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Methylated bases in tRNA, rRNA and mRNA control a variety of cellular processes, including protein synthesis, antimicrobial resistance and gene expression. Currently, bulk methods that report the average methylation state of ~104–107 cells are used to detect these modifications, obscuring potentially important biological information. Here, we use in situ hybridization of Molecular Beacons for single-cell detection of three methylations (m62A, m1G and m3U) that destabilize Watson–Crick base pairs. Our method—methylation-sensitive RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization—detects single methylations of rRNA, quantifies antibiotic-resistant bacteria in mixtures of cells and simultaneously detects multiple methylations using multicolor fluorescence imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated (HCN) ion channels regulate membrane potential, neurotransmitter release, and patterning of synchronized neuronal activity. Currently, there is an intense debate as to whether or not these ion channels play a pro- or anticonvulsant role in vivo. To gain an insight into this question, we have examined how inhibitors of the response mediated by HCN channels (referred to as Ih) affect epileptiform activity induced in adult hippocampal slices. The archetypal Ih blocker ZD-7288 produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of both nonsynaptic- (low Ca2+/elevated K+ aCSF) and synaptic- (low Mg2+ aCSF, elevated K+ aCSF or convulsant application (bicuculline or pentylenetetrazol)) based epileptiform activities. The IC50 value for ZD-7288 induced inhibition of epileptiform activity was similar across all forms of epileptiform response and was below concentrations producing nonspecific inhibition of glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Furthermore, capsazepine, which exhibits similar potency to ZD-7288 at inhibiting Ih, failed to inhibit glutamatergic synaptic transmission per se but produced a significant inhibition of bicuculline-induced epileptiform activity. These data suggest that broad spectrum inhibition of Ih reduces neuronal hyperexcitability in the hippocampus. Synapse 59:308-316, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]