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We describe a facile method to prepare water‐compatible molecularly imprinted polymer nanogels (MIP NGs) as synthetic antibodies against target glycans. Three different phenylboronic acid (PBA) derivatives were explored as monomers for the synthesis of MIP NGs targeting either α2,6‐ or α2,3‐sialyllactose, taken as oversimplified models of cancer‐related sT and sTn antigens. Starting from commercially available 3‐acrylamidophenylboronic acid, also its 2‐substituted isomer and the 5‐acrylamido‐2‐hydroxymethyl cyclic PBA monoester derivative were initially evaluated by NMR studies. Then, a small library of MIP NGs imprinted with the α2,6‐linked template was synthesized and tested by mobility shift Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis (msACE), to rapidly assess an affinity ranking. Finally, the best monomer 2‐acrylamido PBA was selected for the synthesis of polymers targeting both sialyllactoses. The resulting MIP NGs display an affinity constant≈106 M−1 and selectivity towards imprinted glycans. This general procedure could be applied to any non‐modified carbohydrate template possessing a reducing end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early detection of cancer is essential for successful treatment and improvement in patient prognosis. Deregulation of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, especially phosphorylation, is present in many types of cancer. Therefore, the development of materials for the rapid sensing of low abundant phosphorylated peptides in biological samples can be of great therapeutic value. In this work, we have synthesised fluorescent molecularly imprinted polymers (fMIPs) for the detection of the phosphorylated tyrosine epitope of ZAP70, a cancer biomarker. The polymers were grafted as nanometer-thin shells from functionalised submicron-sized silica particles using a reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerisation. Employing the combination of fluorescent urea and intrinsically cationic bis-imidazolium receptor cross-linkers, we have developed fluorescent sensory particles, showing an imprinting factor (IF) of 5.0. The imprinted polymer can successfully distinguish between phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated tripeptides, reaching lower micromolar sensitivity in organic solvents and specifically capture unprotected peptide complements in a neutral buffer. Additionally, we have shown the importance of assessing the influence of counterions present in the MIP system on the imprinting process and final material performance. The potential drawbacks of using epitopes with protective groups, which can co-imprint with targeted functionality, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sphingolipids play crucial roles in cellular membranes, myelin stability, and signalling responses to physiological cues and stress. Among them, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) has been recognized as a relevant biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases, and its analogue FTY-720 has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Focusing on these targets, we here report three novel polymeric capture phases for the selective extraction of the natural biomarker and its analogue drug. To enhance analytical performance, we employed different synthetic approaches using a cationic monomer and a hydrophobic copolymer of styrene-DVB. Results have demonstrated high affinity of the sorbents towards S1P and fingolimod phosphate (FTY-720-P, FP). This evidence proved that lipids containing phosphate diester moiety in their structures did not constitute obstacles for the interaction of phosphate monoester lipids when loaded into an SPE cartridge. Our suggested approach offers a valuable tool for developing efficient analytical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sialylations are post-translational modifications of proteins and lipids that play important roles in many cellular events, including cell-cell interactions, proliferation, and migration. Tumor cells express high levels of sialic acid (SA), which are often associated with the increased invasive potential in clinical tumors, correlating with poor prognosis. To overcome the lack of natural SA-receptors, such as antibodies and lectins with high enough specificity and sensitivity, we have used molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), or "plastic antibodies", as nanoprobes. Because high expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in primary tumors is often associated with proliferation and a more aggressive phenotype, the expression of EpCAM and CD44 was initially analyzed. The SA-MIPs were used for the detection of SA on the cell surface of breast cancer cells. Lectins that specifically bind to the a-2,3 SA and a-2,6 SA variants were used for analysis of SA expression, with both flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Here we show a correlation of EpCAM and SA expression when using the SA-MIPs for detection of SA. We also demonstrate the binding pattern of the SA-MIPs on the breast cancer cell lines using confocal microscopy. Pre-incubation of the SA-MIPs with SA-derivatives as inhibitors could reduce the binding of the SA-MIPs to the tumor cells, indicating the specificity of the SA-MIPs. In conclusion, the SA-MIPs may be a new powerful tool in the diagnostic analysis of breast cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingo-lipid with a broad range of activities coupled to its role in G-protein coupled receptor signalling. Monitoring of both intra and extra cellular levels of this lipid is challenging due to its low abundance and lack of robust affinity assays or sensors. We here report on fluorescent sensory core-shell molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) particles responsive to near physiologically relevant levels of S1P and the S1P receptor modulator fingolimod phosphate (FP) in spiked human serum samples. Imprinting was achieved using the tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salt of FP or phosphatidic acid (DPPA·Na) as templates in combination with a polymerizable nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-urea monomer with the dual role of capturing the phospho-anion and signalling its presence. The monomers were grafted from ca 300 nm RAFT-modified silica core particles using ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinker resulting in 10–20 nm thick shells displaying selective fluorescence response to the targeted lipids S1P and DPPA in aqueous buffered media. Potential use of the sensory particles for monitoring S1P in serum was demonstrated on spiked serum samples, proving a linear range of 18–60 µM and a detection limit of 5.6 µM, a value in the same range as the plasma concentration of the biomarker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern healthcare demands rapid and accurate detection of proteins/enzymes at the ultratrace level. Herein we present a molecularly imprinted capacitive sensor for trypsin, developed by microcontact imprinting. High affinity and selectivity was achieved by doping the prepolymerization mixture with a stoichiometric amount of methacrylamide-based bisphosphonate (BP) monomer. Taking advantage of the specific interaction between bisphosphonate binding monomers and lysine/arginine residues on the surface of trypsin, we have constructed a powerful polymeric sensor. The BP based sensor has the ability to recognize trypsin over other arginine-rich proteins, even in high ionic strength buffers with a sub-picomolar detection limit (pM). We believe that the combination of supramolecular chemistry, molecular imprinting and advanced instrumentation has a potential for future drug development and diagnostics that extends beyond biomolecular recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an approach integrating the synthesis of protein‐imprinted nanogels ("plastic antibodies") with a highly sensitive assay employing templates attached to magnetic carriers. The enzymes trypsin and pepsin were immobilized on amino‐functionalized solgel‐coated magnetic nanoparticles (magNPs). Lightly crosslinked fluorescently doped polyacrylamide nanogels were subsequently produced by high‐dilution polymerization of monomers in the presence of the magNPs. The nanogels were characterised by a novel competitive fluorescence assay employing identical protein‐conjugated nanoparticles as ligands to reversibly immobilize the corresponding nanogels. Both nanogels exhibited Kd<10 pM for their respective target protein and low cross‐reactivity with five reference proteins. This agrees with affinities reported for solid‐phase‐synthesized nanogels prepared using low‐surface‐area glass‐bead supports. This approach simplifies the development and production of plastic antibodies and offers direct access to a practical bioassay. Magnetic imprints: A generic integrated approach for high‐yielding "plastic antibody" synthesis coupled with an ultrasensitive displacement assay format is reported. Both techniques rely on the use of template‐modified magnetic carrier particles with a high surface‐to‐volume ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, an epitope-imprinting strategy was employed for the dynamic display of bioactive ligands on a material interface. An imprinted surface was initially designed to exhibit specific affinity towards a short peptide (i.e., the epitope). This surface was subsequently used to anchor an epitope-tagged cell-adhesive peptide ligand (RGD: Arg-Gly-Asp). Owing to reversible epitope-binding affinity, ligand presentation and thereby cell adhesion could be controlled. As compared to current strategies for the fabrication of dynamic biointerfaces, for example, through reversible covalent or host-guest interactions, such a molecularly tunable dynamic system based on a surface-imprinting process may unlock new applications in in situ cell biology, diagnostics, and regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an epitope-imprinting strategy was employed for the dynamic display of bioactive ligands on a material interface. An imprinted surface was initially designed to exhibit specific affinity towards a short peptide (i.e., the epitope). This surface was subsequently used to anchor an epitope-tagged cell-adhesive peptide ligand (RGD: Arg-Gly-Asp). Owing to reversible epitope-binding affinity, ligand presentation and thereby cell adhesion could be controlled. As compared to current strategies for the fabrication of dynamic biointerfaces, for example, through reversible covalent or host-guest interactions, such a molecularly tunable dynamic system based on a surface-imprinting process may unlock new applications in in situ cell biology, diagnostics, and regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2,3-diaminophenazine bis-urea fluorescent probe monomer ( 1) was developed. It responds to phenylphosphate and phosphorylated amino acids in a ratiometric fashion with enhanced fluorescence accompanied by the development of a redshifted emission band arising from an excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) process in the hydrogen-bonded probe/analyte complex. The two urea groups of 1 form a cleft-like binding pocket ( Kb>1010 L2 mol−2 for 1:2 complex). Imprinting of 1 in presence of ethyl ester- and fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protected phosphorylated tyrosine (Fmoc-pTyr-OEt) as the template, methacrylamide as co-monomer, and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker gave few-nanometer-thick molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) shells on silica core microparticles with excellent selectivity for the template in a buffered biphasic assay. The supramolecular recognition features were established by spectroscopic and NMR studies. Rational screening of co-monomers and cross-linkers allowed to single out the best performing MIP components, giving significant imprinting factors (IF>3.5) while retaining ESPT emission and the ratiometric response in the thin polymer shell. Combination of the bead-based detection scheme with the phase-transfer assay dramatically improved the IF to 15.9, allowing sensitive determination of the analyte directly in aqueous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been used as useful sorbents in solid-phase extraction for a wide range of molecules and sample matrices. Their unique selectivity can be fine-tuned in the imprinting process and is crucial for the extraction of macromolecules from complex matrices such as serum. A relevant example of this is the application of MIPs to peptides in diagnostic assays. In this article the selectivity of MIPs, previously implemented in a quantitative mass-spectrometric assay for the biomarker pro-gastrin-releasing peptide, is investigated. Partial least squares regression was used to generate models for the evaluation and prediction of the retention mechanism of MIPs. A hypothesis on interactions of MIPs with the target peptide was verified by ad hoc experiments considering the relevant peptide physicochemical properties highlighted from the multivariate analysis. Novel insights into and knowledge of the driving forces responsible for the MIP selectivity have been obtained and can be directly used for further optimization of MIP imprinting strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the design and characterization of imprinted cationic host polymers for selective trapping of phosphoserine and phosphotyrosine peptides. A series of imidazolium host monomers were synthesized and characterized with respect to binding affinity and stoichiometry of interaction with salts of phenylphosphonic acid. The strongest binders were subsequently used for the preparation of imprinted polymers in the form of crushed monoliths, using Fmoc-phosphotyrosine-ethyl ester or Fmoc-phosphoserine-ethyl ester as templates in combination with a hydrophilic crosslinking monomer. The polymers were compared with respect to binding and its dependence on solvent, and whether charged or uncharged host monomers were used. The recipes were subsequently implemented in the capillary monolith format for evaluation by micro-liquid chromatography in both buffered and organic media. Results from both tested formats reveal that the cationic host polymers displayed enhanced recognition in polar and buffered media, in contrast to neutral urea-based hosts which showed best results in acetonitrile rich mobile phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sialic acid (SA) is normally expressed on the cell membranes and is located at the terminal position of the sugar chains. SA plays an important role for regulation of the innate immunity, function as markers of the cells and can be recognized by a variety of receptors. Interestingly, the level of SA expression is increased on metastatic cancer cells. The availability of specific antibodies against SA is limited and, therefore, biomarker tools for detection of SA are lacking. We have recently presented a novel method for specific fluorescence labeling of SA molecular imprinted polymers (MIP). Here, we have performed an extended screening of SA expression by using SA-MIP and included four different chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell lines, conveniently analyzed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. SA expression was detected in four cell lines at different levels, and the SA expression were verified with lectin-FITC. These results show that SA-MIP can be used as a plastic antibody for detection of SA using both flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. We suggest that SA-MIP can be used for screening of different tumor cells of various stages, including CLL cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A surface-imprinted chiral stationary phase for the enantiomeric resolution of the antidepressant drug, citalopram, is presented in this work. N, N′-diethylaminodithiocarbamoylpropyl(trimethoxy)silane has been used as silane iniferter for the surface functionalization of the solid silica support. A molecularly imprinted polymer thin film, in the nm scale, was then grafted on the silanized silica using itaconic acid as the functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker in the presence of the template S-citalopram. The total monomer amount was calculated to obtain the desired thickness. Non-imprinted stationary phases were prepared similarly in the absence of S-citalopram. Characterization of the materials was carried out by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Stationary phases have been applied to the chromatographic separation of the target. Conditions for best chromatographic resolution of the enantiomers were optimized, and it was found that a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of formate buffer (40 mM, pH 3) and acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) at 40 °C provided best results. Binding behaviour of the developed material was finally assessed by batch rebinding experiments. The obtained binding isotherm was fitted to different binding models being the Freundlich-Langmuir model, the one that best fitted the experimental data. The developed material has shown high selectivity for the target enantiomer, and the stationary phase could be undoubtedly exploited for chiral separation of the drug. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent stimuli-responsive molecularly imprinted polymers (SR-MIPs) have attracted considerable research interest in recent years due to the potential applications in drug delivery, biotechnology and separation sciences. This review comprehensively summarizes various SR-MIPs, including the design and applications of thermo-responsive MIPs, pH-responsive MIPs, photo-responsive MIPs, biomolecule-responsive MIPs and ion-responsive MIPs. Besides the development of current SR-MIPs, the advantages as well as the disadvantages of current SR-MIPs were also displayed from different angles, especially preparation methods and application fields. We believe this review will be helpful to guide the design, development and application of SR-MIPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of core--shell nanoparticles by surface initiated reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization in presence of a chiral template conjugated to magnetic nanoparticles is reported. The approach leads to imprinted nanoparticles featuring enantioselectivity and enhanced affinity compared to nanoparticles prepared using free template. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxytocin imprinted polymer nanoparticles were synthesized by glass bead supported solid phase synthesis, with NMR and molecular dynamics studies used to investigate monomer–template interactions. The nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, scanning- and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Investigation of nanoparticle-template recognition using quartz crystal microbalance-based studies revealed sub-nanomolar affinity, kd ≈ 0.3 ± 0.02 nM (standard error of the mean), comparable to that of commercial polyclonal antibodies, kd ≈ 0.02–0.2 nM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a study concerning fluorescent sensory microparticles which consist of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and silica core. It says that the N-carbobenzyloxy-l-phenylalanine(Cbz-l-Phe or Z-l-Phe, Scheme 1) was used a template and the fluorescent monomer was developed using nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) fluorophore. The integration of the MIP on silica microparticles makes the assay response times and the handling of the sensor particles straightforward.

Effects on the liver C3A cell line treated with a panel of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) consisting of two zinc oxide particles (ZnO; coated 100 nm and uncoated 130 nm), two multi- walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), one silver (Ag < 20 nm), one 7 nm anatase, two rutile TiO2 nanoparticles (10 and 94 nm) and two derivatives with positive and negative covalent functionalisation of the 10 nm rutile were evaluated. The silver particles elicited the greatest level of cytotoxicity (24 h LC5O - 2 μg/cm2). The silver was followed by the uncoated ZnO (24 h 1C50 - 7.5 μg/cm2) and coated ZnO (24 h LC5O - 15 ~ig/cm2) particles with respect to cytotoxicity. The ZnO NMs were found to be about 50-60% soluble which could account for their toxicity. By contrast, the Ag was <1% soluble. The 1C50 was not attained in the presence of any of the other engineered NMs (up to 80 μg/cm2). All NMs significantly increased 11-8 production. Meanwhile, no significant change in TNF-a, IL-6 or CRP was detected. Urea and albumin production were measured as indicators of hepatic function. These markers were only altered by the coated and uncoated ZnO, which significantly decreased albumin production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper discusses a comparative study concerning performance efficiency and sustainable impact of three purification processes for degenotoxification of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) post reaction streams: recrystallization, flash chromatography and organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). Two case studies in each process were selected for evaluation of the separation technologies featuring the same model API being Mometasone furoate (Meta) glucocorticoid and two genotoxic impurities (GTIs). Methyl mesylate (MeMS) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) were chosen as model impurities due to their incidental appearance in glucocorticoids based on a common methanesulfonylation manufacturing step. Successful degenotoxification was achieved in all cases concerning DMAP and MeMS reaching final GTI levels below the regulatory thresholds with the exception of DMAP using recrystallization. API losses were 5% and 6.4% for OSN, 6.4% and 11.9% for flash chromatography and 14.9% and 16.4% for recrystallization during the removal of DMAP and MeMS, respectively. The API loss occurring during the purification processes has a significant impact on the outcome of cost analysis. Mass and carbon intensity values are highest for OSN and lowest for recrystallization, while flash chromatography has intermediate values. Although recrystallization is more time consuming, it should not be discarded without careful analysis since API loss often declines at larger scales and it generally gives the API in the desired crystallographic form. Solvent recycling has a significant impact on the sustainability of all the processes by the reduction of mass intensity by two orders of magnitude (from 400–1300 to 14–63 kg/kg-API, depending on the process) and narrowing down carbon intensity to the range of 100–200 kg-CO2/kg-API. OSN requires the use of 7 diavolumes, therefore its high performance is achieved at the cost of high solvent usage. Hence, solvent recycling also has a higher positive environmental impact on OSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric sorbents targeting endocrine-disrupting estrogen active compounds (EAC) were prepared by terpolymer imprinting using 17β-estradiol (E2) as template. From a group of eight functional monomers representing Brønsted acids, bases, hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, as well as π-interacting monomers, a terpolymer library that comprises all possible binary combinations of the functional monomers was prepared. Binding tests revealed that imprinted polymers exhibit a markedly higher affinity for E2 compared to nonimprinted polymers (NIPs) or polymers prepared by using single functional monomers. A combination of methacrylic acid (MAA) and p-vinylbenzoic acid offered a particularly promising lead polymer, displaying an imprinting factor of 17 versus 2.4 for a benchmark polymer prepared by using only MAA as functional monomer. The saturation capacities ascribed to imprinted sites were four to five times higher for this polymer compared to previously reported imprinted polymers. NMR titrations and molecular dynamics simulations corroborated these results, indicating an orthogonal preference of the two functional monomers with respect to the E2 3-OH and 17-OH groups. The optimized polymer exhibited a retentivity for EACs that correlates with their inhibitory effect on the natural receptor. By using the optimized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in a model water-purification system, they were capable of completely removing ppb levels of a small group of EACs from water. This is in contrast to the performance of nonimprinted polymers and well-established sorbents for water purification (e.g., active carbon), which still contained detectable amounts of the compounds after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica particles containing immobilised peptidic templates have been used for the generation of hierarchically imprinted polymers. The pores of the silica mould were filled with a mixture of monomers/initiator and polymerised, followed by dissolution of the silica template. This method leaves behind imprinted polymers with binding sites located at the surface, which are capable of recognising larger molecules with the same immobilised epitope. All the products resulting from solid-phase synthesis of peptides were characterised by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. The hierarchically imprinted polymers generated from these products were characterised by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption, providing evidence concerning the reproducibility of each step. The chromatographic properties of the materials have been investigated and the advantages of the immobilisation method have been proven. The materials exhibit selectivity for their templates and other structurally related dipeptides. Furthermore, the polymers proved to be capable of recognising larger peptides containing the immobilised sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid mediators, small molecules involved in regulating inflammation and its resolution, are a class of lipids of wide interest as their levels in blood and tissues may be used to monitor health and disease states or the effect of new treatments. These molecules are present at low levels in biological samples, and an enrichment step is often needed for their detection. We describe a rapid and selective method that uses new low-cost molecularly imprinted (MIP) and non-imprinted (NIP) polymeric sorbents for the extraction of lipid mediators from plasma and tissue samples. The extraction process was carried out in solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, manually packed with the sorbents. After extraction, lipid mediators were quantified by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MSMS). Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were evaluated to achieve optimal recovery and to reduce non-specific interactions. Preliminary tests showed that MIPs, designed using the prostaglandin biosynthetic precursor arachidonic acid, could effectively enrich prostaglandins and structurally related molecules. However, for other lipid mediators, MIP and NIP displayed comparable recoveries. Under optimized conditions, the recoveries of synthetic standards ranged from 62% to 100%. This new extraction method was applied to the determination of the lipid mediators concentration in human plasma and mouse tissues and compared to other methods based on commercially available cartridges. In general, the methods showed comparable performances. In terms of structural specificity, our newly synthesized materials accomplished better retention of prostaglandins (PGs), hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (HDoHE), HEPE, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE), hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (HETrE), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) compounds, while the commercially available Strata-X showed a higher recovery for dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (diHETrEs). In summary, our results suggest that this new material can be successfully implemented for the extraction of lipid mediators from biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of antidepressants regularly detected in the environment. This indicates that the existing wastewater treatment techniques are not successfully removing them beforehand. This study investigated the potential of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to serve as sorbents for removal of SSRIs in water treatment. Sertraline was chosen as the template for imprinting. We optimized the composition of MIPs in order to obtain materials with highest capacity, affinity, and selectivity for sertraline. We report the maximum capacity of MIP for sertraline in water at 72.6 mg g−1, and the maximum imprinting factor at 3.7. The MIPs were cross-reactive towards other SSRIs and the metabolite norsertraline. They showed a stable performance in wastewater-relevant pH range between 6 and 8, and were reusable after a short washing cycle. Despite having a smaller surface area between 27.4 and 193.8 m2·g−1, as compared to that of the activated carbon at 1400 m2·g−1, their sorption capabilities in wastewaters were generally superior. The MIPs with higher surface area and pore volume that formed more non-specific interactions with the targets considerably contributed to the overall removal efficiency, which made them better suited for use in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consecutive grafting of crosslinked l-phenylalanine anilide, d-phenylalanine anilide and non-imprinted polymer layers on the surface of wide pore silica resulted in porous composite beads displaying enantiomeric discrimination reflecting the last grafted layer. This no longer holds for beads freed from silica, which instead display enantioselectivity reflecting the first grafted layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors would like to call the reader’s attention to the fact that unfortunately due to the file formatting during the exporting of the data matrix from the program Unscrambler (used for the development of the statistical model) to the Word office file. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]