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Large B cell lymphomas (LBCL) are a heterogeneous group of diseases with variable presentations and prognoses. Rarely, LBCLs arise in the sinonasal tract and are distinct from extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma which is more typical in this anatomic location. We hypothesized that large B cell lymphoma primary to the sinonasal tract (snLBCL) would be heterogeneous and include high-grade B cell lymphomas (HGBCL) described in the revised 4th edition WHO classification of lymphomas. We retrospectively evaluated cases of snLBCL at our center, and performed additional immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies where needed for modern WHO classification. Our cohort consisted of 25 cases, 15 males and 10 female patients, aged 14 to 87 years, with predominantly nasopharyngeal disease (n = 11), Ann Arbor stage IIE (n = 15), and immunocompetence (n = 24). According to revised 2016 WHO criteria, 20 of the 25 cases were DLBCL-NOS (80%, two-thirds germinal center phenotype), 3 were HGBCL-NOS (8%, one with MYC rearrangement without BCL2 rearrangement), and 2 were EBV-LBCL (8%). Among DLBCL-NOS, those arising in the nasopharynx all showed a germinal center B cell (GCB) phenotype, whereas both evaluable maxillary sinus tumors showed non-GCB characteristics (p = 0.02). These data show that large B cell lymphoma primary to the sinonasal tract is histopathologically heterogeneous as systemic large B cell lymphoma. The observation that GCB and non-GCB tumors differs in anatomic location suggests that microenvironmental factors in sinonasal anatomic sites may drive lymphoma characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: T‐cell lymphomas (TCLs) constitute a rare subset of non‐Hodgkin lymphomas, with mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome (MF/SS) being the most common subtype of cutaneous TCLs (CTCLs). Considered an incurable but treatable disease, MF/SS management presents several challenges including diagnostic delays, debilitating effect on patients' quality of life, need for several lines of therapies, multidisciplinary care and cumulative drug toxicities limiting duration of use. The present review intends to provide an overview of the recent advances in our understanding of the biology of CTCL and how these are being leveraged to provide additional treatment options for management of advanced and recurrent disease. In addition, the discussion of the different modalities of treatment is summarised to further outline the importance of multidisciplinary care and early referral to CTCL centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical approval of the immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) agents for multiple cancer types has reinvigorated the long‐standing work on cancer vaccines. In the pre‐ICB era, clinical efforts focused on the Ag, the adjuvants, the formulation, and the mode of delivery. These translational efforts on therapeutic vaccines range from cell‐based (e.g., dendritic cells vaccine Sipuleucel‐T) to DNA/RNA‐based platforms with various formulations (liposome), vectors (Listeria monocytogenes), or modes of delivery (intratumoral, gene gun, etc.). Despite promising preclinical results, cancer vaccine trials without ICB have historically shown little clinical activity. With the anticipation and expansion of combinatorial immunotherapeutic trials with ICB, the cancer vaccine field has entered the personalized medicine arena with recent advances in immunogenic neoantigen‐based vaccines. In this article, we review the literature to organize the different cancer vaccines in the clinical space, and we will discuss their advantages, limits, and recent progress to overcome their challenges. Furthermore, we will also discuss recent preclinical advances and clinical strategies to combine vaccines with checkpoint blockade to improve therapeutic outcome and present a translational perspective on future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) patients have a poorer prognosis than systemic lymphoma. Gain-of-function MYD88 c.794T > C (p. L265P) mutation and programed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway alterations are potential targetable pathways. Our study objective was to determine the clinicopathologic correlates of MYD88 mutation and PD-1 alterations in PCNSL and the impact of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. We studied 53 cases including 13 EBV-associated (EBVpos) PCNSL, 49% harbored MYD88 mutation, none seen in EBVpos PCNSL. MYD88 protein expression did not correlate with MYD88 mutation. T-cell and macrophage infiltration was common. All PD-L1-positive tumors were EBVpos. Two PD-L1 positive tumors showed 9p24.1/PD-L1 locus alterations by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization. T cells and macrophages expressed PD-1 and/or PD-L1 in 98% and 83% cases, respectively. MYD88 mutation or protein expression and PD-1 or PD-L1 expression did not predict outcome. We hypothesize that EBVpos PCNSL has a distinct activation mechanism, independent of genetic alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary central nervous lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare extra-nodal subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and most cases are of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma histology with an aggressive presentation. The treatment of PCNSL has evolved over the years from radiation alone to multi-agent chemotherapy with the goal of minimizing long-term toxicity. Recent studies have evaluated autologous stem cell transplant as consolidation in eligible patients with success. The prognosis of relapsed disease remains poor and hence the emphasis is on effective and less toxic frontline strategies. Our growing understanding of the pathogenetic pathways in PCNSL is giving way to an exciting new era of targeted and immunotherapy options with the potential for inclusion in upfront therapy in the future. This review critically evaluates the current evidence including ongoing studies for the frontline treatment of PCNSL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opinion Statement: Adult sarcomas, especially those with metastatic or unresectable disease, have limited treatment options. Traditional chemotherapeutic options have been limited by poor response rates in patients with advanced sarcomas. The important clinical question is whether the success of targeted therapy in GIST can be extended to other sarcomas and also if preclinical data describing targets across this heterogeneous group of cancers can be translated to clinical efficacy of known and upcoming target specific agents. Multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) such as pazopanib, sorafenib, sunutinib, cediranib have shown benefits across various histologies of soft tissue sarcoma as well as bone sarcomas. The efficacy of imatinib in Dermatofibrosarcoma Protruberans; sunitinib and cediranib in alveolar soft part sarcoma; and sorafenib and imatinib in chordomas have provided a treatment option of these rare tumors where no effective options existed. TKIs are being tested in combination with chemotherapy as well as radiation to improve response. Although traditional RECIST criteria may not adequately reflect response to these targeted agents, the studies have shown promise for the efficacy of TKIs across the spectrum of sarcomas. The integration of biomarker studies with clinical trials may help further identify responders beyond that defined by histology. With the current data, TKIs are being used both as first-line treatment and beyond in non-GIST sarcomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]