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There is increasing interest about the fidelity with which interventions are implemented because it is theorized that better implementation fidelity by facilitators is associated with better participant outcomes. However, in the parenting program literature, there is mixed evidence on the relationship between implementation fidelity and outcomes. This paper provides a synthesis of the evidence on the relationship between facilitator delivery and outcomes in the parenting program literature. Following PRISMA guidelines, this paper synthesizes the results of a systematic review of studies on parenting programs aiming to reduce violence against children and child behavior problems. Specifically, it examines associations between observational measures of facilitator competent adherence and parent and child outcomes. A meta-analysis was not feasible due to study heterogeneity. As a result, Synthesis Without Meta-Analysis guidelines were followed. Searches in electronic databases, reference searching, forward citation tracking, and expert input identified 9653 articles. After screening using pre-specified criteria, 18 articles were included. The review found that most studies (n = 13) reported a statistically significant positive relationship with at least one parent or child outcome. However, eight studies reported inconsistent findings across outcomes, and four studies found no association with outcomes. The results suggest that better facilitator competent adherence is generally associated with positive parent and child outcomes. However, this finding is weakened by the methodological heterogeneity of included studies and due to the wide variety of ways in which studies conceptualized competent adherence-outcome relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although remote sensing of lake surface water temperature has been ongoing for decades and has led to important discoveries regarding the warming of lake surface temperature in some regions, the ability to access and use remote sensing data is still primarily limited to remote sensing experts. Effective use of remote sensing data involves technical skills in coding (often in multiple programming languages), application of appropriate atmospheric corrections, and integrating spatially heterogeneous remote sensing data with in situ data obtained at specific geographic locations. To improve access to remote sensing data and broaden the understanding of changes in lake surface water temperature over the past four decades, we created lakeCoSTR (lake Collection 2 Surface Temperature Retrieval), a user‐friendly, cloud‐based script that gives ecologists lacking specialized training in remote sensing the ability to access the Landsat Collection 2 temperature estimates for lakes with a surface area of at least 0.4 ha. Additionally, if in situ data are provided, a paired dataset can be created within the tool. To demonstrate lakeCoSTR, we retrieved surface water temperature data for a lake with a long monitoring history, Lake Sunapee, NH, USA, and compared long‐term surface temperature trends between data obtained via lakeCoSTR and in situ measurements. When compared with Landsat Collection 1 temperature estimates derived from a single‐channel algorithm, the Landsat Collection 2 data from lakeCoSTR required no calibration to in situ data. This suggests that lakeCoSTR can be used to document temporal trends in lakes and to reprocess analyses that relied on Collection 1 data. From 1983 until 2020, remotely sensed surface water temperature estimates at Lake Sunapee increased by 0.07–0.09°C year−1 during July and August, a trend that agreed with long‐term in situ record. As climate change continues to impact freshwater systems, a better understanding of long‐term temperature data will be vital. Remotely sensed data, like those acquired using lakeCoSTR, may provide a window into temperature trends for lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kisspeptin, a regulator of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, has been hypothesized as an integrator of nutrition and hormones critical to metabolism and the regulation of reproduction. Growth hormone (GH) is necessary for optimal reproduction and recent evidence suggests that its secretion may be influenced by kisspeptin. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the effect of kisspeptin to stimulate GH release is due to an interaction with growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) or somatostatin (SS), or an effect at the hypothalamus. Intravenous injection and infusion of kisspeptin [500 pmol/kg BW (650 ng/kg)/h × 5 h] to cows (n = 5) increased serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) but not GH. Pretreatment with kisspeptin injection and infusion in cows (n = 5) reduced the stimulatory effect of GHRH (0.05 μg/kg BW) on GH secretion. However, the magnitude of the GH response to GHRH (assessed by incremental AUC) was not affected by kisspeptin. In these same cows, administration of kisspeptin prevented the increase in GH induced by SS infusion (0.5 μg/kg BW/ h × 1.5 h) withdrawal. Peripheral administration of kisspeptin [200 and 1,000 pmol/kg BW (260 and 1,300 ng/kg)] increased serum concentrations of LH but not GH in ewes (n = 8). However, concentrations of GH were stimulated by central kisspeptin treatment [100 and 200 pmol/kg BW (130 and 260 ng/kg)] in ewes. In addition to activating the gonadotropic axis, kisspeptin can activate the somatotropic axis in ruminants. Present data support the concept of a central site of action for this effect. Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure, elastic properties, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity of the orthorhombic-structured A3+B3+O3 perovskites are determined using atomistic simulations with classical potentials. When considered as pseudo-cubic monoclinic systems, they show relatively small deviations in structure and properties from their cubic perovskite parent phase. The variations in properties are shown to be related to the magnitude of the tilting of the BO6 octahedra, which in turn is related to the relative sizes of the A and B ions, as encapsulated in the tolerance factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence has linked long-term bisphosphonate use with insufficiency fractures of the femur in postmenopausal women. In this case–control study, we have identified a significant association between a unique fracture of the femoral shaft, a transverse fracture in an area of thickened cortices, and long-term bisphosphonate use. Further studies are warranted. Although clinical trials confirm the anti-fracture efficacy of bisphosphonates over 3–5 years, the long-term effects of bisphosphonate use on bone metabolism are unknown. Femoral insufficiency factures in patients on prolonged treatment have been reported. We performed a retrospective case–control study of postmenopausal women who presented with low-energy femoral fractures from 2000 to 2007. Forty-one subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fracture cases were identified and matched by age, race, and body mass index to one intertrochanteric and femoral neck fracture each. Bisphosphonate use was observed in 15 of the 41 subtrochanteric/shaft cases, compared to nine of the 82 intertrochanteric/femoral neck controls (Mantel–Haenszel odds ratio (OR), 4.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.77–11.35]; P = 0.002). A common X-ray pattern was identified in ten of the 15 subtrochanteric/shaft cases on a bisphosphonate. This X-ray pattern was highly associated with bisphosphonate use (OR, 15.33 [95% CI 3.06–76.90]; P < 0.001). Duration of bisphosphonate use was longer in subtrochanteric/shaft cases compared to both hip fracture controls groups ( P = 0.001). We found a significantly greater proportion of patients with subtrochanteric/shaft fractures to be on long-term bisphosphonates than intertrochanteric/femoral neck fractures. Bisphosphonate use was highly associated with a unique X-ray pattern. Further studies are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R) are key factors in the depression of appetite during disease. This study was designed to determine the role of agouti-related protein (AgRP) in the effect of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) on appetite. Sheep received an intracerebroventricular injection of either saline or AgRP (0.5 nmol/kg of BW) 1 h before intravenous injection of either saline or LPS (0.6 pg/kg of BW) at time 0 and again at 4 h. Agouti-related protein prevented the reduction in feed intake due to LPS (P < 0.05). In a second experiment, AgRP gene expression was unaffected at 3 h and increased (P < 0.01) at 6 h after LPS. Immunohistochemical evidence indicated that there was an increase in the percentage of AgRP neurons with c-Fos immunoreactive nuclei 6 h after sheep were injected with LPS (P < 0.04) and a corresponding decrease in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone neurons coexpressing c-Fos (P < 0.001). In situ hybridization provided evidence for an increase in AgRP gene expression and a decrease in proopiomelanocortin gene expression 6 h after LPS (P < 0.05). In a final experiment, physiological elevation of orexigenic agents by short-term fasting kept feed intake at the same level as controls, in spite of the presence of LPS, similar to the effects of AgRP in Exp. 1. The AgRP inhibition of the MC4R prevents appetite inhibition in response to LPS and well after LPS inhibition of feed intake, both AgRP and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone may change in a pattern that favors appetite increases. These studies support the notion of the MC4R as a critical component of the mechanism for appetite suppression due to endotoxin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These experiments were conducted to determine if 1) syndyphalin-33 (SD33), a μ-opioid receptor ligand, affects feed intake; 2) SD33 effects on feed intake are mediated by actions on opioid receptors; and 3) its activity can counteract the reduction in feed intake associated with administration of bacterial endotoxin. In Exp. 1, 5 mixed-breed, castrate male sheep were housed indoors in individual pens. Animals had ad libitum access to water and concentrate feed. Saline (SAL; 0.9% NaC1) or SD33 (0.05 or 0.1 μmol/kg of BW) was injected i.v., and feed intake was determined at 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, and 48 h after the i.v. injections. Both doses of SD33 increased (at least P < 0.01) feed intake at 48 h relative to saline. In Exp. 2, SAL + SAL, SAL + SD33 (0.1 μmol/kg of BW), naloxone (NAL; 1 mg/kg of BW) + SAL, and NAL + SD33 were injected i.v. Food intake was determined as in Exp. 1. The SAL + SD33 treatment increased (P = 0.022) feed intake at 48 h relative to SAL + SAL. The NAL + SAL treatment reduced (at least P < 0.01) feed intake at 4, 6, 8, 24, and 48 h, whereas the combination of NAL and SD33 did not reduce feed intake at 24 (P = 0.969) or 48 h (P = 0.076) relative to the saline-treated sheep. In Exp. 3, sheep received 1 of 4 treatments: SAL + SAL, SAL + 0.1 μmol of SD33/kg of BW, 0.1 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/kg of BW + SAL, or LPS + SD33, and feed intake was monitored as in Exp. 1. Lipopolysaccharide suppressed cumulative feed intake for 48 h (P < 0.01) relative to saline control, but SD33 failed to reverse the reduction in feed intake during this period. These data indicate that SD33 increases feed intake in sheep after i.v. injection, and its effects are mediated via opioid receptors. However, the LPS-induced suppression in feed intake cannot be overcome by the opioid receptor ligand, SD33. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In humans and sheep, endotoxin (LPS) administration results in increased growth hormone (GH) concentrations. To determine the role of cytokines in the effect of LPS on GH, sheep were challenged with IL-1β or TNF-α. GH data were compared with results with LH, where the major effects of LPS are known to act via the hypothalamus. Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of 1L-1β or TNF-α did not alter plasma concentrations of GH. Endotoxin was then administered intravenously (iv) in combination with icv injection of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), TNF antagonist (sTNF-R1), or saline. Administration of LPS increased GH (P « 0.0001), although coadministration of IL-1ra or sTNF-R1 icv did not alter GH response to LPS. In contrast, plasma concentrations of LH were profoundly inhibited by icv administration of either cytokine (p « 0.03), but the LH response to LPS was not altered by cytokine antagonists. Intravenous administration of either IL-1β or TNF-α increased plasma concentrations of GH (P « 0.0001). Administration of IL-1RA and sTNF-R1 iv prevented LPS-induced increases in GH. Although LH was suppressed by high iv doses of IL-1β (P = 0.0063), the antagonists did not alter the LH response to LPS. To determine whether LPS might directly activate GH release, confocal microscopy revealed colocalization of CD14, the LPS receptor, with GH and, to a lesser extent, LH and some prolactin (PRL)-containing cells, but not ACTH or TSH. These data are consistent with the effects of LPS on GH secretion originating through peripheral cytokine presentation to the pituitary, as well as a potential to act directly on selective populations of pituitary cells via CD14. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Power wheelchairs enhance quality of life by enabling occupation, improving self-esteem and facilitating social interaction. Despite these benefits, the risks associated with power mobility use raise serious concerns in residential facilities. PURPOSE: As there is no gold standard to assess when a client is unsafe, a two-phase study was conducted to develop client-centred guidelines for power mobility use. METHOD: In the first phase of the study, presented here, 18 in-depth, qualitative interviews were conducted with a variety of stakeholders, including power mobility users, other residents, staff and family members. RESULTS: A thematic analysis of the interviews revealed four main themes: 1) the meaning of power mobility, 2) learning the rules of the road, 3) red flags: concerns about safety, and 4) solutions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Given the importance of power mobility, safety measures need to address issues of mobility and safety for power mobility drivers and those around them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four studies were designed to determine whether 1) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding ligand, CD14, are produced by sheep adipose tissue; 2) nutritional reserves and/or short-term fasting affect circulating concentrations of TNF; 3) there is a relationship between TNF and metabolic factors in sheep; and 4) inflammation alters circulating concentrations of leptin. In Exp. 1 and 2, ewes were assigned, based on ultrasonic assessments of last-rib subcutaneous fat measurements to fat (fat thickness >1 cm; mean = 1.52 ± 0.03 cm) or thin (fat thickness <1 cm; mean = 0.25 ± 0.03 cm) groups. Fat and thin ewes were assigned to fed or fasted groups for a total of four groups (fed-fat; fasted-fat; fed-thin; fasted-thin). Fed-ewes had ad libitum access to feed, and fasted-ewes were prohibited feed 48 h before initiation of sample collection. In Exp. 1, subcutaneous fat samples were collected from just above the last rib for detection of TNF and CD14 mRNA, and immunoreactivity. Tumor necrosis factor-α-like immunoreactivity in adipocytes was sparse, more pronounced in cells in fed-ewes than fasted-ewes, and localized to membranes between adjacent cells in nucleated regions. Immunoreactivity for CD14 was minimally observed but present in adipocytes and widely expressed in infiltrating monocytes and epithelial vascular cells. Leptin was detected in adipocytes. In Exp. 2, plasma samples collected every 6 h for 24 h were analyzed for plasma concentrations of TNF. Fat ewes had greater plasma concentrations of TNF than thin ewes (P = 0.039). In Exp. 3, wethers were injected i.v. with interleukin-1β or TNF. Blood samples were collected every 15 min for 8 h following injection. Plasma concentration of leptin was not affected by treatment (P > 0.39). In Exp. 4, wethers were injected with LPS. Blood samples were collected every 15 min for 8 h following injection. Plasma concentration of leptin was not altered by LPS (P > 0.20). These results provide evidence: 1) of TNF-like immunoreactivity within fat tissue; 2) that elements within fatty tissues have CD14 that may allow adipocyte function to be directly affected by LPS; 3) that plasma concentrations of leptin are not altered by LPS treatment; and 4) that circulating concentrations of TNF are elevated with obesity in sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a brief survey of fuel cell types, attention is focused on material requirements for SOFC and PEMFC stacks, with an introductory section on materials technology for reformers. Materials cost and processing, together with durability issues, are emphasized as these now dominate materials selection processes for prototype stack units. In addition to optimizing the cell components, increasing attention is being given to the composition and processing of the bipolar plate component as the weight and volume of the relevant material has a major influence on the overall power density and cost of the fuel cell stack. It is concluded that the introduction of alternative materials/processes that would enable PEMFC stacks to operate at 150-200°C, and IT-SOFC stacks to operate at 500-700°C, would have a major impact on the successful commercialization of fuel cell technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estradiol plus progesterone (EP) implants have been shown to favorably alter the time course or decrease the severity of many of the clinical manifestations associated with coccidiosis and endotoxemia in calves. This study evaluated the effect of EP treatment on plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), thromboxane (TXB), prostacyclin (PRC), nitrite and nitrate (NO[sub [x]]), and cortisol. Holstein steer calves were divided into four groups: control, EP, endotoxin (LPS), and EP+LPS (n = five/group). Estradiol/progesterone pellets (Synovex-S) were implanted subcutaneously when calves reached 20 wk of age. One week after implantation, calves were injected IV with endotoxin (i.e., lipopolysaccharide; LPS, 0.6 µg/kg of BW) or nonpyrogenic saline placebo. Body temperature was measured and blood was collected before injection and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h thereafter. Plasma concentrations of TNF, cortisol, TXB, PRC, NO[sub [x]], were measured. Body temperature increased in both LPS and LPS-EP calves, but had returned to normal by 6 h in the LPS-EP group (P < 0.05). Plasma TNF and cortisol increased after LPS (P < 0.01), but were not differentially affected by EP treatment. Likewise, EP did not affect the magnitude of increase in LPS-induced PRC, but EP decreased the magnitude of increase in TXB (P < 0.05). Plasma NO[sub [x]] levels were increased (P < 0.01) in calves after LPS; treatment with EP attenuated the LPS-associated increase in plasma NO[sub [x]] levels. These results suggest that EP exerts specific effects on different components of the proinflammatory cytokine cascade. Although the initiation of responses mediated by TNF, cortisol, and PRC do not seem to be differentially affected by EP, components of the nitric oxide- and TXB-axis responses to LPS are decreased in calves pretreated with EP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determines the effect of feeding or fasting of fat or thin ewes on 24-hour leptin profiles. Plasma concentrations of leptin in representative ewes; Characteristics of leptin secretion for fat or thin ewes that were fed or fasted; Correlations between fat thickness and variables characterizing the episodic patterns of leptin in fed ewes.

This article proposes a method of exploiting spatial information to improve classification rules constructed by automated methods such as k-nearest neighbour or linear discriminant analysis. The method is intended for polygonbased, land cover type mapping using remote sensing information in a GIS. Our approach differs from contextual allocation methods used in lattice- or pixel-based mapping because it does not rely on spatial dependence models. Instead, the method uses a Bayes-type formula to modify the estimated posterior probabilities of group membership produced by automated classifiers. The method is found to substantially improve classification accuracy estimates in areas where there is a moderate or greater degree of physiographic variation across the map extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that determines whether intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intravenous injections of orexin-B could regulate appetite in sheep. Effect of ICV injection of orexin-B on cumulative food intake in sheep; Effect of ICV injection of plasma cortisol concentrations; Information on other appetite regulator.

The critical role of materials science and engineering in the development of fuel cell technology is surveyed. The inability to fabricate reliable triple-phase-boundary (tbp) structures involving electrolytes, electronic conductors, and gaseous reactants, severely restricted the progress of fuel cells until about four decades ago (∼1960). However at the start of the new millennium, commercialisation of four fuel cell types: polymeric electrolyte membrane (PEMFC), phosphoric acid (PAFC), molten carbonate (MCFC), and solid oxide (SOFC), is now being very energetically pursued. Materials selection for each type of fuel cell is briefly examined, and the predominant engineering issues related to the development of commercial products are summarised. The fabrication, reliability, and cost of the relevant materials is of paramount importance to ensure rapid market penetration. The choice of fuel and relevant infrastructure is also considered, and the crucial role of materials for energy storage (particularly hydrogen) and fuel processing, is emphasised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If evidence-based medicine (EBM) is to become fully integrated with patient care then we believe it essential that reference sources must be readily available at the point of healthcare delivery and be seamlessly integrated with access to the medical record. We have employed a user-centred design approach to develop a prototype ward-based clinical workstation, which uses Web technology to provide consistency of both user and data interfaces. Two sources of information are required for our work: the first is an Electronic Patient Record (EPR); the second is the reference material. As a first stage towards a clinical workstation to support EBM, the most commonly required sources of reference material were identified using semi-structured interviews. A first prototype system to evaluate the potential for a workstation to support EBM was constructed by developing a Web-based interface to the hospital's laboratory Results Reporting System (RRS). Links between this and the most commonly used reference sources identified in the semi-structured interviews were established. An evaluation of this prototype suggested a high acceptability of both the user interface and of the concept of a clinical workstation which allows access to both patient specific and reference data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If evidence-based medicine (EBM) is to become fully integrated with patient care then we believe it essential that reference sources must be readily available at the point of healthcare delivery and be seamlessly integrated with access to the med-ical record. We have employed a user-centred design approach to develop a prototype ward-based clinical workstation, which uses Web tech-nology to provide consistency of both user and data interfaces. Two sources of information are required for our work: the first is an Electronic Patient Record (EPR); the second is the reference material. As a first stage towards a clinical work-station to support EBM, the most commonly required sources of reference material were iden-tified using semi-structured interviews. A first prototype system to evaluate the potential for a workstation to support EBM was constructed by developing a Web-based interface to the hospital's laboratory Results Reporting System (RRS). Links between this and the most commonly used refer-ence sources identified in the semi-structured interviews were established. An evaluation of this prototype suggested a high acceptability of both the user interface and of the concept of a clinical workstation which allows access to both patient specific and reference data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powders of Bi2Ru2O7.3, Pb2Ru2O6.5 and Y2Ru2O7 were prepared and their reactivity with Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (CGO) electrolyte powders examined. Bi2Ru2O7.3 and Pb2Ru2O6.5 reacted with CGO but Y2Ru2O7 appeared stable when heated in contact with CGO powder at 900C for 24 h. Symmetrical electrodes of Y2Ru2O7-x were deposited on CGO ceramic pellets, either by tape-casting or by electrostatic assisted chemical vapor deposition (EACVD) techniques, and cathode resistivities determined by impedance spectroscopy. Undoped Y2Ru2O7 electrodes exhibited very high area specific resistivities (ASR) at 627C (∼4000 Ωcm2), but by doping with SrO the resistivity was reduced almost 100×to 47 Ωcm2. The behavior of the Y2Ru2O7 cathodes was interpreted in terms of available oxygen ion transport data for the Gd2Ti2O7 series, and it was concluded that optimization of pyrochlore ruthenate compositions should be possible to improve further the oxygen reduction behavior of ruthenate cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digoxin therapy has been made more rational by the measurement of serum digoxin concentrations. However, difficulties remain because of the overlap between 'therapeutic' and 'toxic' serum concentrations and the lack of an obvious therapeutic endpoint in many patients. An assay which measures the degree of interaction between digoxin and its putative receptor, the membrane Na, K-ATPase, might be capable of resolving some of these difficulties. Therefore, as a first approach in this direction we evaluated the relationship between serum digoxin concentration and the degree of inhibition of RBC ghost Na, K-ATPase activity in patients receiving digoxin therapy. Utilizing an improved micro-assay technique, Na, K-ATPase activity was determined in aliquots of RBC ghosts before and after removal of bound digoxin. In 27 patients a significant relationship was present between serum digoxin concentration and the degree of RBC ghost Na,K-ATPase inhibition. However, at any serum digoxin concentration, there was a variation in the magnitude of enzyme inhibition from patient to patient. This study confirms the feasibility of determining the degree of in vivo RBC Na,K-ATPase inhibition in man and demonstrates, for the first time, a highly significant but somewhat variable relationship between serum digoxin concentrations and the magnitude of RBC digoxin receptor inactivation. This quantitative, functional, individualized assay of digoxin effects may prove to be of clinical value in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A project - known as the Integrated Co operative Workspace (ICW) - sponsored under the Department of Trade and Industry / Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (DTI/EPSRC) Computer Supported Co-operative Work (CSCW) Advanced Technology Programme, involves the Sheffield Area Health Authority as a demonstrator site for the technology and methods being developed within the project. The ICW project* is developing integrated methods and Open Standards-based software tools to facilitate enterprise-wide CSCW. This paper explains the business issues which provide the rationale for ICW, and describes each component of the ICW methods and tool sets, and the way the components fit together from a business perspective. The authors also report on the approaches developed within the project, which employ object-oriented extensions to information modelling techniques, allied to object- oriented process modelling and an enterprise information service. The notion of 'three views' of an organization is described as:• An information view.• A process view.• A human resources view is described.The discussion is within the context of a specific application, supporting collaborative management work in a health authority. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Dense samples of the perovskite SmSrCoO (where x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6) have been prepared. The samples wereO/O isotopically exchanged at a variety of temperatures between 500°C and 900°C. Subsequent analysis of the diffusion profile using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) allowed the oxygen self-diffusion coefficient, D*, and surface exchange co-efficient, k, to be determined. From the temperature dependence of these parameters the activation energies for both processes were evaluated. The surface coverage of samarium, cobalt and oxygen in SmCoO was determined from calibration samples using Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS). LEIS was used to determine the effect of strontium doping on the surface composition and theO-concentration at the surface of a number of theO-exchanged samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on Tarn Moor as a highland area of preserved wetlands, common moorland in central Westmorland and it overlies limestone rock and comprises many springs. It discusses that the upper regions of the moor are prevailed by Calluna vulgaris, and the holes hold cryptic humate and mires of numerous kinds. Along the sides of the valleys there is a broke belt of 'wet flush' vegetation overlaying a shallow peat or mineral soil. Many of the springs emerge in this zone. An overview on Tarn Moor is presented.