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Introduction: High Alpine regions show a great potential for solar photovoltaic electricity production in winter due to the reflective properties of snow and the larger number of sun hours compared to lower urban and peri-urban regions. In countries with a pronounced deficit in domestic electricity production such as Switzerland, utility-scale projects of Alpine-PV power plants are now flourishing. The harsh environmental conditions and the complexity of the high-Alpine topography however challenge the conventional design practices. In this context, the main question the article addresses is the representation of test-scale measurement in the performances of Alpine-PV, utility-scale power plants. Methods: This article focuses on the comparison between long term tests and the first Alpine-PV utility-scale power plant in Switzerland. Results: The results show that the main performance indicators such as the Alpine-to-Midlands final yield ratio or the winter fraction, do scale. However, absolute final yield values are consistently lower at the utility scale. Discussion: The paper discusses the possible impacts of the complex Alpine topography as constraint for the design of the larger extent of utility-scale power plants as well as the influence of scale on the snow induced losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The streamwise effective slope ( ES x ), which is the mean absolute streamwise gradient of the roughness, is considered to be a key parameter in predicting the drag penalty of rough-wall turbulent boundary-layers. However, many real-world rough surfaces are multi-scaled. For such surfaces, ES x can be unbounded and its value can be dominated by scales of the topography that are invisible to the flow. To illustrate this, a campaign of drag balance measurements was conducted with a set of machined surfaces. A baseline surface is prepared with fine machining parameters. By coarsening the machining precision, artefacts called 'scallops' are introduced which increases the 'measured' ES x without changing other geometrical statistics. The drag of the 'scalloped' surfaces is higher than the baseline surface, with the relative drag increase scaling with the viscous scaled scallop height, but only when their height exceeds 2 ∼ 3 times the viscous length scale. Further, the drag of one of the 'scalloped' cases, even when the scallop height is O (10) viscous units, is seen to be much lower ( ∼ 28 %) than a case with matched ES x , but where the ES x results from larger scale features. These findings confirm that for multi-scaled surfaces, ES x may be a misleading topographical metric for drag (or k s ) prediction and one must consider which scales contribute to the average slope of a surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Most courses in higher education finish with one or more assessments which commonly all have to be passed. In these courses, student learning is commonly measured using conventional classroom tests, therefore test preparation is a common task for students. In higher education, compared with students' prior education, they are faced with a more complex curriculum and have to perform their studies with less guidance and limited resources. Therefore, effective and efficient test preparation is important. A strategy to help students study effectively in the context of test preparation is to make the appropriate control decisions, for instance to cease test preparation on specific content and (re) study other subjects that need attention. These control decisions are an important psychological aspect of the test preparation study process. We conducted a qualitative study on how students made control decisions in a test preparation period for a knowledge test in Educational Sciences. The study was conducted with students of a teacher training program at a University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands. Results show that different progressions of learning judgments and the self-efficacy of students led to two different saturations. This in turn led to students making either no, inaccurate, or accurate control decisions. This article discusses the impact and practical implications of these insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on an evaluation study of a professional development program to promote teachers' agency for social justice and educational equality. Despite that teachers are seen as change agents for social justice, few studies have investigated what empowers them to adopt this role. Therefore, we designed a theory of change with seven manifestations of agency for social justice (e.g., being committed and experts, taking initiatives). Fourteen primary school teachers participated, engaging in individual reflections, focus group interviews, and an open-ended questionnaire. Thematic analysis was used to code manifestations of agency such as commitment and initiatives. The results demonstrated an empowered sense of agency among the participants. For example, they displayed heightened awareness of inequalities and a critical stance toward their own actions, school policies, and the education system in relation to educational equality. This study contributes to theoretical knowledge about how a professional development program for experienced teachers can be used to develop agency for social justice. Key factors that supported teachers' agency included sufficient time and support in the program to familiarize themselves with social justice and educational equality concepts, as well as receiving comprehensive knowledge on practical interventions and dedicated time for discussing their applicability in their own teaching practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1643, a manuscript was sent from Batavia to Amsterdam. It described in vivid detail a world virtually unknown to the West, that of South-Indian Hinduism, taken from the words of local Brahmins and drawn up by VOC minister Abraham Rogerius. It was not until 1651 that De Open-Deure tot het Verborgen Heydendom appeared from the presses of the Leiden printing house of François Hackius. By then, its author had died, and circumstances regarding the actual publication are shrouded in mystery. This is also true about the life of Abraham Rogerius and the identity of the Open-Deure's anonymous editor, A.W. JCtus. Traditionally associated with the Polish Socinian theologian Andreas Wissowatius, A.W's annotations added a wealth of scholarly detail to Rogerius plain narrative. In this paper, I greatly expand upon the existing biographies of Rogerius and draw lines between the various actors involved with the eventual publication of his writings. I provide a fresh insight into the editorial history and afterlife of the Open-Deure, showing that there are in fact two different editions that diverge at key points. Moreover, I demonstrate that the elusive A.W. JCtus is most certainly not Wissowatius, but instead the Leiden lawyer and politician Arnoldus Wittens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The Hyperview® is a hyperspectral camera, which can be used to assess the microcirculation of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and/or diabetes mellitus (DM). It measures local tissue oxygenation in concentrations of oxyhemoblobin (OXY), deoxyhemoglobin (DEOXY), and O2-saturation (O2-SAT) in arbitrary units. The aim of this validation study is to assess whether the Hyperview® is able to monitor microcirculatory changes after revascularization in patients with PAD. Methods: In this prospective observational cohort study, 50 patients with PAD were included who were scheduled for endovascular, hybrid, or open revascularization. The ankle-brachial index (ABI), systolic toe pressure (TP) (in case of DM), and a set of Hyperview® measurements of the plantar region were recorded before and after treatment. Changes in pre- and postoperative measurements were assessed with the paired t-test. Results: Some 38 patients underwent endovascular revascularization and eight patients underwent hybrid or open vascular surgical revascularization. After revascularization, the ABI improved from 0.58 to 0.80 (p < 0.001). OXY increased from 72.6 to 77.8 (p = 0.134). DEOXY decreased from 69.1 to 55.0 (p < 0.001). O2-SAT increased from 51.3 to 58.1 (p < 0.001). TP improved from 50.6 to 61.9 mmHg (p = 0.065) but was measured in only 16 patients. Conclusion: The Hyperview® is able to observe changes in the microcirculation after revascularization in terms of DEOXY and O2-SAT. The results of this study are a promising step into the validation of the Hyperview®. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First‐generation, low‐income (FGLI) students attend college at historically high rates in the United States. However, FGLI students continue to struggle in transitioning to college, particularly in elite universities. In this article, we engage with interview and supplemental survey data from 40 FGLI students at an elite university to demonstrate how self‐advocacy skills—conceptualized as a form of cultural capital—can support FGLI students' transition into college. We do this through the case of pre‐orientation programs, which are increasingly offered across universities, where half of the sample participated in pre‐orientation and half did not. We interviewed both subsets at the start of their first academic year, as well as during their COVID‐19‐induced departure from campus residences. In response, we argue that students who participated in pre‐orientation more often demonstrate self‐advocacy skills, both in‐person and online, especially in comparison with those who did not participate. We show that forming relationships with peers, as well as faculty and staff, during pre‐orientation is key to enacting self‐advocacy. Lastly, we also respond to previous studies that typically associate self‐advocacy skills with the cultural competencies of higher‐income and continuing‐generation students, while making clear how these skills can benefit FGLI students in transitioning into school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Luangwa Basin, Zambia, which forms part of the Zambezi drainage, is strategically located between the Central African plateau and the East African Rift system. The Luangwa River and major tributaries, such as the Luwumbu River, are perennial water sources supporting essential resources that sustain human communities and a rich and diverse fauna and flora. The archaeological record of Luangwa is relatively unknown, despite early archaeological exploration hinting at its potential. Recent research in the southern Luangwa valley, however, suggests that it preserves a long record of hominin occupation spanning the Early to Late Stone Age. The research described here details fieldwork carried out in northeastern Luangwa, in the Luwumbu Basin, that confirms that a relatively deep package of Quaternary deposits, containing evidence of the Stone Age occupation of the region persists in the upper piedmont zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on three recent films by women directors and produced in Quebec that feature as their main subjects First Nations characters who reside in various corners of the province: Québékoisie (2014), a road documentary directed by biologists-turned-film-makers Mélanie Carrier and Olivier Higgins; Avant les rues/Before the Streets (2016), the first full-length fiction film in the Atikamekw language by screenwriter and director Chloé Leriche; and Le Dep (2015), a psychological drama by Mohawk-Québécois film-maker Sonia Bonspille Boileau. The first two films were shot mainly on Indigenous soil (the first on several Innu reserves of the Côte-Nord; the second in the Atikamekw Community of Manawan), while Le Dep takes place in a fictional Innu community and was filmed in the rural Outaouais region. In addition to offering an analysis of these understudied works, the article situates them within a corpus of other Québécois films featuring Indigenous characters and considers them through the wider lens of cinéma-monde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is still a major public health issue, which makes monitoring air quality a necessity. Mobile, low-cost air quality measurement devices can potentially deliver more coherent data for a region or municipality than stationary measurement stations are capable of due to their improved spatial coverage. In this study, air quality measurements obtained during field tests of our low-cost air quality sensor node (sensor-box) are presented and compared to measurements from the regional air quality monitoring network. The sensor-box can acquire geo-tagged measurements of several important pollutants, as well as other environmental quantities such as light and sound. The field test consists of sensor-boxes mounted on utility vehicles operated by municipalities located in Central Switzerland. Validation is performed against a measurement station that is part of the air quality monitoring network of Central Switzerland. Often not discussed in similar studies, this study tests and discusses several data filtering methods for the removal of outliers and unfeasible values prior to further analysis. The results show a coherent measurement pattern during the field tests and good agreement to the reference station during the side-by-side validation test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Addiction is a worldwide problem with major health complications. Despite intensive treatment, relapse rates remain high. The prevalence of cognitive impairment is high in patients with substance use disorders (SUDs) and is associated with treatment dropout and relapse. Evidence indicates that cognitive function training in persons with SUDs may support treatment. Therefore, the use of web-based tools to test and train cognitive functions is of increasing interest. Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a serious gaming smartphone app to test and train cognitive functions in addition to the treatment of SUDs. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted with 229 patients seeking addiction treatment. The patients were offered 2 smartphone apps in addition to regular care: MyCognition Quotient (MyCQ) assessed cognitive functions and AquaSnap trained these functions. The feasibility was determined based on acceptance rates. The acceptability of the smartphone apps was qualitatively analyzed based on the answers to a questionnaire. Patient characteristics were compared between patients who played and did not play smartphone games. Explorative correlation analyses were performed between the playing time and cognitive assessment scores. Results: Of the 229 patients who were offered the apps, 110 completed the MyCQ assessment, and 59 started playing AquaSnap, yielding acceptance rates of 48.0% and 25.8%, respectively. The group that completed the MyCQ assessment was significantly more educated than the group that did not download the apps (χ 2 2=7.3; P=.03). The education level did not differ significantly between the group that played AquaSnap and the group that did not (P=.06). There were relatively more women in the AquaSnap playing group than in the nonplaying group (χ 2 1=6.5; P=.01). The groups did not differ in terms of age, substance use, treatment setting, mood, or quality of life. With respect to acceptability, 83% (38/46) of the patients who filled out the questionnaire enjoyed taking the MyCQ measurement, whereas 41% (14/34) enjoyed playing the AquaSnap game. Furthermore, 76% (35/46) and 68% (23/34) rated the apps MyCQ and AquaSnap, respectively, as easy. More playing minutes was associated with decreased working memory reaction time and executive functioning accuracy. Conclusions: Our study showed that the use of a smartphone app for cognitive assessment in patients with SUDs who are interested and highly educated is feasible and acceptable for the subgroup that was asked to fill out a perception questionnaire. However, the use of a smartphone app for cognitive training was less feasible for this group of patients. Improvement of the training application and enhancement of the motivation of clients are needed. Despite these limitations, the present results provide support for future research investigating the use of smartphone apps for cognitive assessment and training in relation to the treatment of SUDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the distribution of plastic debris in the ocean water column remains largely unknown. Such information, however, is required to assess the exposure of marine organisms to plastic pollution as well as to calculate the ocean plastic mass balance. Here, we provide water column profiles (0–300 m water depth) of plastic (0.05–5 cm in size) concentration and key planktonic species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. The amount of plastic decreases rapidly in the upper few meters, from ~ 1 item/m3 (~ 1000 µg/m3) at the sea surface to values of ~ 0.001–0.01 items/m3 (~ 0.1–10 µg/m3) at 300 m depth. Ratios of plastic to plankton varied between ~ 10–5 and 1 plastic particles per individual with highest ratios typically found in the surface waters. We further observed that pelagic ratios were generally higher in the water column below the subtropical gyre compared to those in more coastal ecosystems. Lastly, we show plastic to (non-gelatinous) plankton ratios could be as high as ~ 102–107 plastic particles per individual when considering reported concentrations of small microplastics < 100 μm. Plastic pollution in our oceans may therefore soon exceed estimated safe concentrations for many pelagic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The Hyperview® is a novel camera that applies hyperspectral imaging to project local concentrations of oxyhaemoglobin (OXY), deoxyhaemoglobin (DEOXY) and O2-saturation (O2-SAT) in a map. In this pilot validation study, we assessed inter - and intra-observer agreement for measuring OXY, DEOXY and O2-SAT in healthy participants. Methods: The plantar region of the right foot was assessed with the Hyperview® in 50 healthy participants. Two consecutive pictures were taken by the same observer, followed by two images by a second observer. Measurements were performed without and with standardization (a static device for both the foot and the Hyperview camera). Inter- and intra-observer agreements were expressed as Intraclass Correlation coefficients (ICC) with their 95% confidence interval (CI). A score <0.40 indicates poor agreement, 0.40–0.59 fair, 0.60–0.74 good and 0.75–1.00 excellent agreement. Bland and Altman plots were also generated. Results: Without standardization, the ICC values between the observers for OXY, DEOXY and O2-SAT ranged from 0.70 to 0.83. The intra-observer agreement of both observers ranged from 0.36 to 0.83. With standardization, the ICC values between the observers ranged from 0.80 to 0.82 and intra-observer agreement varied from 0.75 to 0.92. Four Bland and Altman plots were generated of the measurements of OXY by observers 1 and 2. Conclusions: When standardization is used, the Hyperview® camera is a reliable device with excellent intra- and inter-observer agreements for the assessment of OXY, DEOXY and O2-SAT. In future research, the inter- and intra-observer agreements of the camera should be investigated in patients with diabetes and/or peripheral arterial disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting dementia in people who are illiterate or have a low level of education is complicated because many cognitive screening tests are not suitable for these persons. Caregiver or informant-based judgment of cognitive status may aid diagnosis. Our goal was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of the Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) in a population of elderly non-Western migrants with a high illiteracy rate. Second, we wanted to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of IQCODE and Rowland Universal Dementia Screening (RUDAS) combined. 109 geriatric outpatients and 20 community controls were included. Geriatricians provided a research diagnosis of intact cognition (n = 27), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 33) or dementia (n = 49). Diagnostic accuracy was calculated for the clinical sample (n = 109). ROC curves for prediction of group status for IQCODE, RUDAS and the combination of both were created. Predictive validity was high for both IQCODE and RUDAS and was highest for the combination (Area Under the Curve.91). Sensitivity, specificity, Youden index, predictive value, and likelihood ratio for IQCODE and RUDAS are reported. In this study in non-Western elderly migrants, half of whom were illiterate, the IQCODE proved to be a valid instrument for dementia detection, and adding the RUDAS increased accuracy. Combining performance-based and informant-based data is recommended to enhance diagnostic precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice core measurements of the concentration and stable isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) 74,000–59,000 years ago constrain marine and terrestrial emissions. The data include two major Dansgaard‐Oeschger (D‐O) events and the N2O decrease during global cooling at the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5a‐4 transition. The N2O increase associated with D‐O 19 (~73–71.5 ka) was driven by equal contributions from marine and terrestrial emissions. The N2O decrease during the transition into MIS 4 (~71.5–67.5 ka) was caused by gradual reductions of similar magnitude in both marine and terrestrial sources. A 50 ppb increase in N2O concentration at the end of MIS 4 was caused by gradual increases in marine and terrestrial emissions between ~64 and 61 ka, followed by an abrupt increase in marine emissions at the onset of D‐O 16/17 (59.5 ka). This suggests that the importance of marine versus terrestrial emissions in controlling millennial‐scale N2O fluctuations varied in time. Plain Language Summary: Nitrous oxide is a powerful greenhouse gas that is produced naturally in soils and oceans. An important unresolved question is the extent to which anthropogenic warming will stimulate additional emissions from these sources, further adding to the warming. Past variations in the abundance of nitrous oxide have been observed using ice core reconstructions, but the reasons for the variations are not well understood. Nitrous oxide produced in soils is isotopically distinct from nitrous oxide produced in oceans. New measurements of the isotopes of atmospheric nitrous oxide provide constraints on how marine and terrestrial sources must have changed, driving fluctuations in nitrous oxide concentration during two intervals of rapid warming and a prolonged period of global cooling. The reconstructed changes in nitrous oxide sources provide insights into relationships between marine and terrestrial ecosystems and climate. Key Points: Stable isotopes of nitrous oxide constrain marine versus terrestrial production 74,000–59,000 years agoMarine and terrestrial sources varied similarly across Dansgaard‐Oeschger 19 and during the Marine Isotope Stage 5‐4 transitionMarine emissions dominated across Dansgaard‐Oeschger 16/17; thus, abrupt N2O increases were not all identical during the last glacial period [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the editorial history of the most important of Isaac Newton's posthumously published scholarly writings, a history so far unwritten. Often attributed solely to Newton's executor, John Conduitt, the Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (1728) was in fact co-edited with the antiquarian Martin Folkes, who would eventually follow in Newton's footsteps and become President of the Royal Society. Likewise, the Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St John (1733) was edited by at least half a dozen of Newton's closest friends and colleagues. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but in particular during the twentieth, these publications were treated as solely Newton's, and analysed as such by both contemporaries and modern historians. However, as this paper shows, the Chronology and in particular the Observations were as much the product of their editors as of their author, and should be considered as such. Reconstructing the editorial history of Newton's posthumous publications reveals a fascinating tale of how his friends, relatives and colleagues tried to piece together meaning from the thousands of manuscripts with which they were confronted, a challenge that continues to this day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a novel concept for the stabilization of the carrier-envelope offset (CEO) frequency of femtosecond pulse trains from thin-disk laser oscillators by exploiting gain depletion modulation in the active gain region. We shine a small fraction of the laser output power back onto the thin disk allowing the population inversion in the gain medium to be controlled. We employ this technique in our home-built Kerr-lens mode-locked Yb:YAG thin-disk laser and benchmark the performance against the proven technique of pump current modulation for CEO stabilization, showing that the two techniques have equivalent performance. The new method which only requires an additional AOM demonstrates a scalable and cost-effective method for CEO stabilization of high-power laser oscillators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isaac Newton (1642–1727) has come down in history as one of the most famous and influential scientists of all time. His Principia (1687) and Opticks (1704) were key texts during the Scientific Revolution and shaped our modern understanding of the world. Yet Newton himself considered his studies of Scriptures, in particular the prophecies in the books of Daniel and Revelation, as far more important. This is testified also by his manuscript Nachlass : over five million words, about half of his written output, were devoted to religious topics, including eschatology, church history, and Scripture-driven chronology. Contemporaries were impressed with the breadth and depth of his theological knowledge and understanding, to the extent that John Mill sought—and received—his help in compiling what would become the standard critical edition of the Greek New Testament, published in 1707. Yet Newton the scholar is hardly known beyond the boundaries of the discipline of history of science. With one or two exceptions, historians of scholarship or theology have ignored Newton's scholarly writings all together. But this does not hold just for Newton: his contemporary Robert Boyle was a prolific writer in both science and theology, yet his theological writings are completely forgotten. In this essay, I trace back how already during his lifetime Newton was fashioned as an icon of science and how, after his death, his scholarly writings were considered inconvenient truths. In conjunction with the shaping of the modern disciplines in the nineteenth century and the establishment of the fields of history of science and history of scholarship in the twentieth century, my essay serves as stimulus to scholars to carefully inspect, and look beyond, the boundaries of their discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a detailed frequency noise analysis of a feedforward scheme used to faithfully transfer the spectral properties of an individual line of an optical frequency comb spectrum to a single-mode laser and in this way indirectly amplify it, which is applicable to any arbitrary comb mode spacing. In contrast to previously reported implementation of the feedforward method for a similar purpose, we present a more thorough noise study, including the measurement of the additive noise of the setup. The reported experimental investigation was performed using two low-noise ultrafast mode-locked lasers with different repetition rates (~ 1 GHz and 250 MHz) and show a faithful transfer of the comb mode frequency noise to the auxiliary laser with a sub-radian additive phase noise integrated from 1 Hz to 1 MHz. We discuss the present limitations of the method that is able to transfer optical comb lines with sub-Hz linewidth and propose simple improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of ultralow-noise microwaves is of both scientific and technological relevance for timing, metrology, communications and radio-astronomy. Today, the lowest reported phase noise signals are obtained via optical frequency-division using mode-locked laser frequency combs. Nonetheless, this technique ideally requires high repetition rates and tight comb stabilisation. Here, a microresonator-based Kerr frequency comb (soliton microcomb) with a 14 GHz repetition rate is generated with an ultra-stable pump laser and used to derive an ultralow-noise microwave reference signal, with an absolute phase noise level below −60 dBc/Hz at 1 Hz offset frequency and −135 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz. This is achieved using a transfer oscillator approach, where the free-running microcomb noise (which is carefully studied and minimised) is cancelled via a combination of electronic division and mixing. Although this proof-of-principle uses an auxiliary comb for detecting the microcomb's offset frequency, we highlight the prospects of this method with future self-referenced integrated microcombs and electro-optic combs, that would allow for ultralow-noise microwave and sub-terahertz signal generators. In order to satisfy a wide range of modern microwave applications, improved methods are needed to produce low-noise microwave signals. Here the authors demonstrate ultra-low noise microwave synthesis via optical frequency division using a transfer oscillator method applied to a microresonator-based comb on the path to future self-referenced integrated sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using high-precision and centennial-resolution ice core information on atmospheric nitrous oxide concentrations and its stable nitrogen and oxygen isotopic composition, we quantitatively reconstruct changes in the terrestrial and marine N2O emissions over the last 21 000 years. Our reconstruction indicates that N2O emissions from land and ocean increased over the deglaciation largely in parallel by 1.7±0.3 and 0.7±0.3 TgN yr -1 , respectively, relative to the Last Glacial Maximum level. However, during the abrupt Northern Hemisphere warmings at the onset of the Bølling–Allerød warming and the end of the Younger Dryas, terrestrial emissions respond more rapidly to the northward shift in the Intertropical Convergence Zone connected to the resumption of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. About 90 % of these large step increases were realized within 2 centuries at maximum. In contrast, marine emissions start to slowly increase already many centuries before the rapid warmings, possibly connected to a re-equilibration of subsurface oxygen in response to previous changes. Marine emissions decreased, concomitantly with changes in atmospheric CO2 and δ13C(CO2) , at the onset of the termination and remained minimal during the early phase of Heinrich Stadial 1. During the early Holocene a slow decline in marine N2O emission of 0.4 TgN yr -1 is reconstructed, which suggests an improvement of subsurface water ventilation in line with slowly increasing Atlantic overturning circulation. In the second half of the Holocene total emissions remain on a relatively constant level, but with significant millennial variability. The latter is still difficult to attribute to marine or terrestrial sources. Our N2O emission records provide important quantitative benchmarks for ocean and terrestrial nitrogen cycle models to study the influence of climate on nitrogen turnover on timescales from several decades to glacial–interglacial changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is no consensus about the optimal treatment of anterior inferior ligament avulsion fractures of the ankle. The aim of this study is to provide insights regarding the incidence of anterior inferior ligament avulsion fractures, the association with fracture type, and correlation with treatment.Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis in a level-1 trauma center of adult patients with an ankle fracture operated between the dates 01-01-2009 and 01-09-2017 who had a pre- and postoperative CT-scan. Within the study population, the incidence of AITFL avulsion fracture was defined. Primary outcome was the type of avulsion fracture and related treatment. Secondary outcome was additional surgery in relation to the initial treatment.Results: In total, 65 of 252 (25.8%) patients were diagnosed with an anterior inferior ligament avulsion fracture. Zero patients had a Wagstaffe type 1 fracture, 28 (43.1%) had a type 2, 32 (49.2%) had a type 3, and 5 (7.7%) had a type 4. There was a correlation between Wagstaffe type 2 and Weber B fractures, p < 0.0001, and Wagstaffe type 3 avulsions were correlated with a Weber C fracture, p < 0.0001. Thirty-five of the avulsed fragments (53.8%) were smaller than 5 mm. In 13 (20%) of patients with anterior inferior ligament avulsion fracture, the avulsed fragments were directly fixated during initial surgery. Size and direct fixation of the fragment were significantly correlated (p < 0.0001). Within the anterior inferior ligament avulsion fracture group, only a total of four patients (6.2%) underwent a revision.Conclusion: In the current study, an incidence of 25.8% of anterior inferior ligament avulsion fracture in surgically treated ankle fractures is reported. A correlation between the type of Wagstaffe injury and Weber classification was showed. Most fragments smaller than 5 mm were not fixated; however, not all injuries needed syndesmotic screws due to syndesmotic instability.Level Of Evidence: Level IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using high precision and centennial resolution ice core information on atmospheric nitrous oxide concentrations and its stable nitrogen and oxygen isotopic composition, we quantitatively reconstruct changes in the terrestrial and marine N2O emissions over the last 21,000 years. We show that N2O emissions from land and ocean increased largely in parallel by 1.7±0.3TgNyr-1 and 0.7±0.3TgNyr-1 over the deglaciation, respectively. However, during the abrupt Northern Hemisphere warmings at the onset of the B⊘lling/Aller⊘d and the end of the Younger Dryas, terrestrial emissions respond more rapidly to the northward shift in the Intertropical Convergence Zone connected to the resumption of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. 90% of these large step increases were realized within maximum two centuries. In contrast, marine emissions start to slowly increase already many centuries before the rapid warmings, possibly connected to a re-equilibration of subsurface oxygen in response to previous changes. Marine emissions decreased, concomitantly with changes in atmospheric CO2 and δ13C(CO2), at the onset of the termination and remained minimal during the early phase of Heinrich Stadial 1. During the early Holocene a slow decline in marine N2O emission of 0.4TgNyr-1 is reconstructed, suggesting an improvement of subsurface water ventilation in line with slowly increasing Atlantic overturning circulation. In the second half of the Holocene total emissions remain on a relatively constant level, however with significant millennial variability which is currently still difficult to attribute to marine or terrestrial sources. Our N2O emission records provide important quantitative benchmarks for ocean and terrestrial nitrogen cycle models to study the influence of climate on nitrogen turnover on time scales from several decades to glacial/interglacial changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Purpose: To investigate prospectively macular microvascular changes in patients with glaucoma and identify common characteristics among the progressive eyes. Methods: A 12‐month prospective longitudinal study was performed with 124 open‐angle‐glaucoma‐eyes (GE). Glaucomatous progression was defined as a decrease of ≥5 μm in average or ≥7 μm in a sector of RNFL thickness. OMAG OCT microangiography (Angioplex, HD OCT, Cirrus 5000, Zeiss) was used to analyse the macular region. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 23.0 statistical package (SPSS Inc., IL). Results: Among the GE group, 22.36% of eyes showed progression, being the decrease of the Complete Region Macular Vessel Density (MVD) and Macular Capillary Perfusion Density (MPD) greater (−1.14 mm/mm2 and −3.18%) compared to non‐progressive eyes (−0.42 mm/mm2 and −1.02%) [p = 0.123 and 0.057], being the temporal and superior sectors for both MVD and MPD, the ones that showed greater differences (−1.44 mm/mm2, −1.11 mm/mm2, −3.6% and −2.95% respectively) [p > 0.05 for all]. Characteristics as elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) (17.29 vs 14.87 mmHg), thinner central corneal thickness (CCT) (521.53 vs 538.65 μm) and lower ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) (45.88 vs 49.21 mmHg) were significantly different in those progressive GE [p < 0′05 for all]. Nevertheless, increased vertical cup to disc ratio (CDV) (0.64 vs 0.63) and minimum ganglion cell layer thickness (GCLM) (58,82 vs 56.51 μm) were not significantly different in progressive GE [p = 0.768 and 0.249]. Conclusions: Data showed that when glaucomatous progression took place, stronger vascular changes occurred in the macular area, as greater decrease of MVD and MPD specially in the temporal and superior sectors. In addition, common characteristics as elevated intraocular pressure, thinner central corneal thickness and lower ocular perfusion pressure were identified in progressive GE. Nevertheless, further research with larger population and larger follow‐up is needed to obtain stronger results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Purpose: To assess the clinical outcomes subsequent to the implantation of a Baerveldt 350 drainage device, utilizing different restrictive methodologies to prevent sudden postoperative hypotony (HT) (IOP <6 mmHg), and their subsequent impact on the incidence of a Hypertensive phase (HP). Methods: A retrospective observational analysis of 71 consecutive eyes that had a Baerveldt 350 implanted. 50 eyes had 6 or 7/0 polyglactin tube ligation (ligature group = LG) and 21 eyes had a 3/0 polypropylene intraluminal tear cord 3/0 added to the ligation (ripcord‐ligature group = RLG), which was manually removed at the surgeon's discretion after spontaneous opening of the polyglactin. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular hypotensive medication (OHM) lowering, failure rate, complete and partial success (CS and PS) and presence of HP were analysed. Results: The mean preoperative IOP was 26.14 (11.34) mmHg with 2.98 OHM for the LG and 28 (8.76) mmHg with 3.35 OHM for the RLG (p = 0.545 and p = 0.397). At the end of the follow‐up, the mean postoperative IOP was 13.35 (3.87) mmHg for the LG and 10.81(2.66) mmHg for the RLG (p = 0.01). The mean reduction of OHM was 2.25 (1.38) for the LG and 2.81 (1.6) for the RLG (p = 0.168). HP was noted in 26 patients (37.14%), 25 of them took place in the LG (50%); however, only 1 took place in the RLG (5%) (p = 0.00023). 35% of the patients who exhibited HP achieved CS, compared to 67.7% of the patients that did not show HP (p = 0.022). The survival analysis for a 12 months follow‐up period, showed that the estimate survival time for the LG was 10.97 (±0.521), and 11.64 (±0.342) for the RLG (p = 0.216). Two predictors were identified for risk of failure and CS: age of the patient before surgery (OR 0.157; 95% CI 0.029–0.865; p = 0.033) and the presence of HP (OR 3.90; 95% CI 1.189–12.794; p = 0.025). Lastly, HT was noted in 55 patients (80.9%), 45 of them took place in the LG (81.8%); however, only 10 took place in the RLG (18.2%) (Pearson Chi‐S p = 0.000225). Conclusions: Baerveldt 350 drainage device implantation has proven to be an effective procedure for glaucoma control. The use of the ripcord added to the absorbable ligature was associated with less risk of HP, and with better IOP results at the 12‐months follow‐up. Nevertheless, further research with larger population and larger follow‐up is needed to obtain robust results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we review the current state and discuss new developments in opto-optical modulation (OOM) of semiconductor elements for frequency comb self-referenced stabilization of ultrafast lasers. This method has been successfully used for carrier-envelope offset (CEO) frequency stabilization of diode-pumped solid-state lasers operating in 1-μm and 1.5-μm regimes, providing high feedback bandwidth and resulting in low noise performance. We compare the achieved results for Er- and Yb-based laser materials and in different regimes of repetition rates up to 1 GHz. In addition, we present the first semiconductor OOM for CEO stabilization in an ultrafast fiber laser. Moreover, we discuss requirements and design guidelines for OOM chips. In most demonstrations, semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors have been used for OOM, which in parallel were also responsible for pulse formation. By separating the OOM functionality from the pulse formation, we expect that it will enable low-noise CEO stabilization in other types of ultrafast lasers, such as, for example, high-power Kerr-lens mode-locked thin disk lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An amphiphile based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer and two molecular moieties (perylene diimide and C7 fluoroalkyl, PDI and C7F) attached to its termini assembles into crystalline films with long‐range order. The films reversibly switch from crystalline to amorphous above the PEG melting temperature. The adaptive behavior stems from the responsiveness of the PEG domain and the robustness of the PDI and C7F assemblies. The hydrophobicity of the film can be controlled by heating, resulting in switching from highly hydrophobic to superhydrophilic. The long‐range order, reversible crystallinity switching, and the temperature‐controlled wettability demonstrate the potential of block copolymer analogues based on simple polymeric/molecular hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An amphiphile based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer and two molecular moieties (perylene diimide and C7 fluoroalkyl, PDI and C7F) attached to its termini assembles into crystalline films with long‐range order. The films reversibly switch from crystalline to amorphous above the PEG melting temperature. The adaptive behavior stems from the responsiveness of the PEG domain and the robustness of the PDI and C7F assemblies. The hydrophobicity of the film can be controlled by heating, resulting in switching from highly hydrophobic to superhydrophilic. The long‐range order, reversible crystallinity switching, and the temperature‐controlled wettability demonstrate the potential of block copolymer analogues based on simple polymeric/molecular hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a detailed frequency noise characterization of an ultrafast diodepumped solid-state laser operating at 25-GHz repetition rate. The laser is based on the gain material Er:Yb:glass and operates at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. Using a beating measurement with an ultralow-noise continuous-wave laser in combination with a dedicated electrical scheme, we measured the frequency noise properties of an optical mode of the 25-GHz laser, of its repetition rate and indirectly of its carrier-envelope offset (CEO) signal without detecting the CEO frequency by the standard approach of nonlinear interferometry. We observed a strong anticorrelation between the frequency noise of the indirect CEO signal and of the repetition rate in our laser, leading to optical modes with a linewidth below 300 kHz in the free-running laser (at 100-ms integration time), much narrower than the individual contributions of the carrier envelope offset and repetition rate. We explain this behavior by the presence of a fixed point located close to the optical carrier in the laser spectrum for the dominant noise source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a detailed frequency noise characterization of an ultrafast diodepumped solid-state laser operating at 25-GHz repetition rate. The laser is based on the gain material Er:Yb:glass and operates at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. Using a beating measurement with an ultralow-noise continuous-wave laser in combination with a dedicated electrical scheme, we measured the frequency noise properties of an optical mode of the 25-GHz laser, of its repetition rate and indirectly of its carrier-envelope offset (CEO) signal without detecting the CEO frequency by the standard approach of nonlinear interferometry. We observed a strong anticorrelation between the frequency noise of the indirect CEO signal and of the repetition rate in our laser, leading to optical modes with a linewidth below 300 kHz in the free-running laser (at 100-ms integration time), much narrower than the individual contributions of the carrier envelope offset and repetition rate. We explain this behavior by the presence of a fixed point located close to the optical carrier in the laser spectrum for the dominant noise source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a frequency stabilized laser at 2051 nm based on a versatile all-fibered stabilization setup. A modulation sideband locking technique is implemented to lock the laser at a controlled frequency detuning from the center of the CO R(30) transition envisaged for space-borne differential absorption lidar (DIAL) applications. This method relies on the use of a compact all-fibered gas reference cell that makes the setup robust and immune to mechanically induced optical misalignments. The gas cell is fabricated using a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber filled with pure CO at a low pressure of ~20 mbar and hermetically sealed at both ends by splices to silica fibers. Different configurations of this fibered cell have been developed and are presented. With this technique, frequency stabilities below 40 kHz at 1-s integration time and <100 kHz up to 1000-s averaging time were achieved for a laser detuning by around 1 GHz from the center of the CO transition. These stabilities are compliant with typical requirements for the reference seed source for a space CO DIAL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we revisit the convolution series initially introduced by Middleton several decades ago to determine the power spectrum (or spectral line shape) of a periodic signal from its phase noise power spectral density. This topic is of wide interest, as it has an important impact on many scientific areas that involve lasers and oscillators. We introduce a simple guideline that enables a fairly straightforward computation of the power spectrum corresponding to an arbitrary phase noise. We show the benefit of this approach on a computational point of view, and apply it to various types of experimental signals with different phase noise levels, showing a very good agreement with the experimental spectra. This approach also provides a qualitative and intuitive understanding of the power spectrum corresponding to different regimes of phase noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]