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Magnetostatic interactions are studied in two types of nanoparticle assemblies. Highly ordered monolayers of [variant_greek_epsilon]-Co nanoparticles are prepared from Langmuir films and self-assembled three-dimensional (3D) arrays formed by slow precipitation of colloidal dispersions of same nanoparticles. The structure of assemblies is found from electron microscopy and small-angle x-ray scattering. The differences in magnetic behavior are interpreted in terms of the particle moment, interparticle separation, and coordination number. Preferential in-plane magnetization is observed due to interactions within a monolayer. 3D arrays show stronger interactions compared to monolayers due to an increased number of nearest neighbors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sales of fermented, roasted and boiled bamboo shoots in the market places of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Sikkim, of the North-Eastern Himalayan (NEH) region, India have been reported. The results are based on the survey of 118 markets covering 1200 primary and secondary vendors from 51 districts of NEH region. The consumption of fermented, roasted and boiled shoots was estimated to be ca. 680 tonnes; the highest occurs in Arunachal Pradesh (481 tonnes/year) and the lowest in Nagaland (19.5 tonnes/year). The bamboo shoots are consumed in the form of fermented-slice, crushed-fermented moist, crushed-fermented dry, fermented whole shoot, roasted whole shoot and boiled whole shoot in different states of the region. Cost–return analysis for sales of these bamboo products revealed a net income of 23 million rupees per annum (US$ 502 950) from the entire region with the highest (17.5 million rupees/year or US$ 38 270) in Arunachal Pradesh and the lowest in Sikkim (0.47 million rupees/year or US$ 10 280). Employment opportunities have also been worked out and ca. 1260 persons/year could earn their subsistence through selling of bamboo shoot products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-angle neutron scattering measurements of Co nanoparticle assemblies reveal three characteristic length scales associated with the interparticle and intraparticle magnetic orders. The first length scale stemming from particle size and separation does not vary with applied field. In contrast, the magnetic correlation length increases from 71±9 nm in zero field at 5 K to greater than 1000 nm in fields larger than 0.2 T. The random-field length scale decreases from 37±8 nm when H=0 to 9.1±0.3 nm in H=0.2 T, and the contribution of this term is less significant in large fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]