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The prevalence of Rhizoctonia spp. in European soils was determined by analysing soil samples from 282 locations. Rhizoctonia spp. were found in 68% of these samples from France, Germany, the UK, Poland, Italy, Spain, Hungary and the Czech Republic. Samples from 136 locations were further analysed by pyrosequencing. Seventy-six percent of the isolates were Rhizoctonia solani and 24% binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group ( AG) 5 was detected most frequently (25%), followed by AG 9 (16%) and AG 4 (13%). For the binucleate Rhizoctonia spp., AG E was most prevalent (13%). Rhizoctonia cerealis was not detected in soil samples. Soil type or cropping history had no effect on the type of Rhizoctonia observed. Rhizoctonia solani AG 5 was the most frequently detected AG irrespective of the previous crop. The spectrum of AGs detected was similar for France, Germany and Poland but was significantly different for the UK ( P = 0·0016). Finally, the baseline sensitivity towards sedaxane, a new active ingredient for seed treatment, was analysed for all isolates. The results indicate a low baseline sensitivity (average EC50 of 0·028 p.p.m.) for all Rhizoctonia AGs. No difference in sensitivity was observed with the isolates obtained from different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geomagnetic field above the surface of the Earth in the current-free region may be expressed as the gradient of a scalar potential solving Laplace's equation. For regions with a fairly dense coverage of data at different altitudes, a regional model ought to offer a better spatial resolution of the regional field over the volume under study than a global field expanded in spherical harmonics (SH). The spherical cap harmonics analysis (SCHA) is an attractive regional modelling tool having close relationship with global SH. With the SCHA adopted so far, difficulties arise in upward continuation and in establishing a relationship between global and local Gauss coefficients. Such a relationship would be useful, for instance, for introducing prior constraint on an inverse problem dealing with the estimation of local Gauss coefficients based upon a local data set. In this paper, we show that these difficulties are overcome if the SCHA modelling is formulated as a boundary value (BV) problem in a cone bounded radially by the surface of the Earth and an upper surface suitable for satellite data, and bounded laterally in order to encompass a specific region of study. Although the example worked out here applies only to a limited class of fields, which verifies some special flux condition, the ideas behind this formalism are quite general and should offer a new way of processing data in a bounded region of space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correction to the article "Survey on the prevalence of Rhizoctonia spp. in European soils and determination of the baseline sensitivity towards sedaxane" that was published in 2014 issue is presented.