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Agroecology, as a holistic approach to sustainable food systems, is gaining momentum globally as a key approach to addressing current challenges in agricultural and food production. In sub-Saharan Africa, despite numerous efforts to address declining soil productivity, water scarcity, and increasing pest pressure through agroecological soil, water, and integrated pest management (IPM) practices, the adoption of such practices remains low. As part of the CGIAR Agroecology Initiative, we conducted a collaborative rapid innovation assessment of existing soil, water, and pest management practices in two Agroecological Living Landscapes (ALLs) in Makueni and Kiambu counties, Kenya. The assessment also included an evaluation of the performance of these practices and identified farmer preferences. Using a multi-stage approach, we applied stratified random sampling to identify 80 farmers for farm assessments and in-depth interviews. A total of 31 practices were identified, of which 26 were further evaluated. The evaluation revealed a heterogeneous set of socio-economic and biophysical contextual factors influencing practice performance. Respondents identified 19 strengths, and 13 challenges associated with the practices, highlighting opportunities for innovation to improve or adapt performance. Farmers also expressed preferences for future adoption of 31 practices, 77% of which were listed in one of the three focus areas, namely soil management, water management, or IPM. The other 33% were associated with multiple functions and were listed under two or three of the focus areas. The results of the collaborative assessment informed a broader co-design cycle that included participatory prioritization and selection of innovative practices, experimental design, and monitoring protocols. This collaborative and systematic approach was taken because innovative practices often fail to be adopted due to a lack of co-design and inclusion of local perspectives in innovation design, and a disconnect between science and practice. Our study highlights the importance of integrating stakeholder input and transdisciplinary technical expertise in the co-design and implementation of agroecological innovations. It also emphasizes the importance of using a structured methodology to understand farmers' options, context, and preferences while co-designing locally relevant agroecological practices, which promotes holistic and inclusive adoption, successful implementation and long-term sustainability of agroecological practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biological fumigation, a potential alternative to chemical fumigation, shows a wide range of prospective applications. In this study, we carried out biological fumigation experiments to evaluate its effect on alleviating consecutive cropping problems (CRPs) when compared with chemical fumigation. Methods: We designed five treatments, namely, CR (no treatment), LN (chemical fumigation with lime nitrogen), Ta (fumigation with marigold), Ra (fumigation with radish), and Br (fumigation with mustard), for soils for replanting eggplant and measured the crop's growth status, soil bacterial and fungal communities, and soil physicochemical properties. Results: The results showed that the Br and Ra treatments formed similar microbial communities, while the Ta treatment formed unique microbial communities. The genera Olpidiomycota and Rozellomycota could be used as indicator species for the transformation process of soil microbial communities after the Br and Ta treatments, respectively. When compared with the CR and LN treatments, the soil's physicochemical properties were optimized under the Br treatment, and the soil organic matter content increased by 64.26% and 79.22%, respectively. Moreover, under the Br treatment, the soil's biological properties enhanced the bacterial and fungal alpha diversity, and the saprotrophic fungi increased with the depletion of pathotrophic fungi, while some specific probiotic microorganisms (such as Olpidiomycota, Microascales, Bacillus, etc.) were significantly enriched. In contrast, under the Ta treatment, soil nutrient levels decreased and the soil's biological indices deteriorated, whereas the bacterial diversity decreased and the pathogenic fungi increased. Conclusions: Among these three biological fumigation methods, the Br pre-treatment was the best way to alleviate the crop's CRPs and may be a good substitute for chemical fumigation in some situations. However, the Ta treatment also had some risks, such as the loss of land quality and reduced productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agroecology, as a holistic approach to sustainable food systems, is gaining momentum globally as a key approach to addressing current challenges in agricultural and food production. In sub-Saharan Africa, despite numerous efforts to address declining soil productivity, water scarcity, and increasing pest pressure through agroecological soil, water, and integrated pest management (IPM) practices, the adoption of such practices remains low. As part of the CGIAR Agroecology Initiative, we conducted a collaborative rapid innovation assessment of existing soil, water, and pest management practices in two Agroecological Living Landscapes (ALLs) in Makueni and Kiambu counties, Kenya. The assessment also included an evaluation of the performance of these practices and identified farmer preferences. Using a multi-stage approach, we applied stratified random sampling to identify 80 farmers for farm assessments and in-depth interviews. A total of 31 practices were identified, of which 26 were further evaluated. The evaluation revealed a heterogeneous set of socio-economic and biophysical contextual factors influencing practice performance. Respondents identified 19 strengths, and 13 challenges associated with the practices, highlighting opportunities for innovation to improve or adapt performance. Farmers also expressed preferences for future adoption of 31 practices, 77% of which were listed in one of the three focus areas, namely soil management, water management, or IPM. The other 33% were associated with multiple functions and were listed under two or three of the focus areas. The results of the collaborative assessment informed a broader co-design cycle that included participatory prioritization and selection of innovative practices, experimental design, and monitoring protocols. This collaborative and systematic approach was taken because innovative practices often fail to be adopted due to a lack of co-design and inclusion of local perspectives in innovation design, and a disconnect between science and practice. Our study highlights the importance of integrating stakeholder input and transdisciplinary technical expertise in the co-design and implementation of agroecological innovations. It also emphasizes the importance of using a structured methodology to understand farmers' options, context, and preferences while co-designing locally relevant agroecological practices, which promotes holistic and inclusive adoption, successful implementation and long-term sustainability of agroecological practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilizers play a crucial role in enhancing the productivity of plants. However, low nutrient use efficiencies of conventional fertilizers (CFs) associated with several losses have led to widespread multi‐nutrient deficiencies in the soil and lower productivity. Furthermore, their excess application has caused serious damage to the soil and environment. Recently, nanotechnology has broadened its applicability in plant nutrition and has paved a way for the production of nanoparticle‐induced fertilizers. Therefore, nanofertilizers stand out as promising alternative to CFs for sustainable agriculture. Nanofertilizers are composed of nanoparticles that contain macro‐ and micronutrients and deliver them in a controlled way to the plant's rhizosphere. This contributes to the enhanced nutrient utilization efficiency. This review delves into the effect of nanotechnology‐based nanofertilizers in different forms and dosages on soil properties and plant development. Additionally, the mechanism underlying absorption of nanofertilizers and their advantages and limitations have also been discussed. A thorough comparison between conventional and nanofertilizers has also been made in this review in terms of their nutrient delivery mechanism, efficiency and application. As the use of nanoparticle‐embedded fertilizers in plant nutrition is still in its infancy, this review can serve as a guide for future investigations to enhance the knowledge of the use of nanoparticles in the mineral nutrition of different crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to Lebanon's 2019 economic crisis, agricultural activities intensified to enhance national food security, with implications for soil health. We investigated soil management practices on 26 small-scale farms in a mountainous region, focusing on reconciling static sustainability definitions with dynamic resilience concepts. Surveying farmers revealed varied adoption rates of regenerative practices: intercropping (85%), residue retention (73%), cover crops (61%), organic amendments (46%), integrated organic/mineral amendments (46%), improved irrigation (38%), conservation tillage (30%), crop rotation (19%), and organic/biological pest/disease treatment (11%). Farms were categorized as conventional (C), neutral (N), and regenerative (R) based on practices. Qualitative assessments using seven indicators yielded scores of 4.28 (C), 6.34 (N), and 7.88 (R). Quantitative analyses showed significant differences in soil organic matter percentage (1.86 C, 2.75 N, 3.32 R), soil respiration (156 C, 296 N, 380 R), and earthworm abundance (2.92 C, 4.24 N, 5.72 R). The Soil Quality Index (SQI) indicated varying soil health from 0.05 (C) to 0.49 (R). Our findings highlight the importance of adopting synergistic, sustainable soil management practices to ensure enduring agricultural productivity and safeguard soil resilience, especially in the Mediterranean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fire Ecology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth most produced cereal crop in the world, but its productivity on acid soil has been restricted due to its high sensitivity to aluminum (Al) toxicity. The major gene controlling Al tolerance in barley is HvAACT1 (Al-activated citrate transporter 1), which is involved in citrate secretion from the roots for Al detoxification. Here we bred a malting barley cultivar with enhanced acid soil tolerance by introgression of a 1-kb transposon regulating the expression of HvAACT1 into an elite malting cultivar through multiple backcrossing and marker-assisted selection. The line selected showed increased expression of HvAACT1, enhanced citrate secretion from the roots and decreased Al binding to the roots. This line produced more than two to three times the grain yield compared with the original cultivar when grown on acidic soil, providing a potentially sustainable and economic way to boost productivity of malting barley cultivars in areas with acidic soil. Introgression of a 1-kb transposon regulating the expression of Al-tolerance gene, HvAACT1, significantly boosts the grain yield of an elite malting barley cultivar grown on acidic soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is a vital trace element integral to numerous biological processes in both plants and animals, with significant impacts on soil health and ecosystem stability. This review explores how soil microorganisms facilitate Se transformations through reduction, oxidation, methylation, and demethylation processes, thereby influencing the bioavailability and ecological functions of Se. The microbial reduction of Se compounds, particularly the conversion of selenate and selenite to elemental Se nanoparticles (SeNPs), enhances Se assimilation by plants and impacts soil productivity. Key microbial taxa, including bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus, exhibit diverse mechanisms for Se reduction and play a substantial role in the global Se cycle. Understanding these microbial processes is essential for advancing soil management practices and improving ecosystem health. This review underscores the intricate interactions between Se and soil microorganisms, emphasizing their significance in maintaining ecological balance and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teak (Tectona grandis) is one of the most widely established plantation species globally due to its potential for degraded forest restoration, timber supplementation, and easing pressure on natural forest resources. However, the extent to which plant‐soil interactions in teak plantations impact tree growth and productivity and soil nutrient dynamics is not well understood. This study assessed the impact of teak plantations on soil physicochemical properties as well as the influence of soil properties and fertility on teak growth. The study was conducted in teak plantations aged 5, 10, 15, 20, and over 20 years and an adjacent natural forest remnant. We established three 25 m × 25 m plots in each teak plantation and recorded the diameter at breast height (DBH), height, crown length, and depth of all trees. We collected 54 soil samples at 0–20 cm depth and analysed them for 29 soil parameters. The study revealed that teak plantations resulted in a decline in soil N (45%–81%) and available P (63%–98%) concentration, while soil pH improved by 0.41–0.64 units. However, soil organic carbon, K, Mg, Ca, and Na concentrations and their ratios were unaffected with teak plantations over time. Also, soil textural characteristics, acidity, and nutrient ratios were observed to influence tree‐related characteristics such as DBH and crown dimensions (crown, diameter, breadth, length, and volume). Three principal components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) explained 69% of the overall variability and were significantly related to tree crown parameters, height, and diameter at breast height. We concluded that site selection and tailored integrated soil fertility management for each plantation age are critical to sustainable teak production as teak plantations both affect and are affected by soil properties. The study recommends the adoption of management practices aimed at maintaining soil nutrient balance to ensure the long‐term growth and ecological sustainability of teak plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial communities have been demonstrated to be essential for healthy and productive soil ecosystems. However, an understanding of the relationship between soil microbial community and soil productivity levels is remarkably limited. In this study, bulk soil (BS), rhizosphere soil (RS), and root (R) samples from the historical high-productive (H) and low-productive (L) soil types of wheat in Hebei province of China were collected and analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The study highlighted the richness, diversity, and structure of bacterial communities, along with the correlation networks among different bacterial genera. Significant differences in the bacterial community structure between samples of different soil types were observed. Compared with the low-productive soil type, the bacterial communities of samples from the highproductive soil type possessed high species richness, low species diversity, complex and stable networks, and a higher relative abundance of beneficial microbes, such as Pseudoxanthomonas, unclassified Vicinamibacteraceae, Lysobacter, Massilia, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus. Further analysis indicated that the differences were mainly driven by soil organic matter (SOM), available nitrogen (AN), and electrical conductivity (EC). Overall, the soil bacterial community is an important factor affecting soil health and crop production, which provides a theoretical basis for the targeted regulation of microbes in low-productivity soil types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a major problem, impeding soil productivity, agricultural sustainability, and food security, particularly in dry regions. This study integrates quinoa, a facultative halophyte, into a pomegranate-based agroforestry with saline irrigation in northeast Morocco. We aim to explore this agroforestry model's potential in mitigating salinity's effects on quinoa's agronomic and biochemical traits and evaluate the land equivalent ratio (LER). Field experiments in 2020 and 2021 used a randomized block design with three replicates, including monocropping and agroforestry systems, two salinity levels (1.12 and 10.5 dS m−1), four quinoa genotypes (Titicaca, Puno, ICBA-Q4, ICBA-Q5), and a pomegranate control. Salinity significantly decreased total dry matter (40.5%), root dry matter (50.7%), leaf dry matter (39.2%), and root-to-shoot ratio (7.7%). The impact was more severe in monoculture than in agroforestry, reducing dry matter (47.6% vs. 30.7%), grain yield (46.3% vs. 26.1%), water productivity (47.5% vs. 23.9%), and total sugar (19.2% vs. 5.6%). LER averaged 1.86 to 2.21, indicating 86–121% higher productivity in agroforestry. LER averaged 1.85 at 1.12 dS m−1 and 2.18 at 10.5 dS m−1, reaching 2.21 with pomegranate-ICBA-Q5 combination. Quinoa–pomegranate agroforestry emerges as an innovative strategy, leveraging quinoa's salt resistance and agroforestry's potential to mitigate salinity impacts while enhancing land use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline in crop yields is attributed to uneven chemical fertilization practices and poor soil fertility. From a sustainability perspective, the application of beneficial microorganisms alongside a blend of inorganic and organic fertilizers significantly influences crop productivity and food security. Concerns within the scientific community arise from the haphazard and negligent use of fertilizers. Farming communities predominantly reliant on chemical fertilizers often overlook the application of organic alternatives, leading to a gradual decline in soil organic matter and native nutrient levels, ultimately resulting in decreased crop yields. In diverse cropping systems, the amalgamation of chemical, biological, and organic sources sustains soil health, replenishes nutrients, and optimizes crop yields. Plant residues enhance soil microbial activity, expedite nutrient cycling and availability, and aid in preserving soil health through carbon sequestration. Regular utilization of plant residues and other organic materials enriches soil organic matter content, enhancing soil health and productivity. Integrating organic and chemical fertilizers presents a potential avenue to enhance maize and soybean yields in maize-wheat cropping systems, subsequently benefiting wheat crop productivity and profitability. The efficacy of specific soil nutrients can be heightened by combining organic sources with various chemical fertilization techniques. Hence, incorporating phosphorus fertilization alongside phosphorus-mobilizing and solubilizing agents (such as Trichoderma & PSB), along with the integrated management of peach waste materials including residues, compost, and biochar, is imperative for promoting crop growth, increasing seed yields, and fostering environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arable soil and crop productivity are severely affected by salinization. Therefore, soil amendments are an important measure for improving saline-alkali soil for agricultural development. Desulfurized gypsum is a common soil amendment that has been used repeatedly alongside organic materials to improve the biological, physical, and chemical properties of saline soil. This study takes the typical saline-alkali farmland soil in Yulin as the research object, and five treatments were established: a blank treatment (CK), a single application 2.5 t ha-1 of desulfurized gypsum (T), 2.5 t ha-1 of desulfurized gypsum and 1.5 t ha-1 of green manure (TL), application 2.5 t ha-1 of desulfurized gypsum and 1.5 t ha-1 of straw (TS), and 2.5 t ha-1 of desulfurized gypsum and 1.5 t ha-1 of organic fertilizer (TV). The results show that the TV treatment achieved a significant improvement in soil nutrients, organic carbon, enzyme activity, and maize yield. In 2022 (2023), the compared of organic matter, TN, TP, TK, AP, and AK increased significantly compared with the CK treatment when the TV treatment was applied. Soil phosphatase activity (SPA), soil urease activity (SUA) and soil sucrase activity (SSA) significantly higher in the TV treatment compared with the other treatments and increased significantly over the two-year period. Furthermore, soil organic carbon (SOC), easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) also significantly increased with the 2022 and 2023 TV treatments. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between maize yield and soil nutrients, organic carbon, and enzyme activity (P < 0.05). Thus, the TV treatment was determined to be the optimal treatment for soil improvement. This conclusion was supported by analyses performed using membership function analysis, gray correlation analysis, and entropy TOPSIS model evaluation. Therefore, this method increases soil quality, improves soil fertility, achieves high maize yields, and provides a scientific basis for enhancing and utilizing saline-alkali soil in the Loess Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) could be a valuable method for assessing whether nature‐based solutions, such as introducing non‐native species to benefit ecosystem functioning, yield net positive outcomes. While EMF metrics may provide a coarse overview of the functioning of a system, such metrics can obscure the interactions among multiple simultaneously occurring ecosystem functions. This could limit the predictive value and overall efficacy of EMF metrics for the management of environmental change impacts on ecosystem functioning.We carried out a mesocosm experiment with dung beetle temporal species richness (diversity) treatments in a pasture ecosystem in Aotearoa New Zealand and quantified cascading biotic and abiotic effects of introduced dung beetles (Onthophagus binodis and Onitis alexis) on multiple ecosystem functions. We measured nine individual ecosystem functions affected by dung beetles, including dung removal, total soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, soil microbial respiration, nitrate N, ammonium N, anaerobically mineralisable N and pasture biomass production.We first tested the effects of temporal dung beetle diversity on the nine individual ecosystem functions. We then tested how introduced dung beetle temporal diversity affects ecosystem multifunctionality by calculating EMF metrics using the averaging, threshold and the Hill numbers approaches. Finally, to investigate the underlying interactions among individual functions, we tested the direct and indirect effects of introduced dung beetles on the nine ecosystem functions using structural equation modelling (SEM).Only one out of the nine individual ecosystem functions was significantly affected by dung beetle introductions, whereas five of the six calculated EMF metrics increased significantly with temporal diversity of introduced dung beetles. However, when modelled within an SEM framework, dung beetle temporal diversity was found to directly affect dung removal, but with cascading effects on total N and anaerobically mineralisable N.Our results suggest that introducing and increasing dung beetle temporal diversity enhances the provisioning of multiple ecosystem functions, but that our ability to detect and explain changes in ecosystem multifunctionality is critically dependent on how EMF is quantified. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legumes enhance pasture health and soil productivity by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and boosting soil microbiota. We investigated the effects of tropical pasture legumes, including butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), seca stylo (Stylosanthes scabra), desmanthus (Desmanthus virgatus), lablab (Lablab purpureus), and Wynn cassia (Chamaecrista rotundifolia), on the soil microbial community and buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) gene expression. Additionally, we explored the impact of a phytogenic bioactive product (PHY) in the coculture system. A pot trial using soil enriched with cow paunch compost included four treatments: monoculture of buffel grass and five legume species with and without PHY supplementation and coculture of buffel grass with each legume species with and without PHY supplementation. Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes were the dominant bacterial phyla. Regardless of PHY application, the coculture of buffel grass with legumes positively influenced microbial composition and diversity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant gene expression changes in buffel grass shoots and roots, with each legume uniquely affecting nitrogen metabolism. Lablab and Wynn cassia exhibited similarities in modulating metabolic processes, butterfly pea contributed to mycotoxin detoxification, and desmanthus balanced cell death and growth. Seca stylo enhanced root cell growth and regeneration. These findings offer insights for optimizing legume–grass coculture systems, enhancing soil activity and promoting sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an analysis of the influence of climatic characteristics on the rating of land suitability for agricultural use. Soil fertility is one of the most important factors in land productivity and crop capacity; it is a complex value that depends not only on agrophysical and agrochemical soil properties but also on other natural factors, such as climate. There are different methodical approaches for a quantitative assessment of fertility level. The objectives of the research were to understand whether the distributions of active temperature sums and annual precipitation sums have a significant effect on the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the rating assessment of land suitability for agricultural use in the example of the Leningrad region. The estimation and comparison between Semenov–Blagovidov's method of quality land estimation and Karmanov's method of appraisal of soils are given in this article. Karmanov's method is highlighted in this paper for its ability to assess soil's ecological indices more effectively than traditional methods. The research suggested that climate change may lead to increased variability in soil quality, with potential benefits for agriculture under certain climate scenarios, but at the same time, excessive temperatures in summer and precipitations might become a limiting factor, pushing down yields. The results of such assessment show that the performed calculation models can be used to forecast crop yields for future periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poplars are crucial for timber supply and ecological protection in China. Enhancing the growth of poplar plantations and improving soil fertility in arid, and semi-arid poor soil regions are key aspects of sustainable forest management. Fertilization (FTL) and drip irrigation (DI) are among the most widely used methods globally for increasing yield and soil productivity. This study conducted field experiments on FTL and DI in a 10-year-old Populus × canadensis 'Zhongliao 1' (cultivation varieties of P. canadensis in northern China) plantation. DI limits were set according to soil moisture at 60% (S1), 70% (S2), and 80% (S3) of field capacity; nitrogen FTL rates were set at 100% of the baseline fertilization amount (100% BFA, N 643.20 g·year−1, P 473.37 g·year−1, and K 492.29 g·year−1) (F1), 70% BFA (F2), 130% BFA (F3), and 160% BFA (F4). The treatments of drip irrigation and fertigation (DIF) were H1 (100% BFA, 60% FC), H2 (100% BFA, 80% FC), H3 (160% BFA, 60% FC), and H4 (160% BFA, 80% FC), along with a control group (CK) without any management, totaling 12 experimental combinations. The results showed that the H4 had the most significant promoting effect on the height, DBH, and volume increments. All treatments had little effect on the soil bulk density of the plantation but significantly impacted soil capillary porosity and pH. Compared to DI, soil nutrient and organic matter content were more sensitive to FTL. Appropriate FTL and DI can increase soil sucrase activity. Soil urease activity tended to increase with higher FTL rates, and higher DI levels also positively influenced urease activity. Excessive or insufficient soil moisture and nutrients negatively impacted soil cellulase and catalase activities. Correlation analysis revealed no significant correlation between the growth of P. × canadensis 'Zhongliao 1' and soil nutrient content, but significant or highly significant correlations existed between growth and soil porosity and related enzyme activities. Comprehensive evaluation using a membership function indicated that high FTL levels (F4) were more conducive to the simultaneous improvement of the growth and soil fertility of the plantation, followed by H4 and F1, suggesting that high FTL is the key factor affecting the growth of 10-year-old P. × canadensis 'Zhongliao 1' plantations and the restoration of stand productivity, with moisture being secondary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in Ethiopia. However, its yield is lower than its potential mainly due to low soil fertility problems caused by continuous cultivation, limited use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, erosion, and leaching. Therefore, this field experiment has been conducted to optimize brewery sludge and blended NPS fertilizer rates to harness the maximum productivity potential of maize in North Mecha District, northwestern Ethiopia. The experiment was designed in a factorial arrangement of three levels of brewery sludge (0, 10, and 20 t ha−1) and four levels of blended NPS fertilizer (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha−1) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance showed that the main effects of the blended NPS fertilizer had significant effects on the ear length, number of kernels per row, stover yield, and 1000‐kernel weight. Their interactions also had a significant effect on leaf area, leaf area index, aboveground dry biomass yield, grain yield, plant height, number of ears per plant, number of rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear, and harvest index. Accordingly, the combined application of 10 t ha−1 brewery sludge and 100 kg ha−1 blended NPS fertilizer resulted in the highest grain yield (9163.4 kg ha−1), net benefit (145,590.1 ETB [Ethiopian Birr] ha−1), and marginal rate of return (3789.30%) of maize. Thus, this treatment can be tentatively recommended for the North Mecha district. Core Ideas: The potential of utilizing brewery sludge as a sustainable and cost‐effective fertilizer in maize cultivation.The impact of a blended NPS fertilizer on maize productivity and soil fertility.The optimization strategies for combining brewery sludge and NPS fertilizer to enhance maize yield and quality.Environmental benefits of brewery sludge in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, coffee consumption is quite high, and the consumption of filter coffee is steadily increasing. Consequently, there is a significant increase in waste filter coffee. This study aims to evaluate waste filter coffee grounds using a zero-waste approach. In this context, the solid product of pyrolyzed waste filter coffee grounds was added to the soil in specific ratios to improve soil quality and increase yield. The effects on the root and stem development of arugula (Eruca vesicaria) and garden cress (Lepidium sativum) plants were investigated. Waste filter coffee grounds was homogeneously mixed with soil at application rates of 1, 2, and 4 tons/ha. The results of the study observed that the pyrolysis solid product positively affected plant growth. Comparing the data, the highest yield in plants was observed in soil with added biochar, while lower yields were seen in soil with added raw waste filter coffee grounds, and the lowest yield was found in soil without biochar. Among the soils with added biochar, the most significant root and stem development was observed in plants with 2 tons/ha of added biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing resilience in formerly degraded ecosystems is an important goal of restoration ecology. However, evidence for the recovery of resilience and its underlying mechanisms require long‐term experiments and comparison with reference ecosystems. We used data from an experimental prairie restoration that featured long‐term soil heterogeneity manipulations and data from two long‐term experiments located in a comparable remnant (reference) prairie to (1) quantify the recovery of ecosystem functioning (i.e., productivity) relative to remnant prairie, (2) compare the resilience of restored and remnant prairies to a natural drought, and (3) test whether soil heterogeneity enhances resilience of restored prairie. We compared sensitivity and legacy effects between prairie types (remnant and restored) and among four prairie sites that included two remnant prairie sites and prairie restored under homogeneous and heterogeneous soil conditions. We measured sensitivity and resilience as the proportional change in aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) during and following drought (sensitivity and legacy effects, respectively) relative to average ANPP based on 4 pre‐drought years (2014–2017). In nondrought years, total ANPP was similar between remnant and restored prairie, but remnant prairie had higher grass productivity and lower forb productivity compared with restored prairie. These ANPP patterns generally persisted during drought. The sensitivity of total ANPP to drought was similar between restored and remnant prairie, but grasses in the restored prairie were more sensitive to drought. Post‐drought legacy effects were more positive in the restored prairie, and we attributed this to the more positive and less variable legacy response of forb ANPP in the restored prairie, especially in the heterogeneous soil treatment. Our results suggest that productivity recovers in restored prairie and exhibits similar sensitivity to drought as in remnant prairie. Furthermore, creating heterogeneity promotes forb productivity and enhances restored prairie resilience to drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Sheep manure-derived biochar (SMB) is applied to enhance soil productivity, but its impacts on soil phosphorus (P) species distribution have not been thoroughly investigated. This research aimed to explore the effects of SMB amended soil on phosphatase activities, nutrients, P species distribution, and the underlying mechanisms in agricultural soil. Materials and methods: The soils (collected from rice and tea cultivation) were incubated for a period of 92 days receiving different rates of biochars 0% (CK), 2% (T1) and 4% (T2) respectively. The SMB was manufactured at 500°C, and P species were tested via 31P NMR spectroscopy. Acid phosphomonoesterase (ACP) activities, CEC, NH4+–N, pH, NO3‾–N, Olsen‒ P and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (ALP) were determined. Results and discussion: The findings suggested that the SMB addition enhanced the pH, NO3‾–N, Olsen‒ P, CEC, NH4+–N contents in both paddy and tea soils. Furthermore, compared with CK (control), application of SMB at T2 reduced the ACP activities by 85.9 and 74.8%, but promoted the ALP activities by 89.1 and 70.6% for paddy and tea soils, respectively. The findings showed that major forms of P were orthophosphate and orthophosphate monoesters. Conclusions: The SMB application increased soil inorganic P, P availability and ALP activities as a result of increasing of P availability by decomposition of organic P. Our research showed that the SMB application is an alternative nutrient for plants instead of chemical fertilizers. Nevertheless, care should be taken with the long-term SMB application, consequently excessive nutrient utilization has the potential to induce eutrophication in aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroforestry has recently gained attention as it is capable of having multiple outlooks in both economic as well as product-oriented ways, also with its full potential can result in a sustainable life. Agroforestry nowadays can also be called as Integrated Farming System (IFS) as it combines all the systems altogether viz agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal husbandry, apiculture, pisciculture etc. In recent days the problem of climate change and carbon sequestration, declining food security, improper nutrient cycling in the soils, soil conservation, livelihood improvement of the farmers, biodiversity enhancement all gain utmost priority. But, altogether cannot be solved in a single stretch except Agroforestry. The reason behind this is Agroforestry with its four dimensions namely regulating services, supporting services, cultural services and provisioning services has the potential to solve all these problems at a single stroke. The current area under agroforestry in India is estimated as 25.32 m ha, or 8.2% of the total geographical area of the country which should be increased to meet all the above-mentioned recommendations. The benefits which we get from agroforestry are innumerable. Additionally, substantial extent of areas of unproductive crop, grass, and forest lands as well as degraded lands could be brought under agroforestry. The places which are under the government but not used to its full potential has to be brought under agroforestry for the purpose of not only utilizing the land but also to derive some of the environmental and ecological benefits which it provides. Our knowledge on these issues is unfortunately rudimentary. Until such problems and negotiations are surmounted, the full potential and environmental benefit of the agroforestry will continue to be underappreciated and underexploited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marginal land has low nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium). Addressing nutrient deficiencies on marginal land requires a strategic approach. Biological fertilizers like Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhance nutrient availability through symbiotic interactions. In addition, organic fertilizers such as compost could provide organic matter and improve soil structure to increase plant growth and productivity. Combining these three fertilizers with the addition of low doses of NPK fertilizer can increase the growth and productivity of maize crops on sub-marginal land. This study aims to determine the effect of AMF, consortium of PGPR, and a low dose of NPK on the growth and productivity of maize and soil nutrients on sub-marginal land by measuring plant growth up to 8 WAP (week after planting) (parameters: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll content, stomatal density) and productivity (parameters: cob length, cob weight with husk, fresh weight, dry weight) and levels of N, P, and K elements at 8 WAP in the soil after planting. All treatments showed an increase in the level of N and K elements, while the P element showed a decrease compared to the control (soil without treatment). Moreover, each parameter did not show a significant difference, but the P2 (Compost + PGPR consortium + AMF + 50% of NPK) treatment showed the best growth and productivity. Overall, the data showed the utilization of PGPR and AMF combination was able to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizer by 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many studies note the positive effects of soil organic matter (SOM) on crop yields, there is limited quantitative information on the influence of increased SOM on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) productivity in sandy soil. This study estimated the impact of varying SOM on potato productivity in sandy soils and explored whether nitrogen (N) mineralization served as a primary mediator. Soil from nine fields in Wisconsin (SOM range of 1.1%–3.8%) was collected for a greenhouse study. Both NH4-N and NO3-N extracted from ion strips and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) were used as the proxies for N mineralization. Linear mixed effect models indicated that fresh matter whole biomass and dry matter vine biomass were 0.45 and 0.54 times greater at 3.8% SOM compared to 1.1% SOM at an optimal soil pH of 5.2, respectively. Similarly, total N uptake in the whole and vine biomass was 0.51 and 1.0 times higher at 3.8% SOM than 1.1% SOM, respectively. While PMN demonstrated a positive correlation with SOM, it only partially mediated the effect of SOM on productivity, specifically in N uptake in the vines. However, for most productivity measures, including PMN with SOM in the models did not substantially reduce the estimated SOM effect on productivity, indicating that SOM affected productivity mostly through mechanisms other than N acquisition by plants available through mineralization of OM. The study underscored the complex interplay between SOM and potato productivity, urging further research into the multifaceted roles of SOM in sandy soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the increase due to the rise in the high yielding verities led to the high-rate application of chemicals and pesticides in the soil. These chemical fertilizers give great responses to the farmers on a short-term basis, but in the long term, they harm the soil and human health by interfering in the food chain. The use of biofertilizers is a very good alternative for crop production in a sustainable and environment-friendly manner. Numerous bacteria and fungi can be used as biofertilizers for making the essential nutrients available to the plants which are associated with the rhizosphere of different crops, either symbiotically or non-symbiotically. Zinc plays a vital role in crop growth and achieving a great yield among the various macro and micronutrients. Zinc is responsible for Auxin synthesis, chlorophyll formation, protein metabolism, carbohydrate fixation, disease and stress tolerance. Zn deficiency is a global issue that gradually lowers crop output and productivity. Using zinc solubilizing microorganisms is one of the most effective sustainable approaches to achieving higher yield and restoring soil productivity. These microorganisms solubilize the available zinc pool in the soil so plants can easily uptake zinc. Bacillus subtilis, Thiobacillus thioxidans, Rhizobium, Pantoea sp., Gluconacetobacter, Saccharomyces sp. and PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) are involved in zinc solubilizing process and boost the soluble zinc in the soil. Using zinc solubilizers can reduce the fertilizer requirement of the crop to about 25-50% in combination with inorganic zinc fertilizers, so it reduces overall fertilizer cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems and plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change and enhancing soil productivity. Microbial-derived carbon (MDC) is the main component of the persistent SOC pool. However, current formulas used to estimate the proportional contribution of MDC are plagued by uncertainties due to limited sample sizes and the neglect of bacterial group composition effects. Here, we compiled the comprehensive global dataset and employed machine learning approaches to refine our quantitative understanding of MDC contributions to total carbon storage. Our efforts resulted in a reduction in the relative standard errors in prevailing estimations by an average of 71% and minimized the effect of global variations in bacterial group compositions on estimating MDC. Our estimation indicates that MDC contributes approximately 758 Pg, representing approximately 40% of the global soil carbon stock. Our study updated the formulas of MDC estimation with improving the accuracy and preserving simplicity and practicality. Given the unique biochemistry and functioning of the MDC pool, our study has direct implications for modeling efforts and predicting the land-atmosphere carbon balance under current and future climate scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of salt in arable lands is a source of significant abiotic stress, contributing to a 10% decline in the world's total arable lands and threatening food productivity and the sustainability of agriculture. About 76 million hectares of productive land are estimated to have been affected by human-induced salinization such as extreme salt deposits in soil, which are mainly caused by the actions of humans. For instance, continued irrigation and the frequent use of chemical fertilizers need to be understood. To ensure food availability, it is essential to improve upon traditional farming methods using current technologies to facilitate the reclamation of saline-affected arable lands to achieve high and sustainable food production. This review details current innovative strategies such as the modification of metabolic pathways, manipulation of antioxidant pathways, genetic engineering, RNA interference technology, engineered nanoparticles, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), organic amendments, and trace elements for improving saline marginal lands. These strategies were identified to have contributed to the improvement of plants salinity tolerance in diverse ways. For instance, the accumulation of plant metabolites such as amino acids, sugars, polyols, organic acids, saponins, anthocyanins, polyphenols, and tannins detoxify plants and play crucial roles in mitigating the detrimental effects of oxidative damage posed by salinity stress. Multiple plant miRNAs encoding the up- and down-regulation of single- and multi-ion transporters have been engineered in plant species to enhance salt tolerance. Nanomaterials and plant root system colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal increase water uptake, photosynthetic efficiency, and biomass allocation in plants exposed to saline stress by excluding 65 percent of the Na+ uptake and enhancing K+ uptake by 84.21 percent. Organic amendments and trace elements reduced salinity concentrations by 22 percent and improved growth by up to 84 percent in maize subjected to salinity stress. This study also discusses how researchers can use these strategies to improve plants growth, development, and survival in saline soil conditions to enhance the productivity and sustainability of agriculture. The strategies discussed in this study have also proven to be promising approaches for developing salinity stress tolerance strategies for plants to increase agricultural productivity and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In West Africa, and Benin particularly, local forest resources can potentially contribute to both increasing and stabilizing soil productivity. However, these resources continue to be neglected with efforts instead concentrated on promoting exotic species. This study aimed to prioritize local agroforestry species on agricultural landscape by investigating the gendered, socio-demographic and agro-pedological factors of local knowledge and use of agroforestry species amongst small-holder farmers in Benin. An agroforestry inventory combined with an ethno-agroforestry survey was conducted on 364 farms with 364 farmers. A cluster analysis based on farmers' socio-demographic and agroecological factors was used to cluster farmers into two homogeneous agroforestry systems. Median score, species diversity and ecological networks were established for these two systems. Results illustrate that gendered difference exist between the priority that farmers give to multi-purpose species and this prioritization depends on priority ecosystem services for farmers and gender. Therefore, it would be useful first to consider gender and specific needs of each category of farmer to optimize the choice of agroforestry species to be promoted in such systems. The successful introduction of identified species through extension programs requires more advanced research related to the real contribution of these species to farmland fertilization, as well as the nutrient transmission pathways to associated crops in an agroforestry system to address simultaneously specific ecological, economic and socio-cultural sustainability criteria, as well as improved crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Soil salinity presents major constraint for symbiotic root-microbe interactions and overall crop productivity. While compost amendments are effective, availability is limited in drylands where salinity is prevalent. As an alternative approach, we investigated the foliar application of signaling compounds. Methods: In this study, cowpea plants were evaluated under the treatments of foliar application of strigolactones (SL), salicylic acid (SA), SL and SA or SLSA, and coumarins (CMR), under soil amendment with gypsum (GP) and compost (CMP), and unamended natural saline soil as the control soil (CS) treatment. The microbiome structure in the rhizosphere, roots, leaves, and seeds were assessed, along with root traits, nodulation, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) colonization, nutrient concentrations, and biomass yield. Results: Several treatments exhibited positive effects, with CMP and SLSA yielding the most comprehensive improvements. The SLSA outperformed CMP in enhancing nodulation and AMF colonization. Only CMP induced a significant shift in the rhizosphere and root microbiome structure, while the leaf and seed microbiomes remained stable. An AMF Rhizophagus in the rhizosphere and AMF Diversispora in the root endosphere of SLSA treatment, and Actinobacteria and Streptomyces in the root endosphere of the SLSA treatment showed increased abundance. The increased abundance of several microbial groups with SLSA indicated their effectiveness as beneficial keystone taxa, which appears to be an influential factor for impacting salinity tolerance in the legume. Conclusions: Overall, these findings confirm that the application of signaling compounds is a viable strategy for enhancing symbiotic root-microbe interactions and improving plant productivity in saline soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing soil fertility and maize productivity is crucial for sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tillage practices, nitrogen management strategies, and acidified hydrochar on soil fertility and maize productivity. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with split-split plot arrangement and four replications. Main plots received shallow tillage and deep tillage. Subplots were treated with nitrogen (120 kg ha−1) from farmyard manure (FYM) and urea, including control, 33% FYM + 67% urea (MU), and 80% FYM + 20% urea (MF). Acidified hydrochar treatments H0 (no hydrochar) and H1 (with hydrochar, 2 t ha−1) were applied to sub-sub plots. Deep tillage significantly increased plant height, biological yield, grain yield, ear length, grains ear−1, thousand-grain weight, and nitrogen content compared to shallow tillage. MU and MF improved growth parameters and yield over the control. Hydrochar effects varied; H1 enhanced yield components and soil properties such as soil organic matter and nitrogen availability compared to H0. Canonical discriminant analysis linked deep tillage and MU/MF nitrogen management with improved yield and soil characteristics. In conclusion, deep tillage combined with integrated nitrogen management enhances maize productivity and soil properties. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate tillage and nitrogen strategies for sustainable maize production along with hydrochar addition. These insights guide policymakers, agronomists, and agricultural extension services in adopting evidence-based strategies for sustainable agriculture, enhancing food production, and mitigating environmental impacts. The implication of this study suggests to undertake long-term application of hydrochar for further clarification and validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid accumulation of boron (B) leads to toxicity in plant tissues, and the narrow gap between deficiency and toxicity makes it difficult to adjust essential B levels in soil for plant productivity. Therefore, understanding different aspects of B tolerance is necessary to provide new and valid solutions to B toxicity. Gypsophila perfoliata stands out as a remarkable example of a B‐tolerant plant, with a natural propensity to thrive in environments such as B mines and soils enriched with high levels of B.In this study, a yeast functional screening experiment was conducted using cDNA libraries from G. perfoliata leaf and root cells for B tolerance.Ten colonies from the leaf library grew in 80 mm boric acid, while none emerged from the root library. Analysis of isolated cDNAs showed identical sequences and a unique motif related to B tolerance. The gene GpEF1A was identified in the tolerant yeast colonies, with predicted structural features suggesting its role, and RT‐qPCR indicating increased expression under B stress.A regulatory role for EF1A lysine methylation was proposed in mammalian cells and fungi because of its dynamic and inducible nature under environmental constraints. This could also be relevant for plant cells, as the high similarity of the GpEF1A gene in some salt‐tolerant plants might indicate the upregulation of EF1A as a conserved way to cope with abiotic stress conditions. This report represents the first instance of involvement of GpEF1A in B tolerance, and further detailed studies are necessary to understand other components of this tolerance mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Applying inorganic fertiliser can boost crop output, but protecting the environment for future generations is burdensome, especially with the ongoing rise in global population. It is possible to achieve sustainable agricultural yield by using fertilisers, both organic and artificial, in a strategic way. Parts of inorganic fertilisers could be replaced with organic fertilisers in order to preserve and boost soil productivity and increase crop yield. Methods: The two year field experiment was conducted at experimental farm at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab during the kharif season 2019-2020 to study the influence of integrated use of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on physiochemical properties of soil and yield of maize in coarse loamy Typic Haplustept soil with 8 treatments treatments T1-Control, T2 (125:60:30) kg ha-1, T3-RDF +10 ton farmyard manure ha-1, T4-75% RDF+10 ton farm yard manure ha-1+Vermicompost @ 2 ton ha-1, T5-75% RDF+10 ton farmyard manure ha-1, T6-50% RDF +10 ton farm yard manure +vermicompost@ 2 ton ha-1 + azotobacter ha-1, T7-50% RDF +15 ton of farmyard manure +azotobacter ha-1, T8-25 % RDF + azotobacter + vermicompost@ 2 ton ha-1 in RBD design with 3 replications. Result: The soil pH was found highest in T2 (RDF (125:60:30) kg ha-1) (7.41) whereas highest EC was found in T2-RDF (125:60:30) kg ha-1 (0.23 dSm-1). The highest bulk density found under T1 (Control) (1.83 g cm-3) and porosity was highest in T6 (50% RDF +10 ton farm yard manure + vermicompost@ 2 ton ha-1 + azotobacter ha-1) (36.66%). In T6 (50% RDF +10 ton farm yard manure + vermicompost@ 2 ton ha-1 + azotobacter ha-1), the highest amount of nitrogen (312.3 kg ha-1), phosphorus (25.6 kg ha-1), potassium (285.33 kg ha-1) and organic carbon (5.6g kg-1) was found. In terms of yield parameters, the grain yield (4223 kg ha-1), straw yield (5266 kg ha-1), harvest index (41.53%) and 1000-seed weight (286.66 gm) was found highest in T6 (50% RDF +10 ton farm yard manure + vermicompost @ 2 ton ha-1 + azotobacter ha-1). There are significant difference in all the treatements with respect to the physico-chemical properties of soil and yield paramters of maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to implement the newly emerging phytoremediation methods for surface water and contaminated surface soil mitigation from geographical perspectives. Vicinity of Barjora and Durgapur Industrial complex of West Bengal, India, has been selected as the study area for this case study. Based on the general principles and guidelines of phytoremediation implementation in the field, stated in several works of literature and manuals published by various authorities, this study determines the most suitable sites and plants for implementing phytoremediation in the areas mentioned above. For selecting suitable sites, the weighted overlay method has been used in the GIS environment using four datasets, i.e., Landuse, Proximity to the pollution source, soil productivity, pollution load, of top soil and surface water. The outcome reveals that in the Andal block, suitable site clusters are located close to Tamla Village, Dakshin Khandra Village, and Bhadur. The suitable locations for surface water are along the Damodar River in Balarampur, Damodar Nagar, and Ramprasadpur in Andal Block and Ondal Block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term continuous cropping affects the soil microecological community and leads to nutrient imbalances, which reduces crop yields, and crop rotation can increase soil productivity. To study the effects of the cultivation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and corn (Zea mays) on the microbial community, physical and chemical factors and the structure of aggregates in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) long-term continuous cropping soils were examined. Four cropping patterns were established, including one continuous cropping pattern and three crop rotation patterns, and the diversity of the soil microecological community was measured using high-throughput sequencing. The physical and chemical properties of different models of soil were measured, and the soil aggregate structure was determined by dry and wet sieving. Planting of aftercrop tomato and corn altered the bacterial community of the cotton continuous soil to a lesser extent and the fungal community to a greater extent. In addition, continuous cropping reduced the diversity and richness of the soil fungal community. Different aftercrop planting patterns showed that there were very high contents of soil organic carbon and organic matter in the cotton-maize rotation model, while the soil aggregate structure was the most stable in the corn-cotton rotation model. Planting tomato in continuous cropping cotton fields has a greater effect on the soil microbial community than planting maize. Therefore, according to the characteristics of different succeeding crop planting patterns, the damage of continuous cropping of cotton to the soil microenvironment can be alleviated directionally, which will enable the sustainable development of cotton production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a nine-year field experiment in a wheat-maize-sunflower cropping system in Hetao Irrigation Area, Inner Mongolia, China, organic amendments applied as straw, manure, green manure, and the combination of green manure and straw increased wheat and maize yield, soil aggregate stability, and soil microbial activity in comparison with chemical fertilizer, without changing greenhouse gas emission intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil degradation exacerbates the depletion of soil resources and poses a threat to agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. To address this issue, initiatives focusing on soil and water conservation (SWC) were carried out in the Tana Basin watershed located in Ethiopia. However, their spatial distribution, status, and effects of SWC activities on soil erosion were not evaluated in the entire study watershed. Thus, a revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) was adopted to identify soil erosion prone areas and evaluate the effect of SWC activities on soil erosion in Ethiopia. The finding shows the average soil loss of the catchment is 18.65 t/ha/year (moderate), and the detached and transported soil is 7934 tons/year. By implementing bunds in croplands and restricting grazing in degraded bushlands, it is feasible to reduce current soil erosion by 47% of the overall soil loss. The catchment area shows varying degrees of soil erosion, with a minimal rate in some areas, while others experience slight, moderate, severe, and very severe rates of soil loss, which make up 15.5%, 13.3%, 12.8%, and 10.9%, respectively. The prediction efficiency of the RUSLE using ground‐measured soil erosion data results (R2 = 0.90) revealed reliability. Consequently, the initial situation (soil bund and enclosure) results in a 47% reduction in erosion, the second situation involves increased expenses in materials and labor by 53% compared to the first scenario, and the third situation converts all deteriorated bushlands into forest land by 10%. Therefore, recommended SWC practices should be adopted in the Kecha and similar watersheds to minimize soil erosion and sustain soil productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline in soil productivity due to intensive cultivation, unbalanced fertilization and climate change are key challenges to future food security. There is no significant research conducted on the effect of organic amendments on soil properties and active carbon fractions in organic-matter deficient soils under changing climate. Biochar (BC) is a stabilized organic amendment produced from organic materials and is increasingly recognized as being able to improve soil health and crop productivity. The present study was conducted to determine the efficacy of compost (CM) (0.5%, 1%) (w/w) and animal manure (AM) (0.5%, 1%) (w/w) alone and combined with 3% (w/w) biochar, on soil carbon fractions, soil properties, and crop growth in a low-fertile soil. The results revealed significant increased 46% plant height, 106% and 114% fresh and dry shoot weight respectively, and 1,000-grain weight increased up to 40% when 3% BC with 1% CM was applied, compared to a control. Similarly, substantial increases in 69% soil organic matter, and 70% carbon pool index were observed at 3% BC, and under 3% BC with 1% CM increased 11% microbial biomass carbon compared to the control. Overall, the results suggest that 3% BC addition along with 1% CM and AM (1%) had greater potential to improve the soil carbon pool, microbial biomass, and soil health, all of which will ultimately enhance maize yield when grown in low-fertility soil. The application of BC, CM, and AM are a viable green approach, that not only boosts crop yields and improves soil properties and but also contributes to a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics and responses of soil bacterial communities and potato productivity to different fertilization treatments in farmlands in the agropastoral zone of Inner Mongolia were investigated. Moreover, the diversity and structure of soil bacterial communities and potato productivity under different fertilization treatments (no fertilization, CK; phosphorus-deficient treatment, NK; conventional fertilization, NPK; and organic–inorganic combination, NPKM) were assessed using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. The results revealed that soil pH, organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) content, and potato productivity were significantly increased under fertilizer treatments (NK, NPK, and NPKM) compared with those under CK, with NPKM treatment having the best enhancement effect. The application of organic fertilizers significantly increased the Shannon, evenness, Chao1, and Ace indices of soil bacterial communities and reshaped the bacterial community structure. Random forest model analysis revealed that soil pH and TP significantly affected soil bacterial diversity, whereas soil pH, SOM, TP, and TN significantly affected soil bacterial community structure. Correlation and structural equation modeling analyses revealed that soil TP and SOM indirectly affected potato productivity by changing soil bacterial diversity and community composition. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for improving the quality and productivity of farmland soil to guide the rational fertilization of farmlands in the agropastoral zone of northern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different fertilizer treatments on the growth, yield, and nutrient content of two sugar beet cultivars, Aksu (Kazakhstan) and Yampol (Poland), cultivated in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan. The experiment was conducted using a complete randomized block design with three replicates, comprising six treatments: control (without fertilizer), N120P120K90, and N130P130K130 for both cultivars. The soil's physical and chemical properties were analyzed, revealing a foothill light chestnut soil with favorable nutrient levels. Results indicated that the N130P130K130 treatment significantly increased soil available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents, leading to enhanced sugar beet growth, nutrient uptake, and yield. Both cultivars responded positively to the increased nutrient levels, with the N130P130K130 treatment showing the highest yield of 785.6 tons/ha for Aksu and 802.5 tons/ha for Yampol. Furthermore, nutrient content in tubers and leaves was significantly higher in the N130P130K130 treatment compared to other treatments. These findings underscore the importance of balanced nutrient management tailored to specific cultivars for optimizing sugar beet productivity and soil fertility in diverse agro-climatic conditions. Adopting balanced mineral nutrient management approaches could offer promising solutions to enhance sugar beet productivity and sustainability. Future research should focus on exploring long-term effects and integrated nutrient management strategies for sustainable sugar beet cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantification of autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic (Rh) components of soil respiration (Rs) could greatly improve our understanding of terrestrial carbon cycling. Here, we investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply on soil respiration rates and its components, and seasonal cumulative soil CO2 efflux in a semiarid grassland. A two‐factor experiment of N (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and P (0, 18 and 36 kg P ha−1 yr−1) supply was conducted on the Loess Plateau in 2018–2021. Our results indicated that the promoting effect of combination of N and P supply on soil respiration and its components was greater than that of N/P supply alone. N and/or P supply increased the cumulative soil CO2 efflux in both non‐growing and growing seasons, and the non‐growing season CO2 efflux accounted for ∼25% of the growing season CO2 efflux. The increase of cumulative CO2 efflux from Ra in response to N and/or P supply was significantly greater than that of Rh in 2018 and 2019, while it shifted to the opposite, that is, a greater increase in Rh than in Ra in 2020 and 2021. Our results suggest that 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1 supply alone is an optimum fertilization scheme to trade‐off grassland productivity and soil CO2 emissions. Our results highlighted that the promoting effects of N and P fertilization on different soil CO2 efflux components could be reversed in a relatively short period (4 years), and this should be considered when nutrient addition is adapted to restore degraded grasslands. Plain Language Summary: Nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) addition is a widely‐used restoration measure in global grassland, on the other hand nutrient addition could subsequently alter soil CO2 emissions via directly/indirectly effects on plant root growth and soil microbial activity. Our study quantified the effect of N and/or P supply on soil CO2 emissions from soil respiration and its two components through a 4‐year field experiment. We found that N and/or P supply simultaneously promoted soil respiration initially within 1–2 years after fertilization, although this effect diminished after 3 years of soil nutrient addition. 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1 supply alone is the optimum fertilization amount to tradeoff productivity improvement and soil CO2 emissions in a semiarid grassland. Key Points: N and/or P supply significantly increased soil CO2 emissions from semiarid grasslandsThe cumulative soil CO2 efflux was four times higher in the growing than in the non‐growing seasonThe promoting effect of N and/or P supply on soil CO2 emissions weakened with fertilization duration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Broccoli is a nutrient rich export-oriented vegetable. Boron (B) deficiency is one of the most limiting factors for achieving optimum broccoli agronomic productivity in acid soils. Therefore, in the present experiment we assessed the two-year productivity, micronutrients uptake, profitability and energy sustainability of broccoli crop grown on B deficient soils under different B application methods (foliar and soil + foliar), foliar application rates (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% boric acid), and frequencies of foliar application (2 and 3 sprays of boric acid) along with control (without B application). The study was conducted for 2 years in a fixed-field plot using randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed that in comparison to control, the B application significantly enhanced the broccoli head yield and micronutrient uptake with better economic and energy efficiencies. Soil plus foliar B application produced 6.30% higher head yield compared to sole foliar application. The crop yield, economic indices, and energy dynamics were mainly influenced by foliar spray of boric acid at 0.3% applied at 30 & 45 DAT (days after transplanting) and head initiation growth stages. In general, the chemical fertilizers consumed the highest input energy (67.2%) followed by human labor (18.5%). Consequently, soil plus foliar method of B application and three foliar sprays of boric acid at 0.3% will be viable alternative to attain improved crop productivity and maximize the economic and energy efficiencies besides producing nutritionally (micronutrients) rich produce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Historic atmospheric acidic deposition resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels may alter the pools of important nutrients and base cations in sensitive forest soils. This raises concern that chronic acidic deposition, particularly when coupled with intensive forest biomass harvesting, may diminish long‐term soil fertility, forest productivity, and carbon storage potential. To address these concerns, the Fork Mountain long‐term soil productivity experiment was initiated in 1996 at the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia. The replicated experimental design consists of 16 plots (0.2 ha) that receive one of four treatments: (1) whole‐tree harvesting (removal of all aboveground biomass, WT plots); (2) whole‐tree harvesting + ammonium‐sulfate fertilization (WT + NS plots); (3) whole‐tree harvesting + ammonium‐sulfate fertilization + dolomitic lime (WT + NS + Lime plots); and (4) untreated reference plots. We present forest floor and soil chemistry responses after ∼25 years of treatment and evaluate the temporal changes to illuminate these results. Soil acidification has occurred, and base cation movement through the soil profile was observed, with effective cation exchange capacity increasing slightly in the deepest soil horizon by the end of the 25 years. However, some of our hypotheses were not supported. In particular, soil C did not increase over time with fertilization/soil acidification but was mainly altered by WT harvesting, as were other nutrients. Dolomitic lime provided some amelioration of acidification, but surprisingly, most of the changes in base cations appeared to be the results of Mg, not Ca, likely due to greater tree requirements and uptake of Ca. Core Ideas: Soil acidification was created through fertilization and whole‐tree harvesting.Changes in forest ecosystems, including the soils, often require decades to manifest and understand.Soil acidification can be mitigated, somewhat, in forest soils.The links between soil chemistry, productivity, and diversity required further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and free‐living nitrogen fixers (FLNF) occur in the rhizosphere where they can enhance plant nutrient acquisition, impact plant growth, and affect soil processes. Tripartite mutualism commonly occurs between nodule‐forming plants, symbiotic diazotrophs, and AM fungi, and can occur between non‐nodulating plants, FLNF, and AM fungi. However, information on the extent of, and controls on, tripartite mutualism in non‐nodulating plant systems is limited to a small number of crop plants and culturable microbial inoculum, mostly in greenhouse growing conditions. We conducted a systematic literature review to synthesize the current understanding of the responses of plants, AM fungi, and FLNF to co‐inoculation, as well as the conditions affecting tripartite mutualism and the magnitude and range of benefits conferred. Our review shows that plants generally benefit from co‐inoculation with AM fungi and FLNF taxa, but benefits are highly variable and context dependent, ranging from 94% reduction in plant shoot biomass to 255% increase in total plant biomass. Additionally, the presence of AM fungi can increase abundance of FLNF and the presence of FLNF can increase AM fungal root colonization, but these responses also vary widely. Major factors influencing variation in response to co‐inoculation by all organisms include plant phenology/age, soil type and nutrient availability, and partner pairing. There is potential for leveraging these tripartite mutualisms to improve plant productivity and soil microbial function, but successful application is more likely with a thorough understanding of the environmental and mechanistic controls on these relationships and testing of field‐scale implementation. Core Ideas: Co‐inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and free‐living nitrogen fixers (FLNF) most consistently benefits plants by increasing total biomass and yield.Co‐inoculation with FLNF consistently increases AM root colonization in both cereal and non‐cereal plants.FLNF response to co‐inoculation is underreported, but evidence suggests abundance increases in non‐cereal plants.Overall responses to co‐inoculation by all organisms are generally positive, but highly variable.Variability in response to co‐inoculation largely depends on partner pairing, resource availability, and plant age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BIOCHAR and Vermicompost are non-traditional organic modifications of agricultural production used to improve crop productivity and soil fertility. Field experiments were carried out to examine the application of a combination of biochar and earthworm compost and N fertilizers to soil fertility, yield, nutrient content, and nitrogen use efficiency. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates for each treatment. Application of non-traditional organic fertilizers i.e., biochar (B), and vermicompost (V) at three rates (0,1000 and 2000 kg/ha) combined with three rates of mineral N fertilizer (0, 150, 200 kg N/ha) as ammonium sulfate (20.5% N). These results indicate that the application of earthworm compost and biochar greatly enhances recovery efficiency (R e), agricultural efficiency (A e) and nutrient content. In addition, with the addition of biochar or earthworm compost, the amount of organic matter (OM) and NPK in the soil increased, while the pH of the soil decreased further. The results showed that B2N2 treatment was the most successful in improving nutrient content and N efficiency as well and enhancing panicum plant yield. The application of earthworm compost and biochar reforming improved the productivity, nutrient content, agronomic efficiency recovery efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency of panicum feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water stress detrimentally affects soil quality and crop development. The coupled of biochar and compost tea could be a promising strategy for improving soil quality, crop development as well as the productivity of rice plants. Our investigation was performed in split block design to appraise the impact of coupling addition of biochar with compost tea for mitigating the increasing of irrigation intervals (6 days (I1), 9 days (I2), and 12 days (I3)) in rice (Oryza sativa L. Giza 179) during 2022 and 2023 seasons. It was found that the coupled addition of biochar and Compost tea further improved exchangeable sodium percentage and soil enzymes than sole application. In addition, no difference significance was found between irrigation periods every 6 days (I1) and 9 days (I2) and coupled treatment. Consequently, the coupled application enhanced physiological attributes (RWC relative water content and gssto matal conductance) while decrement proline content due to the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT catalase, Ascorbate peroxidase (APX, and POD peroxidase). Accordingly, the greatest findings were obtained with the integrative use of biochar and compost tea. In conclusion, the integrated application of biochar and Compost tea might be promising efforts for reinforcing soil, physiological characteristics and productivity of rice under environmental stressors conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]