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Drawing on underpinning theories, this study conceptually develops a model helping organizations to transform green strategic mechanisms into a higher hotel's green process innovation performance (GPIP). Using a multi-source survey, the study collected data from 401 respondents in hotels (e.g. 213 CEOs and 188 managing directors/general managers, 198 front-desk managers and 203 production managers). PLS-SEM was used to run regression analysis. The results support that green creativity (GC) is the top among five mediating green drivers, e.g. green organizational identity (GOI), green human capital (GHC), green organizational capital (GOC), and green relational capital (GRC) that strongly supports green strategic intent (GSI) to translate environment strategies into hotel GPIP. Accordingly, GOC highly supports GHC toward the hotel's GPIP compared to GRC. Green knowledge sharing (GKS) negatively moderates the link between GC and the hotel GPIP, but fails to moderate GOI and the hotel GPIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional as well as international media, think tanks, policy makers and social scientists are considering the regional economic giant, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, as a game changer. Its strategic position has made it so not only for the states of Pakistan and China but also for the region. Alike other corridors, it aims to connect and enhance collective growth economically and socially. It is apparent that the corridor is a source of regional connectivity. Therefore, it may be useful in enhancing economic cooperation between Pakistan and Iran. The relations between both the states have remained cordial but due to the international pressure and regional interests, the volume of bilateral trade has reached to the lowest degree. Since 2014, the Pak-Iran trade has remained under US$ 229 million annually. By using SWOT technique, present study finds that the inclusion of Iran in the corridor will be a turning point in its economic history. At present, Iran is facing worst kind of economic crisis due to international sanctions. It can recover her exports slowly by using CPEC route to India, China and Pakistan. Further, Iran can manage an equilibrium against Saudi Arabia's influence in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandemics always create dreadful effects not only on human life but also drastically influence businesses and industries. Historical evidence has apparently indicated that the outbreak of Spanish flu, SARS, MERS, and Ebola viruses, all created radical impacts on businesses around the globe, leaving behind the economic structures into miseries and deprivations. Similar is the case of COVID-19 outbreak which instigated from China and dispersed all over the globe. In Pakistan, the first case was reported in March 2020 and since then the government has relentlessly tried to impose lockdown and social distancing in order to avert the harm. It has been substantiated that the public isolations and lockdowns have not only yielded negative impacts on the economy but also on different forms of business and employment. Therefore, this study is aimed to analyze potential impacts of COVID-19 on different forms of industries in Pakistan through gathering the public opinion as the source of data. The study is one of the preliminary studies therefore it is based on descriptive design in order to show perceived impact of outbreak of virus. Results indicated that the pandemic is harmful and affecting most of the business in negative manner however there are some businesses which are burgeoning on opportunities emerged from the pandemic and attaining growth due to the spread of the virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate Entrepreneurship is not a new topic in the field of management however there is a lack of literature on the strategy concerning the eastern side of the world. Therefore, several studies indicated the need of thorough research work on the topic from the eastern side, especially from the context of GLCs working in rural areas as these forms of firms, are not only away from corporate entrepreneurship but are also in need of strategies to deal with competition and external environment. Thus, in order to make the study pragmatically significant, the data has been collected from the top and middle-level managers of GLCs in rural areas of Pakistan. The results of the study indicated that innovativeness is perceived as an effective predictor of CE in GLCs in rural Pakistan. However, moderation of organizational culture is nullifying the perceived impact of innovativeness on the operational performance of the firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) is the form of entrepreneurship which has been experienced by firms for almost the past five decades, but there is a lack of empirical studies on this contemporary concept relating to Pakistan. A few studies have been conducted on CE in private sector organizations however it pertains to a unique significance in the public sector domain which has its own importance in economy and growth. Previous research has also indicated a dearth of CE studies relating to public limited companies in eastern countries. Therefore, the major purpose of this study is to check the impact of Corporate Entrepreneurship in municipal organizations of Karachi, Pakistan. Besides, this study has also incorporated a moderating variable, Organizational Culture, in an attempt to devise a robust model relationship. Nevertheless, due to the limitations of data collection from government employees, especially from municipal corporations, the study has adopted the quota sampling technique and a sample of one hundred respondents was selected. The data was analyzed through SMART-PLS software and results highlighted that the changing organizational dynamics require Corporate Entrepreneurship to be adopted by municipal organizations and it has transpired as a dominant element for the growth and performance of firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The participation of women in sports is an imperative issue today, concerning the developing countries where women's participation, their rights, and authority are radically repressed. The subject is vastly taking breadth in global research discourse in the current times when gender inclusiveness is a curial topic. In this context, the current research study was conducted to determine the factors influencing the sport participation tendency of university's female student-athletes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a province of Pakistan. Of the 38 universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, two hundred and seventy (270) female athletes were randomly selected from 18 universities. To obtain relevant data on the topic, a structured questionnaire was developed after a thorough review of literature and direction by the field experts. The scoring procedure was done based on the 5-point Likert scale. After the omission of incomplete forms, two hundred and fifty (250) valid questionnaires were retained for data review. To test the hypotheses, appropriate statistical tests were applied including mean, standard deviation, and one sample t-test. Owing to multiple factors, including parental considerations, social pressures, cultural standards, and coaching and preparation, women's participation in sports is found to be decreased (p<.05) significantly. In conclusion, the study suggested ways of enhancing the participation of women athletes in sports in the region and especially in the conservative areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which ascribe to parental concerns and societal and cultural norms. Moreover, the study findings postulate that the coaching and training practices are substantially considered as motivating factors for all athletic efforts and accomplishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corona Virus (COVID-19) is one of the most furious viruses and belongs to the family of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). After producing a drastic effect on China the disease has been spread all over the globe and killed around 87,000 people still than the disease is a bit different from other zoonoses and recently there is a debate regarding its acceptance is a global pandemic. Although its breakout is the point of severe tension for economies like Pakistan as it is producing drastic impacts on the economy as well as on social life. Therefore, provincial governments have taken several measures to control the virus, but residents are not paying due attention to the disease and its potential outcomes. Therefore, a study is required to understand the perception that way people are reluctant in taking required preventive measures and thus a public opinion based research is conducted from Karachi city to understand the viewpoint of the local public regarding the factors which resulted in the outbreak of COVID-19. Thus this study has been done specifically to understand the concept through public opinion and the sample size for the study was taken from Karachi city and the result indicated that COVID-19 is affecting social life although it is not perceived as pandemic which might affect people from different ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to measure the opinion of the community regarding the role of recreational activities in developing social attributes among youth. The community comprised of teachers, students and parents randomly selected from five districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. To collect the data, a sample of 410 respondents from the whole population was selected, utilizing the stratified sampling technique and a five-point measuring tool on the Likert Scale was used. Percentage, mean, ANOVA, independent sample t-test, Chi-square and Pearson correlation were applied for data analyses. The analyzed data indicated that there exists a significant statistical difference among the perception of teachers, students, and parents regarding the role of recreation in the development of social attributes among youth. Results of the present study indicated that participation in outdoor recreation plays a well significant role in eradicating social evils and is also considered as an effective means for the healing of violent behavior among the youth. The data also proved that there is a significant correlation between participation in recreation and development of social attributes among youth. The study concluded that all the groups of respondents considered recreational activities as an effective means to improve and promote social attributes among its participants. This supportive approach on part of the respondents will make a valuable base for the establishment of recreational programs to help develop social skills in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study suggests the use of a fuzzy inference system (FIS) model to assess the leadership skills of secondary school principals. To assess the principals' leadership skills, teachers' perceptions of these skills concerning various items are collected by using a five-point Likert scale. Further, these values are categorized into linguistic variables that are used as input in a fuzzy inference system to get an overall principal leadership skills score. The implementation of our model for a secondary school in Pakistan highlighted weaknesses in leadership skills, which may need suitable planning to enhance these skills. This FIS model acts as a device to help the policymakers in judging several components of leadership in those institutes in which they are serving. This study implies that school principals would be more effective if they possess leadership skills. The skills would enable them to turn schools into effective schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously, the role of police was restricted to ordinary and regular crime prevention before 9/11, as there was no urgent need to face the issue of terrorism in the region. Concerning prevention from terrorism, the role of the police has increased manifold after the increase of terror incidents across the globe in general, and Pakistan, in particular. This study explores the police role and their strategies to prevent terrorism in the best interest of public safety. Security situations in Pakistan require police preparedness, enhanced police training, and adoption of various strategies to reform police for effectively countering terrorism. This paper would help encourage policymakers and law enforcement officers at all levels of government to become more informed about the role of the police and their strategies to prevent terrorism in the interests of public security. The study suggests reforming police image and to equip them with modern technologies, providing improved training, offering incentives and rewards for a good performance to motivate and encourage positive attitude and returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active Citizenship is an important and basic component of any public strategy, putting the emphasis on political and civic values in any democratic society. The major dimensions of active citizenship are defined through the Active Citizen Composite Index (ACCI). This index covers indicators of political, civic and community dimensions of any society. Since the younger generation in any society is considered to be thefuture of humanity so, the politico civic training of younger generation to play an active citizenship role in the society cannot be undervalued. Considering the importance of the issue this research tried to explore the extent of active citizenship in the younger generation of Pakistan. For this purpose, a survey was conducted of200 students studying at three universities in Karachi, the largest cosmopolitan city of Pakistan and 5th largest worldwide. The survey results showed that, in general, the role of iGeneration (age 18 to 25 years) of Pakistan as active citizen is not very encouraging. On the political dimension, this generation is not actively involved with political parties and is mostly limited to casting their vote. On the civic dimension, most of the students were not involved with the activities of civil society, except for little tendency for peaceful demonstrations and protests. On the community dimension a little inclination was found towards cultural activities but any active role or serious effort for community development was not evident. Considering the survey results, there is a strong feeling that this generation is not trained or tuned to play active citizenship role and it becomes the responsibility of the educational and social institutions to encourage and enlighten younger generation about the importance of the active citizenship role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SMEs have been efficiently used as the vehicles for promoting innovation, productivity, and the competitiveness of a country's national economy. Across the globe, SMEs have been playing a distinctive role in achieving the socio-economic objectives such as employment generation, poverty reduction, equalizing the distribution of national wealth, fostering innovation, and nurturing institutional competitiveness. The main objective of this study is to empirically examine the extent to which financial constraints hamper the growth of SMEs in Sindh, Pakistan. To collect the primary data, survey questionnaires were distributed to 100 SMEs from different economic sectors and registered in the Chamber of Commerce Offices in Sindh. Seven (7) critical financial constraints to SMEs were determined through the literature and included in the questionnaire. The data were analyzed through descriptive analysis and correlation techniques. The results show that SMEs in Pakistan are severely constrained by financing, particularly external equity. Financial ecosystem for SMEs in Pakistan is not friendly and one-size fits all rules and regulations may not suffice the financing needs of SMEs in Pakistan. It has been observed that the institutional weaknesses and market failures exacerbate the financial constraints of SMEs. The government, exclusively, should develop specialized banks and funds to cater to the financing needs of SMEs in their various stages of the business cycle. Furthermore, the Credit Guarantee Schemes (CGS) should also be launched to share the risk of Financial Institutions for lending to the SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corruption acts as a national adversary which affects the economic apparatus of countries. It has a persistent effect on market economies, which abruptly cause mistrust between the citizens of the nation, erodes law and order, destroys the legal framework of the government, and compromises the reliability of business sector. It has been found that corruption is fundamentally an ideological, social, and economic vested concept thus stresses a need of developing a comprehensive theory to fully conceptualize the underlying forms and causes of corruption in different economic and geographic context. Given the tremendous social and economic benefits of corruption free market to SMEs in the 21st century, the drive to eliminate corruption in all its forms has significantly increased especially among developing countries. However, the past research studies on corruption have primarily focused on the forms of corruption, its causes and remedies in isolation and unintegrated ways. This paper presents an extensive literature review on different forms and causes of corruption prevalent in developing economies and stresses on the impact of corruption on SMEs in particular. The review of literature suggests that there is lack of research, particularly analyzing corruption in the context of developing economies which hinders the generalizability of applications proposed by earlier research studies focused only on developed economies. As developing countries have unique social and cultural values and traits, it is recommended that the corruption phenomenon should be holistically theorized and its types, causes and solutions should be explained as a theoretical chain under compressive theoretical framework for each of developing countries. This will help policy makers to develop effective and coordinated strategies to root out the corruption from these economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning Styles are the cognitive attributes of how one prefers to learn. The logic of lifelong learning suggests that students will become more motivated to learn by knowing more about their own strengths and weaknesses as learners. 'Learning to learn' skills may provide a foundation for lifelong learning. In Pakistan, most students are unaware of their learning styles and how they prefer to learn; moreover, little effort is put to incorporate learning styles in teaching methodologies. The study will highlight the importance of learning preference before designing courseware and tailoring instruction mediums. Moreover, knowledge of learning style and preferences will help improve employees' and managers' performance in the organizations. To conduct the research, survey questionnaires were floated to assess the most preferred learning style. In the same session students who were given VARK learning style inventory questionnaires, were apprised about their learning style and how to best use it for accelerated learning and mind mapping. Lastly, assessment of the impact of the knowledge of learning styles on learning outcomes was computed through the sample student's GPA, as no significant interventions to improve learning outcomes were introduced during that period. Prior and post-examination results were evaluated using covariance analysis, ANOVA models with and without interactional effect. The result indicated that a few students have knowledge of learning styles, and only the interactive effect of VARK variables was significant with previous GPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender Biasness is one of the most important topics in the field of human resource management especially in the categories of under developed countries and least developed countries of South East Asia like Pakistan where most of the professions are dominated by males. In these countries females are treated as home manager and their role is to support their spouse through taking responsibilities home and child care etc. On the other hand females are constantly ignoring these myths as they are found to be keenly interested in interest is having profound professional careers. In fact research also highlighted that there is a considerable increase in the number of female workforce during last decade but it has been also highlighted that most of the times females are opting those professions which are coherent with their attitudes and personalities like education and they have least acceptance in male dominated professions. Moreover their representation on top level positions is also in far and few between as there are several factors which are hindering in their way of career excellence. Thus there is a systematic need of investigation regarding those factors which are creating hindrance in the female career paths. Hence the aim of this research is to figure out those factors which are creating hindrance for female careers in the context of Pakistan and through combining literature and different research constructs a comprehensive research model has been develop to compare barriers associated with female careers with respect to different industries do to determine the impact of these barriers for each industry. Hence it is legitimate to believe that this research is pervasive in nature and will help managers in devising organizational policies more effectively. Therefore for the statistical part second order CFA and Path Analysis has been indulged for validating the research model and through the of structural equation modeling so to predict the impact of different constructs e.g. familial, cultural and organizational on female careers operating in higher education, banking, construction and production sector of Karachi. Thus through this research theory building might be enhanced in the context of Asian and under developed countries and researchers might able to perform optimized level of research in the betterment of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on the employee empowerment and job satisfaction in the Universities of Pakistan. The methodology involved the data collection through survey questionnaires using random sampling technique from the faculty members in the Universities in Pakistan. SPSS was used for analyzing data and concluding results. Instrument reliability was pre-tested and reliability analysis were also conducted through Cronbach Aloha. Moreover, Independent T-test, ANOVA, regression and correlation analysis of the data was tested. The results show significant impact of the gender of the person on overall performance, empowerment upon the overall performance of the faculty in the learning organization like university in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was an attempt to assess the perception of government servants in the community of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan towards development of commitment as a life skill through sports. The population of this study comprise of doctors, engineers, and teachers who had previously participated in sporting activities in their student lives. Purposive sampling (snowball sampling) technique was used to identify the study participants to complete the self-administered structured questionnaire. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The formulated hypotheses were tested with a significant level of .05. The findings revealed that participants believed that involvement in sports activities develop commitment as a life skill. No gender, as well as category wise differences were found pertaining to the role of sports in the development of commitment as a life skill. Furthermore, the quality of "commitment" was clearly identified by the stakeholders as being a significant life skill for success in various professions, along with a clear perception that participating in sports would help develop this ability. The findings of the current study will enhance the interest of medical, engineering, and general students and encourage them to participate in sports to be successful as well as advance in their professions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 seems to be one of the most dangerous pandemics which originated from Wuhan, China and spread all over the globe. There are several studies which are covering various aspects of COVID-19 although one that may aid in the understanding of major predictors for the outbreak is massively important. Therefore, this study has been conducted to identify the perception and understanding of the population of Karachi. The study follows public opinion not just because of the unavailability of data and the major reason for the use of public opinion is to gauge the severity of different predictors according to the inhabitants of Pakistan. The data has been collected through a self-developed questionnaire which is based on the indication of WHO and research work on pandemics. These indications were linked to the Likert scale and analysis was incorporated through SMART-PLS which indicated that contact transmission and droplet transmission are the major predictors of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to explore how entrepreneurship sustains the barriers in the entrepreneurial process in a developing country like Pakistan. To reach these findings, a qualitative approach was used in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with young entrepreneurs in the region of Hyderabad, Pakistan. After collecting data, thematic analysis was conducted. The findings of the study in the form of final themes suggest that trust issues, family barriers, financial issues, gender issues, educational barriers, corruption, and legal barriers are among the challenges which trigger changes in the entrepreneurial process and its sustainability. This study provides implications for the regional government, academic institutes, financial institutes, entrepreneurs, and society at large when developing a support system and promoting a sustainable entrepreneurial environment by minimizing these challenges and suggestions for an entrepreneurial focus on sustainable entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article identifies the motivating factors behind the career preferences of university graduates who chose to engage in sustainable entrepreneurship. In this research, multi-methods—theoretical investigations and qualitative interviews—have been utilized to determine the factors responsible for promoting sustainable entrepreneurship in a developing region. The sample consisted of university graduates who chose to pursue their careers in entrepreneurial activities in Hyderabad, the sixth largest city of Pakistan located in Sindh Province. While determining why young academics choose entrepreneurship as a career choice, entrepreneurial careers are explored as an ongoing process of biographical sequences in which new ways of thinking and communication, new forms of economic and occupational challenges, and necessities as well as ways of success and failure are permanently claimed or raised. Due to these challenges, the youth are confronted with complex social and economic situation to deal with. The study findings provide guidelines on how sustainable entrepreneurship can be developed, engaged, and sustained in the future in developing and under-developed regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-learning is no longer confined to distance education but implies to the electronic elements and tools incorporated into day to day teaching of the traditional courses. This paper attempts to classify various levels of e-learning and how they are similar or disparate in nature. E-learning is an emerging field in Pakistan, therefore, in this paper; the cultural differences in the learning preferences are highlighted. The objective of this research is to determine the learning style preferences in various mediums of e-learning environment in Pakistan. Results revealed that Aural/Auditory style of learning is the preferred predominant style for both the genders in various categories of e-learning. However, it was also found that there are gender differences in learning styles. The research findings have both theoretical and practical implications for academia to improvise the emergent e-learning academic domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]