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Systemic contact dermatitis (SCD) develops when a person who was previously sensitized to an allergen is exposed to the same allergen via the systemic route. In East Asia, the use of lacquer for polishing furniture is common and a part of the traditional culture. Contact exposure to tableware polished with Rhus lacquer may lead to sensitization. In Korea, SCD is commonly observed after systemic exposure to Rhus, a nutritious food item consumed because of the common belief of it improving the immune system. In this study, we reviewed the medical records of 21 Korean patients with SCD caused by Rhus ingestion. We found that the most significant epidemiological factor for SCD was the season of the year. Furthermore, 66.67% of the patients presented with leucocytosis and 23.81% showed increased liver enzyme levels. It is important to educate people on the risks associated with the systemic ingestion of Rhus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Psychological aspect and quality of life should be considered in treating patients with psoriasis. Objective: We sought to ascertain which clinical characteristics including presence of exposed lesions are associated with impairment of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with psoriasis. Methods: The EPI‐PSODE study was a nationwide, multicenter, cross‐sectional study conducted in Korea that included 1260 adult patients with psoriasis. In addition to clinical characteristics including presence of exposed lesions, data were collected using the Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) Screening and Evaluation (PASE), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), MOS 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36), Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire Psoriasis (WPAI: PSO) and Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). Results: Patients with a DLQI score > 5 (n = 990) were younger, had an earlier onset of psoriasis, scored higher on the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), had higher body surface area (BSA) and had higher PASE scores than patients with DLQI ≤ 5 (n = 266). The group of patients with exposed lesions (n = 871) were younger and male predominance, earlier onset of psoriasis, longer disease duration, higher PASI/BSA score and a higher proportion with drinking and smoking history each than the group of patients without exposed lesions (n = 389). Presence of exposed lesions negatively influenced DLQI, 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) (mental component), presenteeism, total work productivity impairment and total activity impairment in the WPAI: PSO. In multiple regression model, PASI score was the only variable which was significantly associated with all HRQoL measures. Presence of exposed lesions was a significant factor affecting DLQI and SF‐36 (mental). Conclusion: The presence of exposed lesions has a negative impact on quality of life, mental health and work productivity. Therefore, effective treatments are particularly needed for psoriasis patients with exposed lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Hereditary factors are involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, AD‐related gene variations are significantly different across ethnicities. Aim: To identify mutations and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in barrier‐ or immune‐related genes from Korean patients with AD and compare the variations with those observed in nonatopic healthy controls (HCs), and to use novel reverse blot hybridization assay (REBA) for AD‐related gene variants. Methods: We carried out REBA to simultaneously detect variations in genes related to barrier or immune function, namely, FLG, SPINK5, KLK7, DEFB1, TNFα, KDR, FCER1A, IL4, IL5,IL5RA, IL9, IL10, IL12, IL12R, IL13 and IL18, from Korean patients with AD, and compared the variation to that in nonatopic healthy controls. Results: The homozygous mutants of KLK7 and SPINK5‐2475, and the heterozygous mutants of FLG 3321delA, SPINK5‐1156, DEFB1, KDR, IL5RA, IL9 and IL12RB1 were significantly more frequent in AD. It has been predicted that the larger the number of gene variants, the higher the odds ratio of AD prevalence; however, we did not find any significant correlation between the number of gene variants and AD severity. Conclusion: Using REBA, we identified more genetic variants that can predict AD occurrence. We also verified that REBA can be used to easily and accurately detect multiple AD‐related gene variants simultaneously. In addition, we identified a correlation between KLK7 mutation and AD in Koreans, which is the first such report, to our knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have developed the manufacturing technology for high strength gray cast irons by using the spent permanent magnet scraps. The cast specimen inoculated by using a spent magnet scraps showed the excellent tensile strength up to 306MPa. This tensile strength value is 50MPa higher than that of the specimen cast without inoculation, and is similar to that of the specimen inoculated by using the expensive misch-metal. These superior mechanical properties are attributed to complex sulfides created during solidification that promote the formation and growth of Type-A graphite. It is therefore concluded that spent magnets scrap can provide an efficient and cost-effective inoculation agent for the fabrication of high-performance gray cast iron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water atomization of iron powder with a composition of Fe-3Cr-0.5Mo (wt.%) at 1600°C and 150 bar creates an oxide layer, which in this study was reduced using a mixture of methane (CH4) and argon (Ar) gas. The lowest oxygen content was achieved with a 100 cc/min flow rate of CH4, but this also resulted in a co-deposition of carbon due to the cracking of CH4. This carbon can be used directly to create high-quality, sinter hardenable steel, thereby eliminating the need for an additional mixing step prior to sintering. An exponential relationship was found to exist between the CH4 gas flow rate and carbon content of the powder, meaning that its composition can be easily controlled to suit a variety of different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Filaggrin is a key protein involved in skin barrier function. Mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin ( FLG) have been identified as the cause of ichthyosis vulgaris and have been shown to be major predisposing factors for atopic dermatitis ( AD). Aim To investigative the clinical characteristics of patients with AD with FLG mutations and determine the differences between patients with AD with and without FLG mutations. Methods We identified FLG mutations in patients with AD by complete sequencing and SNaPshot methods, and then analysed the data on clinical characteristics from questionnaire responses. Results We found that earlier age of AD onset ( P < 0.05), tendency to respiratory atopy ( P = 0.03), more severe clinical characteristics of AD (higher Eczema Area and Severity Index, P = 0.02) and decrease in skin hydration ( P = 0.04) were associated with FLG-related AD. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that FLG mutations are indicators of a poor prognosis in AD, and are predisposing factors that exist in early infancy and persist into adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Infrared thermography is a non-invasive diagnostic tool that provides information for damage to the nerve, there was some reports that thermal asymmetry of acute Herpes zoster ( HZ) patients was significantly related to development of PHN. Objective To identify whether infrared thermography is useful as a predictor for the development of postherpetic neuralgia ( PHN) and as an objective assessment tool of subjective pain in acute HZ patients. Methods Infrared thermography was performed on the affected body regions of 112 patients who had been diagnosed with an acute stage of HZ. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. Differences >0.5°C for the mean temperature across the face and trunk were considered abnormal. According to whether PHN developed or not, we analyzed the correlation of risk factors. Results The study consisted of a total of 112 subjects (46 males and 66 females) with an age range of 9-93 years. The following summarizes the analysis results. (1) As pain severity increased, the occurrence of PHN increased significantly. (2) In older patients, the occurrence of PHN was significantly higher. (3) As the temperature difference between the affected and contralateral dermatome (ΔT) increased, the occurrence of PHN increased significantly. (4) There is a statically significant association between diabetes mellitus and the occurrence of PHN. (5) There is no correlation between pain intensity and ΔT. Conclusion In this study, we showed that infrared thermography is useful as a predictor of PHN development in acute HZ patients but is not useful as an objective assessment tool for indicating subjective pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of fog water were collected at Baengnyeong Island (BYI) in the Yellow Sea during the summer of 2014. The most abundant chemical species in the fog water were NH4+ (mean of 2220 µM), NO3- (1260 µM), SO4-2 (730 µM), and Na+ (551 µM), with substantial contributions from other species consistent with marine and biomass burning influence on some dates. The pH of the samples ranged between 3.48 and 5.00, with a mean of 3.94, intermediate within pH values of fog/cloud water reported previously in Southeast Asia. Back trajectories (72 h) showed that high relative humidity ( > 80 %) was encountered upwind of the sampling site by all but one of the sampled air masses, and that the fog composition at BYI can be impacted by several different source regions, including the Sea of Japan, southeastern China, northeastern China, and the East China Sea. Sulfur in the collected fog was highly oxidized: low S(IV) concentrations were measured (mean of 2.36 µM) in contrast to SO4-2 and in contrast to fog/cloud S(IV) concentrations from pollutant source regions; organosulfate species were also observed and were most likely formed through aging of mainly biogenic volatile organic compounds. Low-molecular-mass organic acids were major contributors to total organic carbon (TOC; 36-69 %), comprising a fraction of TOC at the upper end of that seen in fogs and clouds in other polluted environments. Large contributions were observed from not only acetic and formic acids but also oxalic, succinic, maleic, and other organic acids that can be produced in aqueous atmospheric organic processing (AAOP) reactions. These samples of East Asian fog water containing highly oxidized components represent fog downwind of pollutant sources and can provide new insight into the fate of regional emissions. In particular, these samples demonstrate the result of extensive photochemical aging during multiday transport, including oxidation within wet aerosols and fogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It should be emphasized that the colour of the tattoo, the wavelength of the laser and the laser fluence play essential roles in tattoo darkening. The darkened test areas exhibited improvement after a total of five treatments using a low-fluence picosecond Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm, 10 mm spot, 0.25 J), applied at 1-month intervals (Fig. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a case study of 49-year-old woman who was presented with swollen, erythematous, unilateral sclerosing patch on the right face. Topics mentioned include the use of type A injectable cosmetic botulinum toxin (BTX) for her wrinkles, the cellulitis diagnosis with no improvement on treatment, and the immunohistochemical studies that showed the embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) diagnosis.

Most chemotherapeutical drugs kill cancer cells chiefly by inducing DNA damage, which unfortunately also causes undesirable injuries to normal tissues, mainly due to p53 activation. We report a novel strategy of normal tissue protection that involves p53/NF-κB coordinated metabolic regulation. Pretreatment of untransformed cells with low doses of arsenic induced concerted p53 suppression and NF-κB activation, which elicited a marked induction of glycolysis. Significantly, this metabolic shift provided cells effective protection against cytotoxic chemotherapy, coupling the metabolic pathway to cellular resistance. Using both in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrated an absolute requirement of functional p53 in arsenic-mediated protection. Consistently, a brief arsenic pretreatment selectively protected only normal tissues, but not tumors, from toxicity of chemotherapy. An indispensable role of glycolysis in protecting normal tissues was demonstrated by using an inhibitor of glycolysis, 2-deoxyglucose, which almost totally abolished low-dose arsenic-mediated protection. Together, our work demonstrates that low-dose arsenic renders normal cells and tissues resistant to chemotherapy-induced toxicity by inducting glycolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enigmatic tracks and dinosaur trackways from lacustrine margin sediments of the Lower Cretaceous Haman Formation of the southern coast of Korea represent a new ichnospecies. Trackways with large, pes-only tracks with lengths up to 39 cm, characterized by elongate, subtriangular outlines, impressions of four digits and a subangular heel, are attributed to plantigrade pterodactyloids and assigned to Haenamichnus gainensis ichnosp. nov. These tracks comprise one of the largest and longest pterosaur trackways hitherto reported and provide intriguing new insight into pterosaur locomotory gait and stance, which has been the subject of a 200-year-long controversy. Associated sauropod tracks, assigned herein to Brontopodus birdi, reach 70 cm in length, are medium-gauged, and show outwardly curved digit impressions. E-W trackway alignments likely indicate shoreline trends but could possibly suggest behavioral hunting scenarios. Pes-only pterosaur tracks at this locality are another example of spoor incorrectly interpreted by creationists as the footprints of humans that coexisted with dinosaurs during the Cretaceous Period. This erroneous interpretation is popular in some circles in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new insect member of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors, Hyphantria cunea STAT (HcSTAT), was cloned from the lepidopteran H. cunea. The domain involved in DNA interaction and the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain were well conserved. During all developmental stages, the gene was expressed at a low level in the haemocytes, fat body cells, midgut, epidermis and Malpighian tubules. The haemocytes and Malpighian tubules showed transcriptional activation of HcSTAT upon Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial challenges. These challenges increased the induction and nuclear translocation of the HcSTAT protein that recognizes a STAT target site in H. cunea haemocytes. In vivo treatment with sodium orthovanadate translocated HcSTAT to the haemocyte nucleus. This study shows the involvement of the haemocyte Janus kinase/STAT pathway after microbial infection in lepidopteran insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background. Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder that poses therapeutic challenges. Mixed-type melasma usually does not respond to conventional monotherapy. Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of 1064-nm Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser (1064 QNYL) and 30% glycolic acid (GA) peel in the treatment of melasma. Methods. This was a split-face study, in which 16 patients were treated with 1064 QNYL (6-mm spot size, 2.0-2.3 J/cm2 fluence) for six sessions at 1-week intervals to the entire face, and with GA for three sessions at 2-week intervals to the experimental side of the face. Clinical evaluations, measurements on a pigment measuring device (Mexameter), and assessment of patient satisfaction and adverse events were performed at baseline and every visit. Results. After treatment, significant improvements from baseline were seen in Mexameter and modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI) on both sides of the face. The combined therapy side achieved an average 32.6% improvement in Mexameter readings and 37.4% improvement in mMASI, compared with 22% and 16.7%, respectively, on the side treated with laser only ( P ≤ 0.05). Both the physician and patient assessments correlated with the Mexameter results and mMASI. Conclusion. Combined 1064 QNYL and GA seems to be superior to 1064 QNYL alone in the treatment of mixed-type melasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of conventional isotretinoin treatment (0·5-1·0 mg kg daily for 16-32 weeks, reaching a cumulative dose of 120 mg kg) for acne has been well established. To date, there are many reports regarding the efficacy of low-dose and intermittent isotretinoin treatment in patients with acne. Data comparing these three therapeutic regimens simultaneously, however, are unavailable. To evaluate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of low-dose and intermittent isotretinoin regimens and to compare them directly with conventional isotretinoin treatment. In this study, 60 patients with moderate acne were enrolled and randomized to receive either isotretinoin at 0·5-0·7 mg kg daily (group A), isotretinoin at 0·25-0·4 mg kg daily (group B) or isotretinoin at 0·5-0·7 mg kg daily for 1 week out of every 4 weeks (group C). The total period of drug administration was 6 weeks in group C, and 24 weeks in groups A and B. Evaluations included global acne grading system (GAGS) scores, lesion counts (inflammatory and noninflammatory), patient satisfaction and side-effects. A 1-year follow-up evaluation after the end of treatment was also performed. Differences in GAGS scores were statistically significant between groups A and C ( P < 0·001) and groups B and C ( P = 0·044). There was no significant difference between groups A and B. For the number of inflammatory lesions, there were statistically significant differences between groups B and C ( P = 0·048) and groups C and A ( P = 0·005). There was no significant difference between groups A and B. For the number of noninflammatory lesions, there were statistically significant differences between groups B and C ( P = 0·046) and groups C and A ( P = 0·006). There was no significant difference between groups A and B. These results suggest that the conventional and low-dose regimens have similar efficacy. Intermittent treatment had less effect than either conventional or low-dose treatments. Patient satisfaction was highest in group B (3·76), followed by group C (3·31), then A (3·06), with statistically significant differences between groups A and B ( P = 0·003) and groups B and C ( P = 0·019) but no significant difference between groups A and C. This result suggests that the low-dose regimen is superior to other regimens (conventional or intermittent) in terms of patient satisfaction. Side-effects were more frequent with conventional treatment compared with low-dose and intermittent treatments. One year after the end of treatment, two of 16 patients relapsed in group A, three of 17 patients relapsed in group B, and nine of 16 patients relapsed in group C. Our study suggests that, when considering tolerability, efficacy and patient satisfaction, low-dose treatment is most suitable for patients with moderate acne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work performs numerical optimization for design of blade stacking line for an axial flow fan with response surface method using three-dimensional Navier–Stokes analysis, and evaluates the effects of sweep and lean on the performance of the fan blade. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are discretized with finite-volume approximations using unstructured grids. Four geometric variables concerning spanwise distributions of sweep and lean of blade stacking line are chosen as design variables to find maximum efficiency. The computational results show good agreements with experimental data. The total efficiency is successfully increased in comparison with the reference fan by optimizing three-dimensional stacking line with sweep and lean. Coupling of sweep and lean also improves off-design performance of the blade remarkably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of E-cadherin in the spheroid formation of hepatocytes adhered on the poly( N- p-vinylbenzyl- D-lactonamide) (PVLA) as a model ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-R) of hepatocytes was studied. Expression of E-cadherin was increased in round hepatocytes adhered on a high-coating density of PVLA (100 μg/ml), and also in flat ones adhered on a low-coating density of PVLA (1 μg/ml) in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Hepatocyte spheroids formed on the high-coating density of PVLA in the presence of EGF after 48 h were inhibited by an anti-E-cadherin monoclonal antibody (ECCD-1). From immunofluorescence and confocal laser microscopy, E-cadherin was localized in the intercellular boundaries and concentrated at the inside surface of aggregated cells. As a result, E-cadherin could play an important role in hepatocyte assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bipedal architecture is highly suitable for a robot built to work in human environments since such a robot will find avoiding obstacles a relatively easy task. However, the complex dynamics involved in the walking mechanism make the control of such a robot a challenging task. The zero-moment point (ZMP) trajectory in the robot's foot is a significant criterion for the robot's stability during walking. If the ZMP could be measured on-line then it becomes possible to create stable walking conditions for the robot and here also stably control the robot by using the measured ZMP, values. ZMP data is measured in real-time situations using a biped walking robot and this ZMP data is then modelled using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy system (ANFS). Natural walking motions on flat level surfaces and up and down a 10° slope are measured. The modelling performance of the ANFS is optimized by changing the membership functions and the consequent part of the fuzzy rules. The excellent performance demonstrated by the ANFS means that it can not only be used to model robot movements but also to control actual robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract cDNA clones for two of the yolk proteins, YP1 and YP2, produced by the fat body of the moth, Hyphantria cunea , were sequenced and found to be homologous to the follicular epithelium yolk proteins of pyralid moths. Both cDNA clones coded for polypeptides of 290 residues and the deduced amino acid sequence identity between YP1 and YP2 was very high (79.0%). Analysis of the secondary structure of the predicted polypeptides suggests that YP1 and YP2 do not form heteromeric proteins because of differences in secondary structure due to the lack of alpha helices in YP1. Northern blot analysis showed that the transcripts for YP1 (1.2 kb) and YP2 (1.1 kb) were present primarily in the female fat body with only trace levels detectable in the ovary of the adult female. In a developmental study, the YP1 and YP2 transcripts were first detectable in 10-day-old pupae and increased into the adult stage. These results suggest that the YP1 and YP2 genes in H. cunea have been recruited to replace the vitellogenin gene as the primary source of yolk proteins. During this process they have acquired a modified pattern of expression that is different from homologous genes reported in pyralid moths. The assessment of the evolution of proteinaceous yolk in these moths should serve as an excellent model for the evolution of gene recruitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical study is presented for Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes analysis of three-dimensional turbulent flows in a multiblade centrifugal fan. Present work aims at development of a relatively simple analysis method for these complex flows. A mathematical model of impeller forces is obtained from the integral analysis of the flow through the impeller. A finite volume method for discretization of governing equations and a standard k-ε model as turbulence closure are employed. For the validation of the mathematical model, the computational results for velocity components, static pressure, and flow angles at the exit of the impeller were compared with experimental data. The comparisons show generally good agreement, especially at higher flow coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoscale measurements of the vertical dispersion coefficient σ2 by using a composite turbulence water tank were validated through a comparison with CONDORS (Convective Diffusion Observed with Remote Sensors) field data, and were analysed with respect to the intensity of the thermal flux, mechanical turbulence, and plume release height. It seems possible to correct the plume σz values for different release heights below 0.5zi (zi is the mixing height) by applying an equation expressing the height dependency of turbulence intensity. The downwind distance where the plume's mass centre height approaches its final level was also analysed with respect to the above three parameters, and an empirical equation to estimate the downwind distance derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Lymphocytic infiltration of the skin (LIS) is a relatively uncommon skin condition, first described by Jessner and Kanof in 1953. LIS presents mainly on the face, in particular on the cheeks and earlobe, but also on the neck, upper trunk or proximal limbs of middle-aged adults. LIS is often resistant to treatment. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) refers to the process of applying a topical prodrug, such as 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) or methyl 5-aminolaevulinic acid (MAL), followed by irradiation with visible or ultraviolet light. The prodrug is converted by target tissue to photoactive porphyrins, which lead to local tissue destruction when activated by light. We describe a 48-year-old woman with refractory LIS, who was treated with MAL-PDT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 28-year-old Korean man with a 3-year history of lesions. Physical examinations revealed erythematous to brownish xerotic patches on the face and neck. Skin biopsy was taken from the neck and revealed folliculotropic mycosis fungoides (MF). The article discusses MF which is a low-grade lymphoproliferative disorder, a common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Folliculotropic MF is a rare and unusual variant of MF with atypical lymphocytes.

The article discusses the case of a 73-year-old woman presented with a history of disseminated popular eruptions on the trunk, limbs and buttocks. Examination shows the presence of multiple discrete erythematous to yellowish papules. Diagnosis indicate the scatter of molluscum contagiosum (MC). The patient was treated with curettage, systematic antihistamines for her severe pruritus and salicylic acid.

A letter to the editor is presented which is related to cutaneous γδ T-cell lymphoma.

Rhus chicken is a common traditional remedy used to cure gastrointestinal diseases and as a health food in Korea. Unfortunately, systemic contact dermatitis (SCD) due to the ingestion of Rhus occasionally occurs. In this study, the clinical and laboratory findings were reviewed and analysed for 30 Korean patients with SCD developing after ingestion of Rhus chicken. Summer was found to be the commonest period for hospital visits because of this condition. The mean period of incubation for SCD, was 4 ± 1.5 days. The commonest skin features were generalized maculopapular eruptions. Of the 30 patients, 10 had a known history of allergy to Rhus chicken. Many of the patients developed neutrophilia and leucocytosis. All the patients responded well to standard treatments. The commonest reason for their ingestion of Rhus chicken was indigestion. We conclude that SCD often occurs in Koreans after ingestion of Rhus chicken. Patients should be educated about the harmful effects of Rhus chicken and advised not to ingest it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser skin resurfacing procedures can be classed into two categories – invasive and non-invasive. The last several decades have witnessed a host of advancements in ablative laser therapy and other ablative modalities for the rejuvenation of skin, including the CO2 laser, the erbium : yttrium aluminum garnet laser, chemical peels, and dermabrasion. Despite the excellent results that can result from the practice of these techniques by experienced surgeons, the invasive nature of these devices is associated with inherent risks and patient discomfort. Therefore, much of the focus has been on non-ablative lasers and intense-pulsed light devices. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of treatment with the new infrared light device (1100–1800 nm), Titan, and assessed the degree of improvement associated with two-time laser treatments, as compared to one-time laser treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 28-year-old woman presented with a history of facial erythema along with atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis and treated with antihistamines and topical steroids. It mentions diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis on the basis of reactions to triclosan, tea-tree oil and chlorphenesin. It also includes recommendations for treatment with common sensitizers such as antiseptics and emollients.

The article presents a case study of a 25-year-old woman who was taken to the hospital because of hypopigmentation. She was gone through with laser treatment for hair removal and was previously undergone of hair transplant surgery conducted at a private clinic. The hypopigmented areas of leucoderma are caused by the postinflammatory reaction during graft anchoring process in hair transplant based on the observations.

The article presents a case study of 56-year-old female with a history of a tender erythematous nodule on her left thumb for two years. Noncaseating epitheloid cell granulomas with multinucleated giant cells were noted following histology. Typical features of scar sarcoidosis were exhibited in the patient. The patient received injections of triamcinolone acetonide into the skin lesion.

The article presents a case study of a healthy 42-year-old man who was diagnosed with onychomycosis. It states that a linear longitudianal ridging with yellowish pigmentation was observed in the patient's right great toe nail despite of having good health and no medical history of trauma or nail abnormalities. Furthermore, the patient was diagnosed with onychomycosis due to Exophiala dermatidis based on morphological tests.

The article presents a study of a 65-year-old man with two-year history of a well-demarcated erythematous plaque on the penile shaft. He was diagnosed with an extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) with features of Bowen's disease (BD) and was treated with imiquimod. The article discusses the EMPD as a heterogeneous disease that shows variability among and within individual cases. It advises that the awareness of the condition should prevent the misdiagnosis of biopsy specimens.