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The use of CNG fuel in a dual fuel diesel-CNG engine as an alternative decreases the engine performance and increases emission. Pilot injection timing acts as an ignition delay controller by controlling the initial diesel fuel injection. This research is conducted on a single cylinder dual fuel diesel-CNG engine by advancing the pilot injection timing by 11°, 13°, 15°, 17° and 19° BTDC at different loads in order to optimize diesel pilot injection timing. The results have showed that the optimal pilot injection timing has shifted from 17° BTDC to 15° BTDC along with the addition of loads from low to high, marked by an increase in maximum thermal efficiency of 25.27% and a minimum reduction of HC and CO emissions o f23.07% and 26.6% respectively. In addition, it causes an increase in ignition delay o f23.53% and a decrease in combustion duration of 35.3%, which is indicated by an increase in the maximum cylinder pressure value o f 30.05% and a heat release rate of 54.85%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Noninvasive imaging techniques would be highly desirable to differentiate oncotic from apoptotic cell death. Indium 111 antimyosin and technetium 99m glucaric acid were used to assess whether apoptotic and oncotic myocardial cell death can be differentiated.Methods and Results: Cultured H9C2 rat embryonic cardiocytes and CD1 rats were treated with doxorubicin to induce myocardial apoptosis. Acute myocardial oncosis was induced by heat or subcutaneous isoproterenol administration. Scanning electron microscopy, DNA laddering, TUNEL staining, In-111 antimyosin antibody, and Tc-99m glucaric acid were used to demonstrate in vitro and in vivo doxorubicin-induced apoptosis or isoproterenol-induced myocardial oncosis. Scanning electron microscopy, DNA laddering, and TUNEL staining of H9C2 cardiocytes treated with doxorubicin all showed cell death by apoptosis. Rat hearts treated with doxorubicin (10 and 20 mg/kg) were DNA ladder-positive and localized significantly greater In-111 antimyosin antibody (mean +/- SD, 0.1942 +/- 0.0150 percent injected dose per gram [%ID/g] and 0.1825 +/- 0.0238 %ID/g, respectively) than normal hearts (0.1154 +/- 0.0270 %ID/g, P <.05). No increase in myocardial Tc-99m glucaric acid activity was observed in rat hearts after 6, 12, and 24 hours of doxorubicin injection (0.0311 +/- 0.0066 %ID/g, 0.0356 +/- 0.007 %ID/g, and 0.0368 +/- 0.0047 %ID/g, respectively; control hearts, 0.0352 +/- 0.0099 %ID/g; P = not significant). Tc-99m glucaric acid uptake was significantly greater in isoproterenol-induced oncotic hearts (0.1256 +/- 0.1023 %ID/g) than in controls (P <.0001).Conclusions: Tc-99m glucaric acid is avid only for the oncotic myocardium. Antimyosin, on the other hand, is positive for both oncotic and apoptotic myocardium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]