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This article investigates the noun and adjective scent lexicon in Old English and provides a Cognitive Linguistic analysis of the conceptualisation of scent. The closely related modality of taste is also taken into consideration, and it is claimed that while both modalities are associated with emotive evaluation, olfaction is distinct from taste in that it lacks any degree of detailed lexical coding. Though the nature of olfactory and gustatory conceptualisation may result from universal properties of sense perception, cultural factors, including the role of medical and religious cultural world views are also taken into consideration. This article puts forward an account of scent in terms of conceptual metaphor, image schemas, and prototype categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word 'health' is highly polysemous, and many attempts have been made to define its meaning in terms of actual use and to create a workable and even universal concept of health (Balog 1978; Boruchovitch & Mednick 2002). However, though the meaning of 'health' has been debated extensively, as well as the metaphorical conceptualizations of illness (e.g., Sontag 1978), there has been little treatment of how health is metaphorically conceptualized. This article investigates the meaning of the word 'health' in the United States and the United Kingdom, through a search on websites based on an examination of concordances in the Corpus of Global Web-Based English (GloWbE). It focuses on the senses emerging from metaphorical cultural conceptualizations. Recent developments in Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Kövecses 2005; Yu 2009) and Cultural Linguistics (Palmer 1996; Sharifian 2011) have increased the focus on the interaction between cognition and culture. I present an analysis of the conceptual metaphors, proposition schemas, and image schemas that converge to form a cultural model for health within these speech communities revealing, for example, that one model sees health in terms of a manageable valuable commodity, which may contribute to health behaviors such as self-tracking and observation, as discussed by Lupton (2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnicity and im/migrant classification systems and their constituent categories have a long history in the construction of public health knowledge on tuberculosis in the United Kingdom. This article critically examines the categories employed and the epidemiological discourses on TB, im/migrants, and ethnic minorities in health reporting between 1965 and 2015. We employ a Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse Analysis to trace the continuities and changes in the categories used and in the discursive construction of im/migrants, ethnic minorities, and TB. These continuities and disjunctures are analysed within their socio-historical context to demonstrate the historical contingency of epidemiological knowledge production. We outline two historical phases in knowledge construction. The first coincides with the period of decolonisation, which witnessed a change in discursive identity ascriptions from 'immigrants' to 'ethnic groups' in health reporting as the 'other'. The second commenced after 1991, when the adoption of the census ethnicity categories as a standard in the collection of population statistics entrenched ethnicity categories in health reporting. We argue the health reporting discourse reveals that the 'new' public health exhibits continuities with the 'old' by targeting the immigrant 'other' through biosecuritisation practices. We contend that these categories originated within a postcolonial paradigm and that increasing immigration and new forms of mobility are creating the preconditions for new discourses on identity construction that have implications for the current collaborative TB strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Templating for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is routinely performed on two-dimensional standard X-ray images and allows template-directed instrumentation. To date, there is no report on one-dimensional (1D) anteroposterior (AP) templating not requiring specific templating software. We aim to describe a novel technique and explore its reliability, accuracy and potential cost-savings. Methods: We investigated a consecutive series of TKAs at one institution between January and July 2019. Patients with preoperative low-dose linear AP EOS radiography images were included. Implant component sizes were retrospectively templated on the AP view with the hospitals imaging viewing software by two observers who were blinded to the definitive implant size. Planning accuracy as well as inter- and intra-observer reliability was calculated. Cost-savings were estimated based on the reduction of trays indicated by the 1D templating size estimations. Results: A total of 141 consecutive TKAs in 113 patients were included. Accuracy of 1D templating was as follows: exact match in 53% femoral and 63% tibial components, within one size in 96% femoral and 98% tibial components. Overall 58% of TKA components were planned correctly and 97% within one size. Inter- and intra-rater reliability was good (κ = 0.66) and very good (κ = 0.82), respectively. This templating process can reduce instrumentation from six to three trays per case and therefore halve sterilisation costs. Conclusions: The new 1D templating method using EOS AP imaging predicts component sizes in TKA within one size 97% of the time and can halve the number of instrumentation trays and sterilisation costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The designation of spaces, objects, and people as sacred is a cross-cultural phenomenon, yet the conceptual category of the sacred differs across cultures in terms of how it is constructed and how it interacts with other cultural models. This paper examines the construction of the sacred in Anglo-Saxon hagiographies from a cognitive perspective. The article methodologically brings together close-reading of Ælfric's Lives of Saints with consideration of the sub-senses of halig 'holy', and is theoretically informed by Cultural Linguistics and Cognitive approaches to religion. Paden (in: Idinopulos & Yonan (eds), The sacred and its scholars: Comparative methodologies for the study of primary religious data, Brill, Leiden, 1996) notes that for much of the history of comparative religious studies, the 'mana' model has prevailed in descriptions of the concept of sacrality. While he concedes that this model is representative of the sacred in many cultures, he contends that another is at least as important, which he terms the 'sacred-order' model. The sacred, in this second model, stands not in opposition to the mundane but to that which breaks the boundaries between the sacred and the profane. This paper details the construction of the sacred in terms of image schemas, conceptual metaphors and cultural schemas and argues that while the 'mana' and 'sacred-order' models of sacrality exist in Old English, the two models are interconnected and form part of a larger complex cultural model in which space is at the centre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of virginity intersects with cultural ideas about health, illness, and the body, and these concepts are inextricably linked to spirituality in Anglo-Saxon England at a cultural and linguistic level. The varying significance of virginity according to gender, illness, and bodily violence is demonstrated through the examination of three of Ælfric's virgin saints' lives: Eugenia, Edmund, and Æthelthryth. This article argues that saints are characterized by distinct and gendered virginities, in which case the masculine form is fortitude and the unwillingness to succumb to sin. Feminine virginity is upheld as a virtue through the potent medical symbolism of bodily interiority and corruption. As Eugenia's vita demonstrates, the sex of the saint does not determine which model of virginity they represent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how Black African asylum seekers in an eastern German state experienced living conditions and the forms of agency they exhibited to redress the stressful circumstances of everyday life. The article draws on 12 in-depth interviews with rejected Black African asylum seekers and ethnographic research. Participants experienced various socio-environmental stressors and the absence of resources that affected their well-being and were injurious to their human rights. Their responses were embedded in different practices tied to the accumulation of capital that buffered stress and contested repressive asylum laws. The implications of the study for policy and advocacy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a culturally constructed concept, illness may be conceptualised through various metaphors across different times and cultures. This paper presents evidence based on readings from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus in Electronic Form (Healey et al. 1998) and the Dictionary of Old English (DOE) that in Old English illness is conceptualised as a heavy burden. The significance of the illness is a burden metaphor in Old English is greater than in Present Day English, in which, as pointed out by Goddard and Wierzbicka (2014) it would not be usual to speak of a heavy illness. The paper also investigates whether there is evidence for a nascent form of the military metaphor for illness and medicine, as identified by Sontag (1978/1991) and exemplified in Middle English by Díaz-Vera (2009). The military metaphor suggests a different approach to illness, in which one 'fights' the affliction. This is not well-evidenced in Old English, and it is argued in this paper that these two conceptual metaphors are based on distinct cultural schemas (Quinn 1987). While illness is a burden is to an extent grounded in embodied experience (Lakoff and Johnson 1999), the conceptualisation in Old English cannot fully be understood without also taking into account cultural schemas influenced by the humoral theory of disease aetiology, and by the religious context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnicity and migrant-related categories in health reporting constitute a discursive practice in knowledge production on infectious diseases such as TB and HIV/AIDS. These categories are bound up with the ascription of identities and are a product of unique socio-historical factors. We use a sociology of knowledge approach to discourse analysis (SKAD), to examine the categories used in TB and HIV/AIDS health reporting in the UK and the discourses on im/migrants, ethnic minorities and infectious disease in which they are embedded. The interpretative analysis shows that the 'order of knowledge' instituted by these discourses is historically contingent and that common interpretative patterns in the discourses are of im/migrants and ethnic minority groups as being 'a risk' and 'at risk' of infectious diseases. However, the dominance of these patterns varies according to the disease. While TB has consistently been constructed since the 1960s as a disease of immigration, with im/migrants and ethnic minorities being more of 'a risk' to the nation's health, HIV/AIDS has been more explicitly linked to the new public health and notions of these groups' vulnerability. We consider the implications of these discourses in relation to the current TB control strategy and the constitution of knowledge on TB/HIV co-infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: A teleconsultation service was introduced in the Amansie-West District, Ghana, in 2010 linking health center-based community health nurses (CHNs) with a teleconsultation center (TCC) at the district hospital. This study aimed to assess healthcare professionals' perceptions of the benefits and challenges of this service and to identify possible areas for improvement. Materials and Methods: Qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted with eight CHNs and three TCC healthcare professionals to find their views on the benefits, challenges, and recommendations for improving the service. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Interviewees were generally positive when describing the use of the teleconsultation service. They were of the opinion that the service had improved the quality of care at health centers, thus reducing the need to refer patients to the district hospital. Practical problems, such as inadequate information provided over the phone, delays in responding to calls, and the additional workload for teleconsultation staff, were viewed as important challenges to the success of the project. Interviewees identified several possible options for improving the service through extension to other levels of the healthcare system or by adding additional functionalities to their phones. Conclusions: Teleconsultation services have the potential to improve quality of care in rural communities. However, practical problems in the operation of the service have to be taken seriously as they threaten sustainability of the intervention. Adequate training in phone-based clinical reporting appears to be essential. Teleconsultation staff should be compensated for additional workload through a reduction of other work-related tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High vowel syncope, when applying in Old English past participles, is expected only to affect those that (a) contain a heavy root syllable, and (b) are inflected. However, numerous exceptions are noted in traditional handbooks (e.g. Campbell 1959). In particular, West Saxon displays a process by which high vowel syncope over-applies in weak Class 1 past participles with roots ending in t/d, with deletion occurring after light syllables, as in settan 'set' set+ed+um(Past. Part. Dat.)→settum, and also in uninflected participles: seted→ sett. The root-final dental and the stem-forming -ed come together following deletion to form a geminate: læded+e 'led' → lædde. However, phonological pressures cause the geminates to be simplified in certain environments. This paper focuses on the interaction of high vowel syncope and degemination, and aims to provide a synchronic account of both processes, arguing that deletion in dental-final forms is in fact not merely the extension of high vowel syncope. The paper also challenges the view that final geminates are merely orthographic in Old English. The analysis, which is formed within Optimality Theory (OT), is supported by newly collected data for the West Saxon past participles, which are taken from Cosijn's Altwests€achsische Grammatik glossary (1888). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses an ethnographic research conducted between summer 2007 and winter 2010/11 and included interviews with rejected black African asylum seekers about their illness experiences, living conditions, and interactions with health staff and administrators in eastern Germany. It looks at the racialization of asylum seekers and the bureaucratic challenges they faced at the Social Office to access health care. It also explores German asylum law and the policy context of health care.

This article presents the findings of a study into Caribbean people's health beliefs about the body and their body related health practices in diabetes management. The study used quantitative and qualitative methods to explore these beliefs and practices, as well as those relating to food and eating and health and disease, among 80 people with diabetes and 80 people who did not have the disease. The findings showed that the sample had distinctive beliefs about blood and having 'washouts', i.e. taking laxatives, and some also observed fasts for various reasons. As regards weight management, having a 'normal' BMI was associated with health and attractiveness and there was no evidence that being large in size was culturally valued. The vast majority were unaware, however, of the relationship between obesity and the potential onset of diabetes. The implications of these health beliefs and practices for patient education are also discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the findings of a study into the dietary habits among two generations of Caribbean people in South London. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect data from a sample of 80 people with diabetes and 80 people without the disease on topics including food, the body, health and disease. The study's findings suggest that dietary information should take account of the role of traditional foods in people's diets and certain aspects of their concepts of a 'proper meal'. Other findings include the probability that healthy eating campaigns/material are not reaching this ethnic group; the low comprehension of nutritional terms used in health education material and the use of other terms to classify foodstuffs among some members of the sample. The study also presented evidence of acculturation in the food habits of the interviewees. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the findings of a study into the dietary habits among two generations of Caribbean people in South London. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect data from a sample of 80 people with diabetes and 80 people without the disease on topics including food, the body, health and disease. The study's findings suggest that dietary information should take account of the role of traditional foods in people's diets and certain aspects of their concepts of a 'proper meal'. Other findings include the probability that healthy eating campaigns/material are not reaching this ethnic group; the low comprehension of nutritional terms used in health education material and the use of other terms to classify foodstuffs among some members of the sample. The study also presented evidence of acculturation in the food habits of the interviewees. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the findings of an exploratory study into lay beliefs and management of the chronic disease diabetes mellitus as well as the service use experiences of West Indians with the disease. In the United Kingdom, there is a higher prevalence of diabetes and higher mortality rates from this disease amongst West Indians when compared with their white counterparts. The project fieldwork was conducted in four sites; in general practice and out-patient diabetic clinics in London and Cambridge. In-depth interviews were held with 12 Caucasian and 12 West Indian diabetic patients and key informant interviews were held with a total of 13 health professionals on the diabetic care team. The study showed important differences between West Indians and Caucasians regarding knowledge and beliefs about diabetes as well its management. With the exception of two Pentecostal Christian women in the West Indian subsample, there was no evidence that these beliefs or practices conflicted with medical advice. However, the West Indian interviewees stated that the dietary advice provided did not take into account their traditional foods or cooking methods and as a result they experienced difficulties in following this advice. West Indians also expressed a general distrust of doctors and the majority had developed a range of strategies which they used to negotiate consultations with doctors and the heath service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a case study of a fatal gastrointestinal mucormycosis that invaded the postoperative abdominal wall wound of an immunocompetent man. Results of laboratory and radiological examinations administered; Treatment; Background on the illness.