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Background: A pulp stone is a calcified mass that develops in the dental pulp of any tooth. Despite many studies examining the relationship between pulp stone formation and non-oral factors, the methods used in these studies have been unable to explain the exact role of these factors alone as distinct from probable effects within the oral cavity environment. Considering that totally unerupted (impacted or developing) teeth are unexposed to the oral cavity's environmental and functional conditions, they provide a more suitable material for studying the effects of these non-oral factors on pulp stone formation. This research study aimed to investigate pulp stones in unerupted teeth and the associated factors in a Saudi subpopulation. Methods: The study included 644 cone-beam computed tomography images, with 496 (50.9%) maxillary and 479 (49.1%) mandibular teeth. Of the investigated patients, 293 (45.5%) were men, and 351 (54.5%) were women. The age range was 15–76 years. A chi-square test was used to investigate the associations between pulp stones and age, gender, and history of systemic disease and chronic medication use. Results: Pulp stones in unerupted teeth were present in 24.2% of the examined dental jaws and 18.6% of the examined teeth. There was no statistically significant relationship between pulp stones and gender (p > 0.05). A significantly greater percentage of pulp stones were found with increasing age (p = 0.000). Additionally, a significantly increased number of pulp stones was observed in patients with systemic diseases and chronic medications (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results support the idea that pulp stones can be present in any type of unerupted tooth. This study provides additional evidence of the increased incidence of pulp stones with age, systemic disease, and chronic medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal urban areas like New York City (NYC) are more vulnerable to urban pluvial flooding particularly because the rapid runoff from extreme rainfall events can be further compounded by the co-occurrence of high sea-level conditions either from tide or storm surge leading to compound flooding events. Present-day urban pluvial flooding is a significant challenge for NYC and this challenge is expected to become more severe with the greater frequency and intensity of storms and sea-level rise (SLR) in the future. In this study, we advance NYC's assessment of present and future exposure to urban pluvial flooding through simulating various storm scenarios using a citywide hydrologic and hydraulic model. This is the first citywide analysis using NYC's drainage models focusing on rainfall-induced flooding. We showed that the city's stormwater system is highly vulnerable to high-intensity short-duration "cloudburst" events, with the extent and volume of flooding being the largest during these events. We further showed that rainfall events coupled with higher sea-level conditions, either from SLR or storm surge, could significantly increase the volume and extent of flooding in the city. We also assessed flood exposure in terms of the number of buildings and length of roads exposed to flooding as well as the number of the affected population. This study informs NYC's residents of their current and future flood risk and enables the development of tailored solutions to manage increasing flood risk in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides a comprehensive overview of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D-printing (3DP) applications in the pharmaceutical industry, with a particular focus on the critical role of polymer selection. By providing insights into how material properties influence the 3DP process and the quality of the final product, this review aims to contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between polymers and pharmaceutical 3DP. As 3DP technologies are increasingly integrated into pharmaceutical sciences, this review contributes insights into the nuanced process of polymer selection, serving mainly as a foundational guide for researchers and formulators new to the subject seeking to harness the full potential of pharmaceutical 3DP by understanding the physicochemical properties, roles, and functions of used polymers in 3D-printed dosage forms and medical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flooding is becoming more frequent along U.S. coastlines due to the rising impacts of fluvial and coastal flood sources, as well as their compound effects. However, we have a limited understanding of mechanisms whereby sea level rise (SLR) changes flood drivers and contributes to flood compounding. Additionally, flood mitigation studies for fluvial floodplains near tidal water bodies often overlook the potential future contribution of coastal water levels. This study investigates the role of SLR in inducing high-tide flooding (HTF) and compound flooding in a neighborhood that lies on a fluvial floodplain. Eastwick, Philadelphia, is a flood-prone neighborhood that lies on the confluence of two flashy, small tributaries of the tidal Delaware River. We develop a combined 1D-2D HEC-RAS fluvial-coastal flood model and demonstrate the model's accuracy for low-discharge tidal conditions and the extreme discharge conditions of tropical Cyclone (TC) Isaias (2020) (e.g., Root Mean Square Error 0.08 and 0.13 m, respectively). Simulations show that Eastwick may experience SLR-induced HTF as soon as the 2060s, and the flood extent (34.4%) could become as bad as present-day extreme event flooding (30.7% during TC Isaias) as soon as the 2080s (based on 95th percentile SLR projections). Simulations of Isaias flooding with SLR also indicate a trend toward compounding of extreme fluvial flooding. In both cases the coastal flood water enters Eastwick through a different pathway, over a land area not presently included in some fluvial flood models. Our results show that SLR will become an important contributor to future flooding even in fluvial floodplains near tidal water bodies and may require development of compound flood models that can capture new flood pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Needle fear is one of the most common fears in dental treatment, thus, patients’ demand for topical anesthetics has been increasing significantly. Topical anesthetic has always been generally supported as a technique for decreasing anxiety and discomfort related to needle insertion and its important part in the atraumatic injection of local anesthesia. Objective: This study aims to investigate patients’ psychological and physiological aspects of topical anesthetics in reducing dental needle pain. Materials and Methods: The data were collected from patients attending the Dental University Hospital at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The targeted subjects were patients with no previous or current history of psychological impairment or prior history of pain disorder. Results: The most commonly perceived benefits of topical anesthesia were local numbness (50.1%) and relaxation (33.0%). Most of the participants had ever requested a topical anesthetic before injection. The most common reasons were anxiety and tension due to needle pain (53.2%) and previous experiences with injection-related pain (42.9%). Conclusion: This study showed that the topical anesthetic has a significant psychological impact on patient’s attitudes toward dental treatment with most patients demanding topical anesthetic before dental injections to reduce their level of anxiety and fear before dental injections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops an adaptive Project Management Model (PM‐Model) for the International Development and Aid Projects (IDAPs) that International Non‐Governmental Organizations (INGOs) implement by integrating IDAPs' requirements grounded in Total Quality Management (TQM) and Core Humanitarian Standards (CHS). The three‐round Delphi process allows experts' opinions to identify the deficiencies of the PMBOK® Guide to propose an adaptive PM‐Model for the management of IDAPs. Seven experts suggest the required adaptations in Round‐1 and narrow down the transformations in Round‐2. Then, in Round‐3, nine practitioners validate the proposed new model of the final adaptive PM‐Model that entails eight adaptions to the PMBOK® Guide for the interest of IDAPs and vulnerable people reached by these projects. The result contributes to the PM theory by providing an adaptive PM‐Model for the international development industry. This study addresses the practical problems faced by the practitioners. Thus, it promotes people's inclusion and decision‐making, relevancy of provided assistance by IDAPs, accountability, coordination, local capacities and community leadership, monitoring and evaluation, and satisfying donors of IDAPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the impact of total quality management (TQM) practices on the work-related attitudes of International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs) staff, including job involvement, job satisfaction, career satisfaction and organisational commitment. Design/methodology/approach: The paper developed and tested 16 hypotheses on the relationship between TQM practices and work-related attitudes. Out of 295 targeted staff working for 59 INGOs operating in Jordan, 126 staff have responded to the research questionnaire. The collected dataset has been analysed using the structural equation modelling-partial least square (SEM-PLS) technique. Findings: Analysis of the data revealed the significant positive effect of TQM practices. Beneficiary focus, empowerment-teamwork and continuous improvement impact 35% of job involvement. Meanwhile, beneficiary focus and empowerment-teamwork affect 34 and 47% of career satisfaction and organisational commitment, respectively. Significantly, empowerment-teamwork and continuous improvement determine 62% of job satisfaction. However, the low extent of training and education is challenging to enhance employees' positive emotions. Practical implications: This research provides further evidence on the importance of TQM practices to the leaders of INGOs. Therefore, to orient their resources towards TQM implementation to enhance work-related attitudes, and in turn, the performance of interventions in this challenging sector. Originality/value: This research extends the knowledge regarding certain TQM practices that naturally and variably empower job and career satisfaction, job involvement, and organisational commitment within the INGOs. Therefore, to confirm the validity of this research direction in a new uncovered sector, which has its own specificities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to formulate COVID-19 benchmarks that international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) have considered to recover from the sudden stopping of operations swiftly and consequences of COVID-19 pandemic; thus, to move forward toward readiness for both, the unpredictable spreading or disappearing of the virus (case of INGOs operating in Jordan). Design/methodology/approach: This exploratory research has been informed by the broader social constructivism paradigm and the basics of grounded theory method to identify the common themes. Six semistructured interviews have been conducted with INGOs' leaders. The findings have been categorized, triangulated and prioritized toward the final identification of benchmarks. Findings: Seven COVID-19 benchmarks for INGOs' effective responses during COVID-19 pandemic have been proposed, comprising of (1) donors' policies and regulations, (2) needs, expectations and relevancy, (3) coordination, (4) staff management, (5) business continuation plans, (6) balanced short-term and long-term planning and (7) permanent adoption of successful modalities. Social implications: INGOs play a vital role in the lives of vulnerable people around the world through their international development and aid (IDA) projects. However, the restrictions of movements associated with COVID-19 pandemic drive more burden on these communities and interrupted their access to assistance and support. This paper helps to sustain the crucial support of INGOs to those people who need it. Originality/value: COVID-19 pandemic has interrupted the implementation of IDA projects, which added further obstacles toward the achievement of quality implementation of these projects. The proposed COVID-19 benchmarks help INGOs to overcome the consequences of pandemic on the near longer-term alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to respond to the complexity of Project Management (PM) in International Development and Aid Projects (IDAPs) has been acknowledged. Nevertheless, there are minimal endeavors to customize the standard PM Models in enhancing IDAPs within the more immense structures and longer field‐specific agendas for the interest of people reached by this specific type of projects in the man‐made crises. This article aims to examine the standard PMBOK(R) Guide and align it with requirements of IDAPs by emphasizing the Total Quality Management and Core Humanitarian Standers. A critical review has provided a conceptual model for better management of IDAPs that are implemented in man‐made crises such as Syrian refugee crisis in the Middle East, which adds value to how the standard PMBOK(R) Guide might be adopted or adapted for IDAPs requirements and the interest of better organizational effectiveness of International Non‐Governmental Organizations and vulnerable people alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent hurricanes have demonstrated the need for real-time flood forecasting at street scale in coastal urban areas. Here, we describe the high-impact high-resolution (HIHR) system that operationally forecasts flooding at very high resolution in the New York–New Jersey metropolitan region. HIHR is the latest upgrade of the Stevens Flood Advisory System (SFAS), a highly detailed operational coastal ocean modeling system. SFAS, based on the Hydrologic–Hydraulic–Hydrodynamic Ensemble (H3E) modeling framework, consists of four sets of nested coastal and inland flood models that provide ensemble flood forecasts with a horizon of at least 96 h from regional to street scales based on forcing from 100 different meteorological output fields. HIHR includes nine model domains with horizontal resolution ranging from 3 to 10 m around critical infrastructure sites in the region. HIHR models are based on an advanced hydrodynamic code [the Stevens Estuarine and Coastal Ocean Model (sECOM), a derivative of the Princeton Ocean Model] and nested into the H3E models. HIHR was retrospectively evaluated by forecasting the coastal flooding caused by Superstorm Sandy in 2012 using water-level sensors, high-water marks, and flood maps. The forecasts for the 95th percentile show a good agreement with these observations even three days before the peak flood, while the 50th percentile is negatively biased because of the lack of resolution on the meteorological forcing. Forecasts became more accurate and less uncertain as the forecasts were issued closer to the peak flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of hard total quality management (TQM) practices on operational performance dimensions in manufacturing organizations.Design/methodology/approach The study was designed in the Jordanian manufacturing sector. Organizations that are familiar with hard TQM practices specifically that had already implemented ISO 9001 certificate were randomly surveyed through structured questionnaire, yielded a sample of 40 responding organizations. Principal component factor analysis was used to analyze hard TQM practices implementation and organizations operational performance dimensions. As a result, specific hard TQM practices and operational performance dimensions were extracted. The hard TQM practices that significantly influence operational performance dimensions were tested using simple and multiple linear regression analysis.Findings The research findings showed that hard TQM practices in manufacturing sector include; continuous improvement, statistical process control (SPC), process management and quality tools and techniques. Meanwhile, operational performance dimensions include; quality and inventory management performance. Also, the findings showed that continuous improvement and SPC practices play a major role in obtaining the desired results of operational performance.Research limitations/implications Three limitations can be identified in this research, using subjective measures of TQM practices and operational performance, low response rate and using a sample of organizations from various industries. This paper can help Jordanian manufacturing organizations to foster proper practices and make the right decisions related to operational performance.Originality/value This study describes a reliable hard TQM model that can be used by manufacturing organizations to improve their operational performance. Also, the results of this study contribute to prior literature and recommend some best practices for manufacturing organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of trust with suppliers on hospital-supplier integration (SI) and hospital supply chain (SC) performance. Additionally, the mediating effect of SI on trust-hospital SC performance is investigated.Design/methodology/approach A research model and hypotheses were developed based on literature review. The study is based on survey data collected from 152 respondents in 55 private hospitals in Jordan. The proposed hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling.Findings The paper finds that trust with suppliers has a positive impact on hospital-SI and hospital SC performance. Hospital-SI partially mediates the relationship between trust and hospital SC performance.Practical implications The findings of this research provide useful insights into the role of trust in boosting SC performance in the healthcare sector. High levels of SI not only improve hospital SC performance but also enhance the transformation of trust benefits into SC performance.Originality/value This research is one of the limited studies that investigated the effect of trust on hospital-SI and hospital SC performance in the healthcare sector. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to investigate those relationships in the Middle East in general and in Jordan in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Since conducting the literature review revealed that assessing quality in secondary schools has been an unexplored territory, and where most educational service quality research studies have mainly focussed on assessing quality from a student’s perspective in higher education, comes into play with a two-fold objective: first, to identify the quality dimensions most vital to students in a developing country such as Jordan, and then to develop a framework consisting of these dimensions; and second, to investigate the extent of satisfaction of students enrolled into international qualifications in Jordan by measuring the gap between expectations and perceptions. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A focus group meeting consisting of experts in the field of secondary school education, specifically in internationally recognized qualifications, was conducted. These expert’s objective input helped develop the framework for assessing quality in secondary schools. Findings – A framework was developed specifically to suit private secondary schools in Jordan with reference to the SERVQUAL model. The resulting questionnaire is intended to be distributed to over 200 students enrolled in an international qualification program among private schools in Jordan. Research limitations/implications – The framework could be considered as a form of reality check for schools supplying school administrations in Jordan with a suitable tool to measure whether they are exceeding their students’ expectations. This framework might not be applicable to public schools in Jordan, since it was customized to be applied in schools who have adopted international qualification(s). Originality/value – This study contributes to quality service research that addresses the context of high schools in a developing Middle-Eastern country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the uncertainties in hourly streamflow ensemble forecasts for an extreme hydrological event using a hydrological model forced with short-range ensemble weather prediction models. A state-of-the art, automated, short-term hydrologic prediction framework was implemented using GIS and a regional scale hydrological model (HEC-HMS). The hydrologic framework was applied to the Hudson River basin (~36000 km2) in the United States using gridded precipitation data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and was validated against streamflow observations from the United States Geologic Survey (USGS). Finally, 21 precipitation ensemble members of the latest Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS/R) were forced into HEC-HMS to generate a retrospective streamflow ensemble forecast for an extreme hydrological event, Hurricane Irene. The work shows that ensemble stream discharge forecasts provide improved predictions and useful information about associated uncertainties, thus improving the assessment of risks when compared with deterministic forecasts. The uncertainties in weather inputs may result in false warnings and missed river flooding events, reducing the potential to effectively mitigate flood damage. The findings demonstrate how errors in the ensemble median streamflow forecast and time of peak, as well as the ensemble spread (uncertainty) are reduced 48 h pre-event by utilizing the ensemble framework. The methodology and implications of this work benefit efforts of short-term streamflow forecasts at regional scales, notably regarding the peak timing of an extreme hydrologic event when combined with a flood threshold exceedance diagram. Although the modeling framework was implemented on the Hudson River basin, it is flexible and applicable in other parts of the world where atmospheric reanalysis products and streamflow data are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to aggregate significant part of debates in the field of International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) toward performance improvement by benchmarking of the Total Quality Management (TQM) practices, and to propose TQM-Benchmarking model as a seed for future research in the context of INGOs. Design/methodology/approach – TQM practices for INGOs were first identified based on critical synthesis of the literature for both, existing for-profit TQM literature and the INGOs field-specific quality and accountability frameworks, initiatives, and practices (Jordan introduced as an example) followed by solicitation of the opinions of experts and colleagues through personal interviews and focus group discussions to define the proposed TQM-Benchmarking model. Findings – TQM-Benchmarking model of six practices vital to INGOs performance are proposed by this review including leadership and management commitment, beneficiaries focus and participation, partnership management for sustainability, human resource (HR) focus, process management and learning and continuous improvement, and use of quality information. Originality/value – While TQM practices succeed in improving performance of for-profit organizations, this review proposed TQM-Benchmarking model with field-specific practical pillars of performance improvement in the INGOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold Lake Blend (CLB) diluted bitumen (dilbit) was used to evaluate the fate and transport of preweathered (6.2% w/w) dilbit under environmental conditions both in spring (seawater temperature 8.5°C±1.3°C and salinity 27.7±1.6 practical salinity units [psu]) and in summer (seawater temperature 17.0°C±2.6°C and salinity 26.8±2.4 psu). The following oil spill treatments were considered: no treatment, dispersant alone, mineral fines (MF) alone, and dispersant+MF. The aim was to determine their influences on the fate of spilled CLB at sea. When dispersant alone was used, the highest dispersion effectiveness (DE) was noted, and DE ranged from 45% to 59% under the selected environmental conditions. With no treatment and treatment of MF alone, CLB DE was insufficient under tested conditions. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration in the water column was highest for the dispersant alone, followed by that of dispersant+MF. TPH concentration for the dispersant alone increased abruptly with time. Droplet size distribution (DSD) resulting from dispersant alone had a unimodal shape, which was different than previously observed when conventional oils were treated with the dispersant. Cases of dispersant+MF were thus characterized by a broader DSD compared with dispersant only and a gradual increase in TPH concentration. This suggests that MF could be used with dispersant as a means to control the release of toxic compounds into the water column and for better engineering the response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal changes in pore-water salinity and metal concentrations were investigated in soils from two sites (residential and wetland areas) located in the Old Bridge Township, NJ, after Hurricane Sandy hit the Northeast of the United States of America. Core and surface soil samples were collected in both the residential and wetland sites and then analyzed by field portable X-ray fluorescence (NITON XL3t-600 series FP-XRF). Pore-water salinity was determined from continuous measurements (every 10 min) of conductivity in a single sampling well installed in the wetland site. One month after Hurricane Sandy, pore-salinity was as high as 27 g/L, but gradually decreased to 15 g/L in approximately 3 months. Then, it increased gradually to 26 g/L 3 months later. High metal concentrations (lead, arsenic, copper, chromium, and iron) were measured in the surface and top 2-cm soil layer in both residential and wetland sites, often exceeding background levels within weeks of Hurricane Sandy. These metal contaminations were interpreted as being associated with storm surge from Hurricane Sandy that caused substantial flooding of the coastal areas by large amounts of seawater, loaded with dissolved metal and adsorbed metals to suspended sediments from the Raritan Bay Slag Superfund site. The changes in salinity in wetland areas indicated the intrusion of seawater, thus providing evidence for metal-contaminated seawater altering the wetland's geochemistry. The transport and deposition of metal contaminants in the coastal areas by Hurricane Sandy increased the risk of human exposure to these contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference 1 Braga S.S., Barbosa J.S., Santos N.E., Hyun S.M., El-Saleh F., Paz F.A.A. Cyclodextrins in Antiviral Therapeutics and Vaccines. Graph: Figure 2 Structural representation of -CD and three of its derivatives: (2-hydroxy)propyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP CD), randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin (RAMEB), and sulfobutyl ether -CD (SBE CD). B The structures of hydroxypropyl- -cyclodextrin and sulphobutyl- -cyclodextrin were not representing the most chemically abundant species that are formed during the reactions of chemical substitution of OH groups by 2-hydroxypropyl and sulfobutyl residues, respectively. b The corrected B Figure 2 b appears below this text. [Extracted from the article]

Pediatric monomelic amyotrophy may present a diagnostic challenge. This is particularly true for immigrant or adopted children who have little or no available medical history. We present clinical and electrophysiological data from 11 children with monomelic amyotrophy who had electrophysiological evidence of a unilateral or profoundly asymmetric motor neuronopathy. The cause of amyotrophy in each case is most consistent with prior: (1) wildtype poliovirus myelitis; (2) 'polio-like' virus myelitis, or (3) vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Muscle Nerve, 2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study objective was to investigate the influence of the degree of polymerization (DP) of cellulose materials (microcrystalline cellulose [MCC] and powder cellulose [PC]) on the behavior of these materials during homogenization and extrusion/spheronization processes. Suspensions of the cellulose types with different DP values were homogenized using a high-pressure homogenizer. The particle size, agglomeration index, and apparent viscosity of these suspensions was determined at different times after pouring. Additionally, these different cellulose types were processed into pellets using the extrusion/spheronization, method, and the water content and power consumption as a function of the DP were determined. Cellulose types with a high DP value showed greater particle size after homogenization, than the types with a low DP value. In contrast, no relevant relationship between the apparent viscosity and DP could be observed. During the extrusion process, water content in the extrudate and pellet porosity were increased as the DP was increased for the extrudates produced at the same level of power consumption. MCC types with various DPs compared with PC provided a novel way of understanding the role of cellulose in the extrusion process. The DP showed a remarkable influence on the physicochemical properties of the cellulose materials and, consequently, on the behavior of these materials during the extrusion/spheronization process. It is postulated that the sponge model is more appropriate for the cellulose type with high DP (PC), whereas the gel model is more applicable to cellulose types with lower DP (MCC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present review describes the various roles of cyclodextrins (CDs) in vaccines against viruses and in antiviral therapeutics. The first section describes the most commonly studied application of cyclodextrins—solubilisation and stabilisation of antiviral drugs; some examples also refer to their beneficial taste-masking activity. The second part of the review describes the role of cyclodextrins in antiviral vaccine development and stabilisation, where they are employed as adjuvants and cryopreserving agents. In addition, cyclodextrin-based polymers as delivery systems for mRNA are currently under development. Lastly, the use of cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical active ingredients for the treatment of viral infections is explored. This new field of application is still taking its first steps. Nevertheless, promising results from the use of cyclodextrins as agents to treat other pathologies are encouraging. We present potential applications of the results reported in the literature and highlight the products that are already available on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efavirenz is an antiretroviral drug of widespread use in the management of infections with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Efavirenz is also used in paediatrics, but due to its very poor aqueous solubility the liquid formulations available resort to oil-based excipients. In this report we describe the interaction of γ-cyclodextrin with efavirenz in solution and in the solid state. In aqueous solution, the preferential host–guest stoichiometry was determined by the continuous variation method using 1H NMR, which indicated a 3:2 host-to-guest proportion. Following, the solid inclusion compound was prepared at different stoichiometries by co-dissolution and freeze-drying. Solid-state characterisation of the products using FT-IR, 13C{1H} CP-MAS NMR, thermogravimetry, and X-ray powder diffraction has confirmed that the 3:2 stoichiometry is the adequate starting condition to isolate a solid inclusion compound in the pure form. The effect of γ-cyclodextrin on the solubility of efavirenz is studied by the isotherm method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]