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Nitrogen-doped biochar performs much better in dye adsorption due to its rich functional groups. Soybean cake, a by-product of soybean oil production, comprises rich contents of cellulose, lignin, and protein. Therein, simple direct carbonization was utilized to prepare self-nitrogendoped biochar (SCB). The results showed that the N content of SCB was 6.81 wt%, and its specific surface area was 18.8 m2/g. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic results confirmed that the surface of SCB was rich in pyridine-N, pyrrole-N, graphite-N, and oxidized-N functional groups. The adsorption capacity of SCB for Rhodamine B was 17.2 mg/g, which is higher compared with other unactivated biochars. The results of thermodynamic parameters indicate that Rhodamine B adsorption on SCB is an endothermic, entropy-increasing, and spontaneous process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poultry farming is the fastest growing sector of agriculture. Balanced diets are an important factor for realisation of the genetic potential of birds. The pancreas plays an important role in the digestive process. The aim of the review is to describe the adaptation of chicken pancreatic secretory functions to a diet with various protein and fat ingredients. Due to the fact that digestive enzymes correlate with nutrient absorption, basic knowledge of pancreatic secretion can be useful to improve poultry nutrition and the economics of the poultry industry in general. The consumption of soy cake instead of sunflower cake (with a 1.5% increase in dietary crude fat) led to an increase in the activity of pancreatic juice lipase by 33.8%. A slight increase in crude protein in the feed (by 0.5%) led to an increase in proteolytic activity by 28.1% compared to the background period. The consumption of sunflower oil instead of soybean, rapeseed and linseed oil in the diet led to a decrease in the activity of pancreatic juice lipase by 42.2%, 57.6% and 19.1%, respectively. It could be concluded that in chickens there is no strict parallelism in the release of the pancreatic enzymes and there is no clear adaptation to a specific feed component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Vegetable oils are yearly produced in large amounts generating solid by‐products, the oilseed cake (OC). OCs are lignocellulosic materials that have been used for animal feed with some limitations due to high fibre content from the plant cell walls. Biotechnological processes can help to overcome these limitations and contribute to up‐grading such by‐products, enhancing their nutritional value as feed ingredients. RESULTS: All fungal species were able to decrease neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre in all by‐products. Additionally, relevant enzymes were produced by the three fungi studied resulting in an improved antioxidant capacity of all fermented OCs. Aspergillus niger led to the highest activity of cellulase (109 U g−1), xylanase (692 U g−1) and protease (157 U g−1) per dry OC matter and to the recovery of an extract rich in antioxidants, with the highest scavenging potential of free radicals and superoxide anion, iron chelation ability and reducing power. Rhyzopus oryzae produced the highest activity of β‐glucosidase (503 U g−1) and led to the highest liberation of total phenolic content (TPC). Principal components analysis showed that extracts with high antioxidant potential were obtained in solid‐state fermentation (SSF) with high enzymatic activity. A positive correlation was established between the action of β‐glucosidase and TPC. CONCLUSION: Within the same bioprocess it was possible to improve the nutritional value of OCs and to obtain relevant bioactive compounds such as lignocellulosic enzymes and phenolic compounds with antioxidant potential, resulting in a significant improvement of already valuable by‐products with commercial interest for animal feed. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Feed Research is the property of Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The studies were carried out on two groups of novice cows (n = 0, average weight of 650 kg, average daily yield of 26 kg) from 30 to 100 days of lactation. The diet of the cows of the fi rst group included soybean meal, and diet of the cows of the second group - the soybean cake in equivalent quantities for the exchange protein, previously estimated in experiments on operated cows. There were no significant differences in the parameters of enzymatic-microbiological processes in rumen, biochemical indicators of blood, milk productivity and milk composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbial production of fumaric acid by Rhizopus arrhizus NRRL 2582 has been evaluated using soybean cake from biodiesel production processes and very high polarity (VHP) sugar from sugarcane mills. Soybean cake was converted into a nutrient-rich hydrolysate via a two-stage bioprocess involving crude enzyme production via solid state fermentations (SSF) of either Aspergillus oryzae or R. arrhizus cultivated on soybean cake followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean cake. The soybean cake hydrolysate produced using crude enzymes derived via SSF of R. arrhizus was supplemented with VHP sugar and evaluated using different initial free amino nitrogen (FAN) concentrations (100, 200, and 400 mg/L) in fed-batch cultures for fumaric acid production. The highest fumaric acid concentration (27.3 g/L) and yield (0.7 g/g of total consumed sugars) were achieved when the initial FAN concentration was 200 mg/L. The combination of VHP sugar with soybean cake hydrolysate derived from crude enzymes produced by SSF of A. oryzae at 200 mg/L initial FAN concentration led to the production of 40 g/L fumaric acid with a yield of 0.86 g/g of total consumed sugars. The utilization of sugarcane molasses led to low fumaric acid production by R. arrhizus, probably due to the presence of various minerals and phenolic compounds. The promising results achieved through the valorization of VHP sugar and soybean cake suggest that a focused study on molasses pretreatment could lead to enhanced fumaric acid production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum: Animal Sciences is the property of Universidade Estadual de Maringa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: In this study, six organic feed raw materials (corn grain, soybean cake, wheat bran, corn silage, oat hay, and alfalfa hay) were selected for a comparison of their nutritional values. The chemical composition, amino acid content, and rumen degradation characteristics of these raw materials were studied in detail. The current study was designed to investigate the chemical composition, amino acid content, and rumen degradation characteristics (nylon bag method) of six organic feeds to illustrate their feeding values. The feeds analyzed were: corn grain (CG), soybean cake (SC), wheat bran (WB), corn silage (CS), oat hay (OT), and alfalfa hay (AF). Our results showed that the contents of crude protein (CP) (47.46%) and ether extract (EE) (8.23%) in SC were highest. The contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (65.00%) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (39.16%) in OT were highest. The contents of total amino acid (TAA) (42.95%) and essential amino acid (EAA) (19.73%) in SC were highest. Among SC, WB, and CG, the effective degradation rate (ED) of dry matter (DM) is SC (87.89%) > WB (73.32%) > CG (64.25%); the ED value of CP is CG (82.37%) > WB (82.40%) > SC (60.47%). Among CS, OT, and AF, the effective degradation rate (ED) of DM is CS (72.68%) > OT (59.97%) > AF (58.89%); the ED value of CP is AF (76.46%) > CS (72.03%) > OT (71.99%). In conclusion, the chemical composition, amino acid content, and rumen degradation rate of SC and AF were better than those of the other four feeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]