in guiding the laity in its proper use. Behind the scenes, Marshall McLuhan, a Catholic communication and media theorist, was seen to have a huge influence on the shaping of the details of Inter Mirifica and subsequent documents on social media. This paper is an investigation into the interaction between the Vatican and McLuhan, and how the Church sought his ideas in subsequent development of the decree on social communication, and how McLuhan represented, interpreted and invoked the Catholic faith in his various writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Faculty of Letters Journal of Social Sciences / Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Temas Americanistas is the property of Temas Americanistas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Temas Americanistas is the property of Temas Americanistas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Temas Americanistas is the property of Temas Americanistas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A sickly sweet scent lingers in Arnold Genthe's Old Chinatown photographs (1896–1906). Genthe, a German immigrant who was known for his portraits of presidents of the United States and prominent businessmen, began his artistic career by taking pictures on the streets of San Francisco's Chinatown. While Genthe's archive is celebrated for its soft-focus pictorialist style, less attention has been paid to the racialized discourse on Chinese atmospheres that produced this aesthetic effect. Contextualizing these images within the US anxiety about the "yellow peril" in the early twentieth century, which rendered the Chinese as noxious to the national atmosphere, this essay demonstrates that Genthe's style emerged from these racialized fears of toxic air. Moving between the photographer's images, his published memoir, and contemporaneous public health records, I chart an irresolvable sickly sweet scent in this visual archive through a method that I term "atmo-speculation." Focusing on a lesser-known portrait by Genthe of an anonymous nude woman, I trace fetid air as a critical aesthetic through which we can sense insurgent forms of Chinese femininity in the US. Augmenting recent scholarship on minoritarian form, which approaches race through affect and sensation, I argue that feminist sensorial engagements with Genthe's Old Chinatown photographs disturb national ideals of contained citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Con-textos Kantianos: International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Con-Textos Kantianos (CTK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The woodblock prints of the "Naxi Pictographs and Geba Script Comparative Lexicon" collected by the Lijiang Museum are the only existing woodblock prints of the Naxi script, and are classified as national third-class cultural relics. These prints bear witness to a Naxi script unification movement initiated by Dongba ritualists in the Lijiang Basin during the first half of the 20th century, holding significant historical importance in the development of Naxi script. This article describes the features and contents of these woodblocks; through an investigation of the historical events related to the script unification, it corrects the dating of the woodblocks and analyzes the cultural background and deeper reasons for the interruption of this Naxi script unification movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glacier retreat is a key indicator of climate change, with significant implications for geomorphological hazards and ecosystem stability. This article focuses on the surface evolution of the Belvedere Glacier from 1951 to 2023. Using high-resolution orthophotos and manual mapping, we tracked changes in the glacier's area and shape over time. The results show three significant phases of change: the separation of the Nordend Glacier from the Belvedere Glacier (1951--1991), the partial separation of the central accumulation basin from the debris-covered tongue (2006--2015), and the separation of the Locce Nord Glacier (2018--2021). These changes, combined with a surge event from 1999 to 2002, have significantly altered the glacier's dynamics and accelerated its retreat. Manual mapping was accurate in areas with scarce debris cover but faced challenges in debris-covered areas due to limited image resolution, snow cover, and debris characteristics. Despite these difficulties, we observed that the glacier remained stable until the late 1990s, when it began a rapid retreat. This recent retreat is consistent with rates observed in the early 20th century. The study highlights the importance of surface mapping to quantify the areal loss and to understand broader changes in glacier structure and mass flow that drive its retreat. Our results provide key data for future studies and highlight the need for continued monitoring of Alpine glaciers in the context of accelerating climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the challenges of defining life by combining insights from biological and semi-otic perspectives. It explores the lexicographic complexity of defining life, analysing how definitions vary across scientific and philosophical contexts and how these definitions are shaped by cultural and ideological influences. The study highlights the importance of semiosis as a fundamental characteristic of living organisms, positioning biosemiotics as a fundamental framework for understanding life beyond mechanistic models, but also semiotics as a tool for unravelling scientific narratives. Historical and contemporary intentions to define the minimum threshold of complexity for life, highlighting how these efforts have evolved over time and their implications for modern biology. By examining different perspectives on the phenomenon of life and its intermediate forms, the article offers a critical and interdisciplinary approach to understanding life as a semiotic and interpretive process. The fact that an everyday concept of life is richer than the biologic concept of life (in the sense of a greater semantic flexibility and its encompassing character of embracing normative, emotional, sacred, and other aspects of life) may lead us to pose a contra-factual question: Could other notions of life have become basic for biology had it not been developed in the shadow of a hegemony of a mechanicist ideal of science during the 19th and 20th centuries; i.e., could life have become conceived of as something different from merely complex organizations of material particles and their energetic relations? (Emmeche 1998: 4) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early twentieth-century America, many Blacks in the south had poor access to schooling. Philanthropist Julius Rosenwald and educator Booker T. Washington collaborated to help build schools in the south for Blacks in the 1920s and 1930s. This paper analyzes the geographic patterns of the schools that were built using funds donated by Rosenwald in the state of South Carolina. Some 446 of the 500 Rosenwald schools were located and mapped using a multi-step process, and then data related to these schools were analyzed in four state subregions. Rosenwald schools were built around the state, with relatively more schools built in the northern part of the state compared with the south, where a larger Black population in the south potentially points to less access to schools for Blacks at that time. Rosenwald funds required contributions from other sources, and the state, Blacks, and Whites all contributed. Interestingly, in the south, where there was a higher percentage of Blacks, Whites contributed a larger share towards the building of these schools in comparison with other state regions. The paper thus shows both the process and value of mapping these Rosenwald schools and analyzing this important historical time in South Carolina within a spatial construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay I outline core themes in the political geology of twentieth-century volcano science. The essay explores volcano science at the intersection of cross-disciplinary preoccupations with the role of the earth sciences in shaping the social and environmental crises of the present and how to find a way out of them. The essay then turns to volcanology in Indonesia at the turn of the twentieth century to destabilize persistent narratives in the historiography of volcano science that center European and North American actors. I show how starting an account of twentieth-century volcano science from the slopes of Indonesia's volcanoes reveals the roles of Indonesian intellectuals and knowledge traditions in shaping volcano science and, more broadly, modern theories of the earth, its evolution, and structure. The aim and provocation of starting from Indonesia are to open new epistemic pluralisms in the earth sciences, in particular around conceptualizations of the relationship between geological matter and society, history and ancestrality, and the politics of the earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Focus section introductory essay makes a case for new histories of volcano science. While studies of individual volcanoes are pervasive and well known, the twentieth-century history of volcanology remains largely written by practitioners. The essays in this focus section—written by scholars with specialisms in the history of science, the environment, culture, agriculture, and geography—draw out the wider significance of volcano science in a range of regions including Indonesia, the Philippines, Mexico, and Antarctica. The essays highlight the significance of imperial and colonial contestation in the formation of volcano science and the fraught relationship between Western, Indigenous, and local forms of volcano knowledge. The essays also point to the importance of volcano science to new conceptions of earthly evolution and history. The introduction concludes with reflections on potential new research directions in the historiography of volcano science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paul's gospel has been the subject of numerous scholarly discussions since the start of the twentieth century. Beginning with Adolf Harnack and ending with Matthew Bates, this article provides insights into the gospel from biblical scholars who have contributed to and influenced this particular area of study for more than a hundred years. The results of this investigation show that some of the major areas of concern center on the origin of Paul's gospel, its content, and his use of gospel terminology, especially the noun εὐαγγέλιον. A notable issue focuses on the noun form not being found in a sacred-salvific sense in Jewish Scripture but found instead in the imperial cult at the end of first century BCE. Another major point is whether Paul introduced εὐαγγέλιον to the Jesus-believing communities or whether the term originated from Hellenistic believers or Aramaic speakers prior to Paul. Another important subject is whether Scripture and Deutero-Isaiah influenced Paul and the early Christ-community's use of the gospel. The study concludes, among other things, that Paul uses the gospel noun and verb almost interchangeably, although he may have emphasized the noun as a result of imperial use. Another conclusion is that he was not the first to use this term among Jesus-believing communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the twentieth century, U.S. American evangelicals engaged in an ongoing series of definitional debates over the contours and limits of a distinctly evangelical approach to theology. Developed as an explicit counter to theological liberalism—and often signaled by strict adherence to biblical inerrancy—American evangelical theology might conceivably have made common cause with Karl Barth, whose infamous rebellion against his liberal teachers became one of the founding events in the story of twentieth-century Christian theology. Despite Barth's putative anti-liberalism, evangelical theologians never fully embraced Barthian theology, consistently vilifying it as un-evangelical and beyond the pale. In this essay, I recover the history of U.S. American evangelical theologians wrestling with Karl Barth and his legacy, highlighting how an enduring aversion to Barthianism became a key feature of evangelical theology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religiosity and scientificity have long been intertwined in missionary anthropology. Since the 20th century, there has been a shift from religious missionary anthropology to scientific anthropology worldwide. Reviewing published materials and archives, this paper provides a case study of this transformation. It focuses on how the foreign missionary-founded West China Border Research Society transformed from a relatively closed and fixed local Christian academic research institution into a more open, international, and purely scientific research institution disciplined by Christian rationality. It sheds some new light into the Society's roles and its transformation process. Contrary to the views of many scholars who assert that the Society "died" in 1937 and subsequently engaged in China's state service and nation-building efforts, we contend that after 1937, the Society sought greater independence and a more scientific approach. Christianity dominated the Society in the early stages after its inception in 1922 in Chengdu, China, and its research results could not be objective or scientific. Although the Society later became more open and globalized, missionary anthropologists still mainly controlled it. After 1937, missionary anthropologists returned to religious rationality under the pressure of being connected to global academia. The Society eventually adopted "salvage anthropology" and tried to develop into a scientific research institution aimed at objective recording, while this somewhat rigid research approach also disciplined and suppressed the nationalist research orientation of Chinese colleagues and scholars. In response, Chinese researchers established other institutions and journals with stronger nationalism and undertook the "border construction work" that the Society could not accomplish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the indigenization or Koreanization of Protestantism in South Korea in the late 20th century through a study of an original messianic and millenarian movement, Victory Altar. The group was founded in 1981 by Cho Hee-Seung in the biblical tradition, with references to Korean spiritual traditions as well. Its most salient feature is the self-consecration of Cho Hee-Seung as "Victor Christ and God", the unique universal Messiah. In order to show the correlation between this spiritual movement, Protestantism, and Korean culture, I survey the recent history of South Korea and its staunch nationalism largely spurred by Protestant missionaries at the turn of the 20th century. I then present the core teachings of Cho the Messiah: the biological immortality of neohumans, the Hebrew genealogy of the Koreans thanks to the saga of the Lost Tribe of Dan from Israel to Korea, and his major vows to protect South Korea. An assessment of the heritage of Protestantism in this movement is then offered through the perspective of post-colonialism since Victory Altar sees itself and its Messiah/God as far superior to the God and Messiah of the Western powers that brought Christianity to Korea without really understanding it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The system‐property or 'cybernetic' theory of goals and goal‐directedness became popular in the twentieth century. It is a theory that has reductionist and behaviourist roots. There are reasons to think that the system‐property theory needs to be formulated in terms of counterfactuals. However, it proves to be difficult to formulate a counterfactual analysis of goal‐directedness that is counterexample‐free, non‐circular, and non‐trivial. These difficulties closely mirror those facing reductionists about dispositions, though the parallels between the two debates have been overlooked in the literature. After outlining those parallels, the paper considers what goal theorists might learn from the dispositions debate. In particular, the paper discusses the need for a realist, non‐reductionist account of goal‐directedness, and explores the idea that properties of goal‐directedness are themselves dispositions or 'powers' of a certain sort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Historical scholarship on Britain's 1990s is in its infancy. Historians have not yet produced the volume of rich empirical work which has transformed recent understandings of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, an absence which this special issue begins to address. This introductory essay outlines existing frameworks for historicising the decade of the 1990s, from the influential 'Holiday from History' metanarrative to the idea of a neoliberal consensus, before setting out alternative stories and trajectories. In the political sphere, these include a heightened focus on questions of rights, citizenship and democracy, whilst in the arena of social and cultural change emphasis is placed on new forms of chosen community and the complex effects of digital technologies on selfhood and identity across the decade. The essay concludes with a discussion of the archive available to historians of the 1990s, encompassing the increasing prominence of the 'born-digital record'. Rather than constituting a coherent periodisation, 'the nineties', we suggest, offers a useful lens for thinking more broadly about change and continuity at the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article proposes a phenomenological analysis of Ericksonian hypnosis, highlighting it as a potential form of inquiry on human subjectivity. Ericksonian hypnosis is one of the most innovative therapeutic approaches created in the twentieth century. It is commonly understood as a kind of therapy and not a possible way of inquiry. Therapists usually associate hypnosis to private or institutional practice, and rarely to universities or research centers. Consequently, Ericksonian hypnosis is usually seen as a school of therapy and not a creative form of inquiry that may significantly contribute to understanding both the field of hypnosis as well as the human self. To achieve our objective, this work explains the three categories of Peircean Phenomenology and its relevance as a meta-theory to describe and promote the understanding of the different fields of experience in hypnosis. A case study of Erickson's hypnosis is then presented and discussed through the three clinical attitudes inspired by these phenomenological categories. Each attitude will also be linked to a specific knowledge pathology, such as pop theories, technicism, and doctrinarian thought. Some remarks will be made to approach Erickson's hypnosis to other schools of psychotherapy during the explanation on clinical attitudes. Therefore, the authors demonstrate that Erickson's approach of hypnosis is not just a school of therapy with its list of interventions, but that it affords relevant contributions to understanding human subjectivity while simultaneously being a form of inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yangtze River basin plays a crucial role in China's economy, and the impacts of drought and flood in the basin are becoming more uncertain due to climate change. Thus, a study was conducted to analyse the flood–drought rating sequence for the Yangtze River basin in 1470–2022. The frequency of flood and drought occurrences during the flood season followed a normal distribution. Extreme drought and flood accounted for 2–4% of occurrences. Partial and extreme floods increased notably in the 19th and 20th centuries, while droughts became more frequent after the 20th century. Furthermore, the Three Gorges Reservoir area's storage capacity did not significantly impact flood season precipitation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the reservoir area. This comprehensive study serves to uncover evolutionary patterns and trends of drought and flood, providing valuable insights for effectively managing water resources in the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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During the 1970s and 1980s, telephone answering machines became widely available in the United States. Their use immediately disrupted long-established patterns of interpersonal communication and self-presentation. While solving the temporal limitations and lopsided power of telephone calls, answering machines introduced a range of new techno-social problems. Significantly, they required callers to interact with a machine instead of a human being. The history of the household answering machine provides insight into how telephone users were habituated to changing communication norms during the closing decades of the 20th century. This study examines cultural responses to the answering machine during the 1970s and 1980s, drawing attention to the following three key themes: the perils of perpetual contact, mediated performances, and social surveillance. These themes would shape understandings of digital mediation and become defining characteristics of an emergent "participatory condition." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits the work of the Argentine political scientist Guillermo O'Donnell (1936–2011), one of Latin America's leading intellectual figures of the twentieth century. While previous analyses have concentrated on his legacy in the social sciences, this study offers an intellectual history of O'Donnell's ideas on democracy and inequality. It traces O'Donnell's shifting perspectives, from a structuralist view of global centre-periphery relationships to an emphasis on individual agency concerning inequalities. The article presents, first, an analysis of his early work, in particular his conceptualization of the "Bureaucratic-Authoritarian" State, which was connected to a specific view of inequality characteristic of the 1960s and 1970s. Second, the article focuses on his second major work, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, in relation to the most important political event in Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s, namely the various transitions from dictatorship to democracy. Thirdly, the article examines in detail O'Donnell's ideas on the quality of democracy, the state, and inequality in Latin America in the 1990s and 2000s. By exploring O'Donnell's intellectual journey chronologically, the article illuminates the shifts and continuities in his work, thereby highlighting the evolving perspectives on inequality of one of Latin America's foremost intellectuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes into account two objections often raised to those who foster the use of the feminine form of job titles when they are referred to women. The first objection is that the majority of job titles can only be in the unmarked masculine form and are not connected to the gender of the person referred to; the second objection is that feminist movements have only recently called for the use of feminine job titles, and this claim is unprecedented in the history of the Italian language. The study of some feminine job titles (avvocata, architetta, sindaca, ministra, deputata, direttrice, studentessa, dottoressa e professoressa) shows that they have always been present -- albeit more or less frequently -- during the whole history of the Italian language. In particular, the use of feminine forms was quite common between the end of the 1800s and the early 1900s, while they were replaced by unmarked masculine forms mostly in the second half of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A list of this decade's most prominent names in ageing research would undoubtedly include many women who have led the field in recent years. While the field, and science in general, still have far to go in achieving gender parity in opportunities and recognition, we can celebrate the progress made to date. However, the longer 'history of the field' that many of us present in our classrooms, conference halls and writings often tends to be dominated by men. Although numerous men have made fundamental observations that have shaped our understanding of ageing from both a mechanistic and evolutionary perspective, the unfortunate reality is that women making similar contributions have not received equal recognition throughout much of our field's history. As a starting point for wider representation and further conversations in this area, we present here a short list of women—Marjory Warren, Lillian Jane Martin, Margaret Alexander Ohlson, Rebeca Gerschman and Marion J. Lamb—whose contributions were foundational to ageing research in the 20th century. Their work spanned theoretical, experimental and clinical insight into the biology of ageing—and yet their names are too seldom mentioned when introducing our field. We hope this list can be a starting point for a more inclusive recognition of the diverse scientists who helped pave the way for our field today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several foundational ideas of humanistic psychology have been largely integrated into mainstream psychotherapy, including unconditional positive regard, patient autonomy, the therapeutic alliance, and the privileging of lived experience, and have been shown to be crucial common factors for virtually all effective psychotherapies. However, following the crisis of the subject in the poststructuralist philosophy of the latter 20th century, many of these foundational assumptions have been problematized, and can no longer be taken for granted in a philosophically informed psychology. These questions should therefore be meaningfully engaged to bring humanistic psychology and existential therapy into an integration with poststructuralism, specifically on the topics of lived experience, alterity and intersubjectivity, human potential, formulations of the self, and therapeutic presence. This article aims to interrogate these notions through the works of Jacques Derrida, namely in Writing and Difference, Of Hospitality, and The Gift of Death, and to mutually enrich both humanistic and poststructuralist thinking. Public Significance Statement: Humanistic psychology has long championed principles now considered foundational to virtually all effective psychotherapies—principles such as patient autonomy, self-actualization, and therapeutic presence. However, the evolving landscape of psychological thought in the wake of poststructuralist ways of thinking in the latter part of the 20th century has incorporated the challenges to these notions to varying degrees. After the advent of the "crisis of the subject" in mid-20th century Western thought, which Derrida's work was and has remained pivotal to, our understanding of the self, intersubjectivity, and therapeutic presence must be engaged anew, so that they may likewise evolve in therapeutic discourse. It is crucial not to ignore the challenges this thought would present to humanistic psychotherapy; therefore, this article takes up such a call to bridge the gap between humanistic psychology and poststructuralism to explore topics such as lived experience, alterity, intersubjectivity, and the formulation of the self in light of Derrida's thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Burmese–Indian case study breaks new ground in global labor history on the question of why and how people turn against immigrant workers. The widespread riots against Indians in the 1930s were far from unique and, beyond their idiosyncratic South Asian and colonial context, bear a number of interesting similarities with clashes between workers worldwide in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Instead of dismissing mob violence in Asia and Africa as communal or tribal, the Burma case study shows that such Orientalist interpretations hide fundamental mechanisms that explain why and how violent collective conflicts between workers are rooted in attributed group characteristics. As in Europe and the Americas, in other parts of the world the rise of the nation state mobilized nativist sentiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces how local, state, and federal officials in the United Sates weaponized morality against Mexican contract wage laborers in the first three decades of the twentieth century. The author argues that the sexual morals policing project targeting immigrant women suspected of prostitution and other immoral behaviors shaped the experiences of Mexican contract wage laborers as they sought entry into the United States and once they were admitted. By focusing on the racialized poverty of the Mexican, US immigration officials and employers created a stark binary of workers as "moral" law‐abiding/"immoral" vagrant criminals depending on laborers compliance and participation within a burgeoning transnational contract labor system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a response to Premilla Nadasen's "Care, Profit, and the Politics of Race" from the historical perspective of Black migrant West Indian women during the Panama Canal construction in the early twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]