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The quantitative analysis of urban form has long become an important component of both academic research and practice contributing to a better understanding of how cities function and evolve. Despite the abundance of studies quantifying urban structures of the cities in developed countries, the reach of modern quantitative methods into studying the urban form of the Russian cities has been limited. This paper aims to fill in the knowledge gap of the quantified urban form characteristics of the largest regional centers in Russia presenting a GIS-based multivariate analysis of the similarities and differences between their urban structures. The results of the spatial modelling form the base for the development of the typology of urban structures produced via the k-means statistical clustering technique. Attributing the city to one of the three types of urban form identified—compact, discrete, or extended—allows obtaining a better understanding of the city's spatial organisation that should in turn feed into the grounded strategy for its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhibition of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT, also known as IBAT, the ileal bile acid transporter, SLC10A2) leads to impairments in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and their excretion with fecal masses. This is accompanied by cholesterol utilization for synthesis of new bile acids. ASBT inhibitors are promising drugs for the treatment of such diseases as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, necrotic enterocolitis, chronic constipation, and atherosclerosis. To date the most known chemically synthesized inhibitors are: A3309, SHP626, A4250, 264W94, GSK2330672, SC-435. All of them are at different stages of clinical trials, which confirm high efficacy and good tolerance of these inhibitors. Current trends in this field also include directed chemical synthesis of ASBT inhibitors, as well as their search among substances of plant origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The features of fission fragments formed in the near barrier reaction 32 S + 197 Au ( E beam lab = 166 MeV ) are investigated. The measurement was performed at the ALTO facility of IPN Orsay, France, with the aim of clarifying the quantitative contribution of the quasi-fission process to the total fission events. The mass and total kinetic energy of the fission fragments were compared to the expectations of the liquid drop model, revealing an asymmetric fission component which may be traced back to a quasi-fission process mixed with the fusion–fission events. The γ -rays and neutrons measured in coincidence with the fission fragments were used to yield additional information for the discrimination of the two aforementioned mechanisms. All observed trends are consistent and fairly well reproduced by the statistical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Ear, Throat and Nose Pathology and hearing loss is a major problem in children case, as it can be the cause of mental and speech underdevelopment A child with hearing loss has difficulties adapting to society and at school Plus breathing and nasal disorder causes hypoxia, which leads to increasing problems in education Every age group has different hearing impairment With newborns and toddlers it is mainly sensorineural Pre-school and school age is characterized by a wider list of factors leading to hearing loss Acute and chronic diseases of ENT organs, especially during the cold seasons in Russia, can also cause hearing loss. Objective: To determine the prevalence of ENT organ pathology and hearing impairment among primary schoolage children in the autumn-spring seasons in two regions of Russia: Ufa and Novosibirsk. Methods: We evaluated 429 primary school-age children in Ufa and 216 from Novosibirsk A total of 645 schoolchildren (1 290 ears) were examined All of them were between 7 to 11 years old Classical examination ENT organs with otoscopy, tonal threshold audiometry, tympanometry, TE OAE was performed. Results: In 849 ears (65.8%) the middle ear pathology was not detected and the otoscopy, tympanometry, tonal threshold audiometry corresponded to a healthy ear The TE OAE was registered Still the TE OAE was not registed in 441 ears (34.2%) In these cases different abnormalities were found Otoscopic results in this group of children were: inflow eardrum (64 ears), immobility or stiffness of the eardrum (286 ears), exudate in the tympanic cavity (72 ears), 'air bubbles' (19 ears), adhesion or petrification of the tympanic membrane (23 ears) and persistent perforation (19 ears) The degree of hearing loss was assessed in accordance with the International classification: weak degree (26--40 dB), moderate (41--55 dB), moderate severity (56--70 dB, severe (71--90 dB) and deafness (more than 90 dB) The results of the tonal threshold audiometry found a unilateral hearing impairment in 67 children, binaural -- in 35 schoolchildren Often (264 ears) we observed an increase in the hearing threshold at one or more frequencies from 10 to 30 dB Hearing loss 1st, 2nd or 3rd degrees was detected in 137 ears Sensoneural hearing loss (SHL) was detected in 19 ears, conductive (CHL) in 87 ears, mixed (MHL) in 31 ears Two children had unilateral deafness The most often problems were revealed during ENT examination: acute infectious rhinitis and sinusitis (67 children), allergic rhinitis (23 children), chronic tonsillitis (34 children), hypertrophy of the adenoids (36 children) and other abnormalities (pathology of the nasal septum, vasomotor rhinitis, chronic sinusitis) Tympanometry showed that in 26.0% of cases, dysfunction of auditory tubes was detected (tympanogram type C) In 11.2% of cases, we observed exudative otitis with tympanogram type B We found that in 65% of cases, auditory tube dysfunction and exudative otitis were combined with various problems of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Conclusions: The data of the examination of schoolchildren show that the most common cause of hearing loss of primary school pupils is the pathology of the middle ear with conductive hearing loss Therefore, tympanometry is the most useful test that allows you to identify problems of the middle ear at an early stage We want to underline what the use of tonal threshold audiometry and TE OAE in the school is difficult due to the noise of the premises and the need for a soundproof cabin It is very important that none of the children actively complained about hearing loss or ear problems As a result parents were also not aware of the children's ear problems Teachers, on the other hand, often noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]