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Solid-state refrigeration using barocaloric materials is environmentally friendly and highly efficient, making it a subject of global interest over the past decade. Here, we report giant barocaloric effects in sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6) and sodium hexafluoroarsenate (NaAsF6) that both undergo a cubic-to-rhombohedral phase transition near room temperature. We have determined that the low-temperature phase structure of NaPF6 is a rhombohedral structure with space group R 3 ¯ by neutron powder diffraction. There are three Raman active vibration modes in NaPF6 and NaAsF6, i.e., F2g, Eg, and A1g. The phase transition temperature varies with pressure at a rate of dTt/dP = 250 and 310 K GPa−1 for NaPF6 and NaAsF6. The pressure-induced entropy changes of NaPF6 and NaAsF6 are determined to be around 45.2 and 35.6 J kg−1 K−1, respectively. The saturation driving pressure is about 40 MPa. The pressure-dependent neutron powder diffraction suggests that the barocaloric effects are related to the pressure-induced cubic-to-rhombohedral phase transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect of personalized sweat sodium replacement on drinking behavior, sodium and water balance, and thermophysiological responses during and after ultraendurance running in hot conditions. Methods: Nine participants (7 male, 2 female) completed two 5-hour treadmill runs (60% maximum oxygen uptake, 30°C ambient temperature), in a double-blind randomized crossover design, consuming sodium chloride (SODIUM) capsules to replace 100% of previously assessed losses or placebo (PLACEBO). Fluid was consumed ad libitum. Results: No effect of SODIUM was observed for ad libitum fluid intake or net fluid balance (P >.05). Plasma sodium concentration increased in both trials, but to a greater extent in SODIUM at 2.5 hours (mean [SD]: 4 [4] mmol·L−1 vs 1 [5] mmol·L−1; P <.05) and postexercise (4 [3] mmol·L−1 vs 1 [5] mmol·L−1; P <.05). Plasma volume change was not different between trials (P >.05) but was strongly correlated with sodium balance in SODIUM (r =.880, P <.01). No effect of sodium replacement was observed for heart rate, rectal temperature, thermal comfort, perceived exertion, or physiological strain index. During the 24 hours postexercise, ad libitum fluid intake was greater following SODIUM (2541 [711] mL vs 1998 [727] mL; P =.04), as was urinary sodium excretion (NaCl: 66 [35] mmol, Pl: 21 [12] mmol; P <.01). Conclusions: Personalized sweat sodium replacement during ultraendurance running in hot conditions, with ad libitum fluid intake, exacerbated the rise in plasma sodium concentration compared to no sodium replacement but did not substantially influence overall body-water balance or thermophysiological strain. A large sodium deficit incurred during exercise leads to substantial renal sodium conservation postexercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactions of Cl, Br, and I with Nan=2,3 produced in a supersonic expansion form Na2* and Na* excited states extending across the visible and ultraviolet regions. Emission in the region extending from 410 to 600 nm indicates selectively formed excited state Na2 emission features. Experimental evidence suggests that this emission is associated with Na3 + X reactions. Broadband (0.5 cm−1) laser measurements demonstrate gain (population inversion) for select features at∼524–528(1%), ∼492(0.3%), and ∼458.7–461(0.8%) nm. Single mode (0.007 cm−1) measurements extending from 528.03 to 527.63 nm demonstrate amplification involving five to six individual rovibronic levels with a maximum gain close to 3% recorded at 527.9 nm. The observed gain is associated with select transitions from levels of the Na2 11Πu state populated, via identified curve crossings, through collision induced transfer from long-lived Na2 21Σg+ and 11Πg reservoir states. Collision induced population buildup in the lowest vibrational levels of these reservoir states and collision induced transfer to the Na2 11Πu state create a population inversion in transitions to the X 1Σg+ state of Na2. The observed amplification is aided by rapid vibrational and rotational relaxation in both the Na2 ground and excited reservoir states producing amplifiers in the visible region like the HF amplifier in the infrared. This study suggests the importance of reaction populated and energy storing long-lived reservoir states in small sodium molecule combustion processes and indicates the potential for providing new short wavelength visible and ultraviolet amplifiers for future laser-based chemical propulsion concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinetic frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) allow facile cleavage of a number of E-H bonds (E = H, Si, C, B) where both the Lewis base and Lewis acid are involved in the bond activation transition state. More recently, kinetic FLP systems have been extended to the cleavage of C-X (X = F, Cl, Br) bonds. We report on the role of sodium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate in the benzylation of triarylphosphines, where the sodium cation and phosphine support a kinetic FLP type transition state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium serves as one of the primary cations in the central nervous system, playing a crucial role in maintaining normal brain function. In this study, we investigated alterations in sodium concentrations in the brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid across multiple models, including an aging model, a stroke model, a nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced rat migraine model, a familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2) mouse model, and a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our results reveal that older rats exhibited higher sodium concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, and various brain regions compared to their younger counterparts. Additionally, findings from the stroke model demonstrated a significant increase in sodium in the ischemic/reperfused region, accompanied by a decrease in potassium and an elevated sodium/potassium ratio. However, we did not detect significant changes in sodium in the NTG-induced rat migraine model or the FHM2 mouse model. Furthermore, AD transgenic mice showed no significant differences in sodium levels compared to wild-type mice in CSF, plasma, or the hippocampus. These results underscore the nuanced regulation of sodium homeostasis in various neurological conditions and aging, providing valuable insights into potential mechanisms underlying these alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sudden enhancement in the mesospheric neutral metal layers (Ns) has been studied in different latitudes for decades. Specifically, at 23°S, Sodium Ns layers have been analyzed since their first observation at the end of the seventies. Several studies have reported Sodium Ns during events of energetic particle precipitation (EPP) and the formation of auroral-type sporadic E (Esa) layers at high-latitude stations. The Esa layers are also observed in the Brazilian low-latitude sector during the EPP events due to the South American Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA). However, despite extensive studies on the SAMA region, no reports exist about the co-occurrence of the Ns layer and the Esa layer. Therefore, in the present work, for the first time, we observed on 26 April 2023 a peculiar Ns layer event synchronously occurring with the development of the Esa layer in the SAMA region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary risk factors are the leading cause of death globally and in New Zealand (NZ). Processed packaged foods are prevalent in the food supply and contribute excess amounts of sodium, saturated fat, and sugar in diets. Improving the nutritional quality of these foods has the potential to reduce population chronic disease risk. We aimed to evaluate the healthiness using the Australasian Health Star Rating (HSR, from 0.5 to 5 stars, with 5 being the healthiest) and nutrient composition (sodium, saturated fat, and total sugar) of packaged products manufactured by the largest NZ-based food and beverage companies in NZ 2015–2019. This analysis relates to a larger study evaluating structured engagement with food companies to improve nutrition-related policies and actions. Methods: Data was sourced from Nutritrack, a NZ-branded supermarket-sourced food composition database. The largest NZ-based companies from annual retail sales revenue (n = 35) were identified using 2019 Euromonitor data. All relevant products of the selected companies were extracted for analysis. Products included totalled 17,795 with a yearly range of 3462–3672 products. The primary outcome was a nutrient profile score estimated using HSR. Healthiness was defined as ≥ 3.5 stars. Secondary outcomes were sodium, total sugar, and saturated fat per 100 g/100 mL. All outcomes were assessed overall, by food company, and food category. Change over time was tested using linear mixed models, adjusting for major food categories and cluster effects of food companies controlling for multiple comparisons. Model-adjusted mean differences between years were estimated with 95% confidence intervals. Results: There was a small statistically significant increase in mean HSR between 2015 and 2019 (0.08 [0.15,0.01], p = 0.024). Mean total sugar content decreased over the same period (0.78 g/100 g [0.08,1.47], p = 0.020), but there were no significant changes in mean sodium or saturated fat contents. Seven of the 13 categories showed small increases in mean HSR (0.1–0.2). Most categories (9/13) exhibited a reduction in mean total sugar content. Conclusions: Between 2015 and 2019, there were slight improvements in the nutritional quality of selected packaged foods and drinks in NZ. Much more substantive changes are needed to address the health-related burden of unhealthy diets, supported by stronger government action and less reliance on voluntary industry initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High sodium intake has been linked to negative health effects, including cardiovascular and renal diseases. Traditional dietary sodium assessment methods are time-consuming and subjected to errors. Using technology may increase the efficiency and accuracy of dietary assessment. The objective of this study is to develop and validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) screener using software to assess sodium intake among the Palestinian population. Methodology: The study was conducted in four phases. In Phase 1, Palestinian foods were categorized and subcategorized according to their mode of consumption, sodium content, and food groups. The sodium content values were calculated from Palestinian food composition database. Content validity was done in Phase 2, while in Phase 3, a pilot study was conducted to determine test-retest reliability. In Phase 4, the criterion validity of the screener was assessed by comparing the results of sodium intake from the FFQ screener with the results from a 24-hour urinary sodium test and a 3-day diet recall. Correlations between the sodium intake values from the three methods were analyzed using Pearson correlation tests, and the difference was assessed using the Bland-Altman test. Results: The developed FFQ screener sodium screener included 41 food items categorized into nine groups, with photo-based portion size estimation and frequency of consumption. The reliability test showed a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.7, p < 0.01 using test and retest. For criterion validity, the correlation coefficient between dietary sodium intake using the FFQ screener software and the 24-hour urine sodium test was (0.6, p < 0.000). The correlation coefficient between dietary sodium intake using the FFQ screener software and dietary sodium intake using a 3-day recall was (0.3, p < 0.000). Sodium intake was significantly correlated with preferences for low-sodium food and previous salt reduction, p < 0.05. Conclusions: Using the FFQ screener software was a valid and reliable method for assessing dietary sodium intake. Using the photo-based method to estimate portion size improved precision and accuracy in diet assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a lynchpin disorder, as it results in overactive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which has been implicated in a multitude of disease states. TSC is an autosomal dominant disease where 90% of affected individuals develop epilepsy. Epilepsy results from aberrant neuronal excitability that leads to recurring seizures. Under neurotypical conditions, the coordinated activity of voltage-gated ion channels keep neurons operating in an optimal range, thus providing network stability. Interestingly, loss or gain of function mutations in voltage-gated potassium, sodium, or calcium channels leads to altered excitability and seizures. To date, little is known about voltage-gated ion channel expression and function in TSC. However, data is beginning to emerge on how mTOR signaling regulates voltage-gated ion channel expression in neurons. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature describing common seizure types in patients with TSC, and suggest possible parallels between acquired epilepsies with known voltage-gated ion channel dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss possible links towardmTOR regulation of voltage-gated ion channels expression and channel kinetics and the underlying epileptic manifestations in patients with TSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application properties such as foam property, electrolyte tolerance, antibacterial activity and antistatic performance of the mixed systems of a novel Gemini quaternary ammonium salt with quadra‐cationic sites (TC‐GS) and sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylate (AE9CNa) at various molar fraction of TC‐GS (αTC‐GS), were investigated systematically. Results show that TC‐GS/AE9CNa mixed systems with different ratios form a homogeneous and transparent solution, which exhibits excellent foam stability and antibacterial activity. The foam volume of the mixed system remains nearly constant from 400 s to 1000 s, and even when TC‐GS is 10 mg/L in the mixed systems, the antibacterial rates against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) for 2 min. are all exceeded 99 %. The mixed systems of TC‐GS/AE9CNa at various αTC‐GS also demonstrate the superior electrolyte tolerance, their maximum tolerance of NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 is severally beyond 270 g/L, 180 g/L and 180 g/L. In addition, both TC‐GS solution and the mixed systems have good antistatic properties, which can reduce the surface resistance of polyester fabric to ≤1010 Ω. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many industrialised countries, sodium intake exceeds the nutritional guidelines. High sodium intake has been associated with health problems, such as arterial hypertension and, consequently, a higher health risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate overall quality of salamis with reduced sodium content by analysing aldehydes, proteolysis, and lipolysis, as well as to verify the correlation between sensory acceptance and volatile compounds. Four formulations were prepared replacing NaCl by a mixture of KCI and CaCl2. Two controls, one with a high level and the other with a low NaCl level were also included in the study. Water activity and pH levels were monitored in all samples. Volatile compounds were measured, in particular, hexanal, 2,4-decadienal and 3-methylbutanal. Finally, a sensory acceptance test was carried out using potential consumers. The results highlighted a relation between aldehyde concentration and sensory acceptance, hexanal/3-methybutanal ratio, that may be a marker of partial NaCl substitution in salami. Thus, our results may be used to guide the use of NaCl substitution by KCl/CaCl2 in terms of volatile compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinoids are known to improve the condition of the skin. Transepithelial transport of sodium and chloride ions is important for proper skin function. So far, the effect of applying vitamin A preparations to the skin on ion transport has not been evaluated. In the study, electrophysiological parameters, including transepithelial electric potential (PD) and transepithelial resistance (R), of rabbit skin specimens after 24 h exposure to retinol ointment (800 mass units/g) were measured in a modified Ussing chamber. The R of the fragments incubated with retinol was significantly different than that of the control skin samples incubated in iso-osmotic Ringer solution. For the controls, the PD values were negative, whereas the retinol-treated specimens revealed positive PD values. Mechanical–chemical stimulation with the use of inhibitors of the transport of sodium (amiloride) or chloride (bumetanide) ions revealed specific changes in the maximal and minimal PD values measured for the retinol-treated samples. Retinol was shown to slightly modify the transport pathways of sodium and chloride ions. In particular, an intensification of the chloride ion secretion from keratinocytes was observed. The proposed action may contribute to deep hydration and increase skin tightness, limiting the action of other substances on its surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of contamination of venous blood with a lipid-containing solution on parameters measured by a modern blood gas analyzer. We collected venous blood from 17 healthcare workers (46 ± 11 years; 53 % women) into three blood gas syringes containing 0 , 5 and 10 % lipid-containing solution. Blood gas analysis was performed within 15 min from sample collection on GEM Premier 5000, while triglycerides and serum indices were assays on Roche COBAS C702. Triglycerides concentration increased from 1.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L in the uncontaminated blood gas syringe, to 39.4 ± 7.8 and 65.3 ± 14.4 mmol/L (both p<0.001) in syringes with 5 and 10 % final lipid contamination. The lipemic and hemolysis indices increased accordingly. Statistically significant variation was noted for all analytes except hematocrit and COHb in the syringe with 5 % lipids, while only COHb did not vary in the syringe with 10 % lipids. Significant increases were observed from 5 % lipid contamination for pO2, SO2 and lactate, while the values of pH, pCO2, sodium, potassium, chloride, ionized calcium, glucose, hematocrit (10 % contamination), hemoglobin and MetHB decreased. All these changes except lactate and CoHb exceeded their relative performance specifications. Artifactual hyperlipidemia caused by contamination with exogenous lipids can have a clinically significant impact on blood gas analysis. Manufacturers of blood gas analyzers must be persuaded to develop new instruments equipped with serum indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: Sodium triple quantum (TQ) signal has been shown to be a valuable biomarker for cell viability. Despite its clinical potential, application of Sodium TQ signal is hindered by complex pulse sequences with long scan times. This study proposes a method to approximate the TQ signal using a single excitation pulse without phase cycling. Methods: The proposed method is based on a single excitation pulse and a comparison of the free induction decay (FID) with the integral of the FID combined with a shifting reconstruction window. The TQ signal is calculated from this FID only. As a proof of concept, the method was also combined with a multi‐echo UTE imaging sequence on a 9.4 T preclinical MRI scanner for the possibility of fast TQ MRI. Results: The extracted Sodium TQ signals of single‐pulse and spin echo FIDs were in close agreement with theory and TQ measurement by traditional three‐pulse sequence (TQ time proportional phase increment [TQTPPI)]. For 2%, 4%, and 6% agar samples, the absolute deviations of the maximum TQ signals between SE and theoretical (time proportional phase increment TQTPPI) TQ signals were less than 1.2% (2.4%), and relative deviations were less than 4.6% (6.8%). The impact of multi‐compartment systems and noise on the accuracy of the TQ signal was small for simulated data. The systematic error was <3.4% for a single quantum (SQ) SNR of 5 and at maximum <2.5% for a multi‐compartment system. The method also showed the potential of fast in vivo SQ and TQ imaging. Conclusion: Simultaneous SQ and TQ MRI using only a single‐pulse sequence and SQ time efficiency has been demonstrated. This may leverage the full potential of the Sodium TQ signal in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Whether blood laboratory analyses differ in patients who later suffer in‐hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) compared to other hospitalised patients remains unknown. The aim of this study was to describe pre‐arrest sampling frequencies, results, and trends in blood laboratory analyses in patients with IHCA compared to controls. Methods: This study was a matched case–control study using national registries in Denmark. Cases were defined as patients with IHCA from 2017 to 2021. Controls were defined as hospitalised patients and were matched on age, sex, and date and length of admission. Data on a total of 51 different blood laboratory analyses were obtained. The laboratory analyses of primary interest were lactate, sodium, potassium, and haemoglobin. The index time for cases was defined as the time of cardiac arrest, and a corresponding index time was defined for controls based on the time to cardiac arrest for their corresponding case. Blood sampling frequencies were reported for blood laboratory analyses obtained either within the last 24 h before the index time or between the time of hospital admission and the index time. Blood sampling results were reported for blood laboratory analyses obtained within the last 24 h before the index time. Results: A total of 9268 cases and 92,395 controls were included in this study. Cases underwent more frequent sampling of all blood laboratory analyses compared to controls. This higher sampling frequency was more pronounced for lactate compared to sodium, potassium, or haemoglobin. The last measured lactate was higher in cases (median [IQR]: 2.3 [1.3, 4.9]) compared to controls (median [IQR]: 1.3 [0.9, 2.0]). Differences in sodium, potassium, and haemoglobin were negligible. The proportion of abnormally elevated levels of lactate and potassium increased as time to cardiac arrest decreased; no such effect was seen in controls. No temporal trend was evident for sodium or haemoglobin. Conclusions: Patients with IHCA undergo more frequent blood sampling prior to IHCA and have higher levels of lactate compared to matched controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary sodium restriction remains a guidelines-approved lifestyle recommendation for chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. However, its efficacy in clinical outcome improvement is dubious. Objective: The study evaluated whether dietary sodium restriction in CHF reduces clinical events. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the following databases: Academic Search Ultimate, ERIC, Health Source Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE, Embase, Clinicaltrials.gov and Cochrane Library (trials) to find studies analysing the impact of sodium restriction in the adult CHF population. Both observational and interventional studies were included. Exclusion criteria included i.e.: sodium consumption assessment based only on natriuresis, in-hospital interventions or mixed interventions—e.g. sodium and fluid restriction in one arm only. The review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed for the endpoints reported in at least 3 papers. Analyses were conducted in Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.4.1. Results: Initially, we screened 9175 articles. Backward snowballing revealed 1050 additional articles. Eventually, 9 papers were evaluated in the meta-analysis. All-cause mortality, HF-related hospitalizations and the composite of mortality and hospitalisation were reported in 8, 6 and 3 articles, respectively. Sodium restriction was associated with a higher risk of the composite endpoint (OR 4.12 [95% CI 1.23–13.82]) and did not significantly affect the all-cause mortality (OR 1.38 [95% CI 0.76–2.49]) or HF hospitalisation (OR 1.63 [95% CI 0.69–3.88]). Conclusions: In a meta-analysis, sodium restriction in CHF patients worsened the prognosis in terms of a composite of mortality and hospitalizations and did not influence all-cause mortality and HF hospitalisation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysnatremia is common in donors and recipients of liver transplantation (LT). However, the influence of dysnatremia on LT prognosis remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate effects of donors' and recipients' serum sodium on LT prognosis. We retrospectively reviewed 248 recipients who underwent orthotopic LT at our center between January 2016 and December 2018. Donors and recipients perioperative and 3-year postoperative clinical data were included. Delta serum sodium was defined as the donors' serum sodium minus the paired recipients' serum sodium. Donors with serum sodium > 145 mmol/L had significantly higher preoperative blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P < 0.01) and creatinine (Cr) (P < 0.01) than others. Preoperative total bilirubin (TBIL) (P < 0.01), direct bilirubin (DBIL) (P < 0.01), BUN (P < 0.01), Cr (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the hyponatremia group of recipients than the other groups, but both of donors' and recipients' serum sodium had no effect on the LT prognosis. In the delta serum sodium < 0 mmol/L group, TBIL (P < 0.01) and DBIL (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in postoperative 1 week than the other groups, but delta serum sodium had no effect on the postoperative survival rates. Dysnatremia in donors and recipients of LT have no effect on postoperative survival rates, hepatic and renal function, but recipients with higher serum sodium than donors have significantly higher TBIL and DBIL at 1 week postoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the seeded batch cooling crystallization of sodium phosphite (SP) is simulated and optimized through a coupled method of the genetic algorithm and nonlinear programming. At first, the modeling and simulation test methods of the crystallization process are applied for the crystallization of SP, which expands the relevant study of SP from the experiment to the simulation. A comprehensive model is established in MATLAB/Simulink, and based on this model, the results of the common cooling strategy (linear cooling) on the process are investigated. Meanwhile, the process sensitivity to the change of seeding conditions is analyzed. Then, the coupled optimization method based on the genetic algorithm and nonlinear programming is applied to optimize the crystallization process for the first time, and the obtained optimized cooling strategy is compared to the result of the traditional nonlinear programming method (NLPM). The traditional NLPM has more significant effects on large seeding mass and small mean size, while the coupled method has better adaptability. When the coefficient of variation is almost fixed, the cooling strategy obtained by the coupled method could produce more crystals with large mean size. In addition, the end of the process can be reached earlier. The results show that the coupled method is more suitable for the optimization of the batch cooling crystallization of SP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity tolerance requires coordinated responses encompassing salt exclusion in roots and tissue/cellular compartmentation of salt in leaves. We investigated the possible control points for salt ions transport in roots and tissue tolerance to Na+ and Cl– in leaves of two contrasting mungbean genotypes, salt‐tolerant Jade AU and salt‐sensitive BARI Mung‐6, grown in nonsaline and saline (75 mM NaCl) soil. Cryo‐SEM X‐ray microanalysis was used to determine concentrations of Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, P, and S in various cell types in roots related to the development of apoplastic barriers, and in leaves related to photosynthetic performance. Jade AU exhibited superior salt exclusion by accumulating higher [Na] in the inner cortex, endodermis, and pericycle with reduced [Na] in xylem vessels and accumulating [Cl] in cortical cell vacuoles compared to BARI Mung‐6. Jade AU maintained higher [K] in root cells than BARI Mung‐6. In leaves, Jade AU maintained lower [Na] and [Cl] in chloroplasts and preferentially accumulated [K] in mesophyll cells than BARI Mung‐6, resulting in higher photosynthetic efficiency. Salinity tolerance in Jade AU was associated with shoot Na and Cl exclusion, effective regulation of Na and Cl accumulation in chloroplasts, and maintenance of high K in root and leaf mesophyll cells. Summary statement: Salinity tolerance in mungbean is related to its ability to intercept Na and Cl in roots, thereby reducing Na and Cl transport to shoot, effectively regulate Na and Cl accumulation in chloroplasts, and maintain high K in root and leaf mesophyll cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The standard rate of sodium removal in adult anuric patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is 7.5 g/L of ultrafiltration volume (UFV). Although automated PD (APD) is widely used in pediatric patients, no attempt has yet been made to estimate sodium removal in APD. Methods: The present, retrospective cohort study included pediatric patients with APD who were managed at Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center between July 2010 and November 2017. The patients underwent a peritoneal equilibrium test (PET) at our hospital. Sodium removal per UFV was calculated by peritoneal function and dwell time using samples from patients on APD with 1- and 2-h dwell effluent within three months of PET and 4- and 10-h dwell effluent at PET. Results: In total, 217 samples from 18 patients were included, with 63, 81, and 73 of the samples corresponding to the High [H], High-average [HA], and Low-average [LA] PET category, respectively. Sodium removal per UFV (g/L in salt equivalent) for dwell times of one, two, four, and ten hours was 5.2, 8.8, 8.0, and 11.5 for PET [H], 5.3, 5.8, 5.6, and 8.1 for PET [HA], and 4.6, 5.1, 5.1, and 7.1 for PET [LA], respectively. Conclusions: Sodium removal per UFV in pediatric APD was less than the standard adult CAPD and tended to be lower with shorter dwell times, leading to sodium accumulation. Therefore, salt intake should be restricted in combination with one or more long daytime dwells, especially in anuric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a simple and versatile method for effectively replacing the toxic ligands, such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), on the surface of Au nanospheres with different sizes by citrate. The method involves the deposition of an ultrathin shell of fresh Au in the presence of sodium citrate at an adequate concentration. After the ligand exchange process, multiple techniques are used to confirm that the surface of the resultant Au nanospheres is covered by citrate while there is no sign of aggregation. We also demonstrate the mitigation of cell toxicity after exchanging the surface‐bound CTAB/CTAC with citrate, opening the door to a range of biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crucial aspect of successful conservation strategies is the identification of critical aspects of local habitats required for species preservation in a given region, such as salt licks. Tangkahan is adjacent to the Gunung Leuser National Park in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The park collaborates with the Indonesia Conservation Response Unit using captive Sumatran Elephants Elephas maximus sumatranus for forest patrols, mitigation of human-elephant negative interactions, public education, and ecotourism in the area. An initial study on the daily activities of captive Sumatran Elephants revealed their search for salt licks, which are essential for maintaining their optimal daily sodium intake. Information on salt licks in Tangkahan is limited and deserves further investigation. Ethical clearance is deemed unnecessary, as the research employs a non-invasive approach, exclusively observing the natural behaviors, and daily activities of elephants. The well-being of the elephants takes precedence over invasive technologies, with continuous monitoring ensuring their care throughout the research process. The study utilizes a descriptive-analytic methodology, tracking the daily movements of Sumatran Elephants to identify the locations of salt licks in the area. Four salt licks--Encepan-1, Encepan-2, Namo Cencen, and Hot Spring--were identified by participating in the elephants' territorial exploration. Although the salt licks were located adjacently, Encepan-1 was most frequently visited by the elephants. The salt licks were characterized as waterholes containing Na+ (Sodium ion) rich waters from springs. However, according to the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) method, the sodium concentration in these salt licks ranged 34-55 ppm, which is estimated to be insufficient for the physiological requirements of the elephants. Therefore, further investigations are needed to explore other complementary salt licks and the incidence of geophagy to support the mineral needs of Sumatran Elephants in the Tangkahan region. A crucial aspect of successful conservation strategies is the identification of critical aspects of local habitats required for species preservation in a given region, such as salt licks. Tangkahan is adjacent to the Gunung Leuser National Park in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The park collaborates with the Indonesia Conservation Response Unit using captive Sumatran Elephants Elephas maximus sumatranus for forest patrols, mitigation of human-elephant negative interactions, public education, and ecotourism in the area. An initial study on the daily activities of captive Sumatran Elephants revealed their search for salt licks, which are essential for maintaining their optimal daily sodium intake. Information on salt licks in Tangkahan is limited and deserves further investigation. Ethical clearance is deemed unnecessary, as the research employs a non-invasive approach, exclusively observing the natural behaviors, and daily activities of elephants. The well-being of the elephants takes precedence over invasive technologies, with continuous monitoring ensuring their care throughout the research process. The study utilizes a descriptive-analytic methodology, tracking the daily movements of Sumatran Elephants to identify the locations of salt licks in the area. Four salt licks--Encepan-1, Encepan-2, Namo Cencen, and Hot Spring--were identified by participating in the elephants' territorial exploration. Although the salt licks were located adjacently, Encepan-1 was most frequently visited by the elephants. The salt licks were characterized as waterholes containing Na+ (Sodium ion) rich waters from springs. However, according to the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) method, the sodium concentration in these salt licks ranged 34-55 ppm, which is estimated to be insufficient for the physiological requirements of the elephants. Therefore, further investigations are needed to explore other complementary salt licks and the incidence of geophagy to support the mineral needs of Sumatran Elephants in the Tangkahan region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the energy density of layered oxide cathode materials is of great significance for realizing high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries and promoting their commercial application. Lattice oxygen redox at high voltage usually enables a high capacity and energy density. But the structural degradation, severe voltage decay, and the resultant poor cycling performance caused by irreversible oxygen release seriously restrict the practical application. Herein we introduce a novel fence‐type superstructure (2a×3a type supercell) into O3‐type layered cathode material Na0.9Li0.1Ni0.3Mn0.3Ti0.3O2 and achieve a stable cycling performance at a high voltage of 4.4 V. The fence‐type superstructure effectively inhibits the formation of the vacancy clusters resulting from out‐of‐plane Li migration and in‐plane transition metal migration at high voltage due to the wide d‐spacing, thereby significantly reducing the irreversible release of lattice oxygen and greatly stabilizing the crystal structure. The cathode exhibits a high energy density of 545 Wh kg−1, a high rate capability (112.8 mAh g−1 at 5 C) and a high cycling stability (85.8 %@200 cycles with a high initial capacity of 148.6 mAh g−1 at 1 C) accompanied by negligible voltage attenuation (98.5 %@200 cycles). This strategy provides a distinct spacing effect of superstructure to design stable high‐voltage layered cathode materials for Na‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient method for the synthesis of a self‐supporting carbon framework (denoted Gra‐GC‐MoSe2) is proposed with a triple‐gradient structure—in sodiophilic sites, pore volume, and electrical conductivity—which facilitates the highly efficient regulation of Na deposition. In situ and ex situ measurements, together with theoretical calculations, reveal that the gradient distribution of Se heteroatoms in MoSe2, and its derivatives tailor the sodiophilicity, while the gradient distribution of porous nanostructures homogenizes the Na+ diffusion. Therefore, Na deposition occurs from the bottom to the top of the Gra‐GC‐MoSe2 framework without dendrite formation. In addition, the gradient in electrical conductivity ensures the stripping process does not lead to dead Na. As a result, a Gra‐GC‐MoSe2 modified Na anode (Na@Gra‐GC‐MoSe2) shows impressive cycling stability with a high average Coulombic efficiency in an asymmetric cell. In symmetric cells, it also exhibits a long cycling life of 2000 h with a low polarization voltage and works stably even under a large capacity of 10 mAh cm−2. Moreover, a Na@Gra‐GC‐MoSe2|| Na3V2(PO4)3 full cell delivers a high energy density with an excellent cycling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of admirable hydrogel networks is of both practical and fundamental importance for diverse applications of hydrogels. Herein a general strategy of acid‐assisted training is designed to enable multiple improvements of conventional poly (sodium acrylate) networks for hydrogels. Hydrophobic homogeneous crosslinked poly (sodium acrylate) hydrogels are prepared to verify the strategy. The multiple improvements of poly (sodium acrylate) networks are simply achieved by immersing the hydrogel networks into 4 M H2SO4 solutions. The introduced acids would induce transformation of poly (sodium acrylate) into poly (acrylic acid) at hydrogel surface, which constructs dynamic hydrogen bonding interactions to tighten the network. The acid‐containing poly (sodium acrylate) hydrogels newly generate anti‐swelling and self‐healing performance, and show mechanical improvement. The internal poly (sodium acrylate) of the pristine acid‐containing hydrogels is further fully transformed via acid‐infiltration after following cyclic stretch/release training to significantly improve the mechanical performance. The Young's modulus, stress, and toughness of the fully‐trained hydrogels are 187.6 times, 35.6 times, and 5.4 times enhanced, respectively. The polymeric networks retain isotropic in fully‐trained hydrogels to ensure superior stretchability of 8.6. The acid‐assisted training performance of the hydrogels can be reversibly recovered by NaOH neutralization. The acid‐assisted training strategy here is general for poly (sodium acrylate) hydrogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of admirable hydrogel networks is of both practical and fundamental importance for diverse applications of hydrogels. Herein a general strategy of acid‐assisted training is designed to enable multiple improvements of conventional poly (sodium acrylate) networks for hydrogels. Hydrophobic homogeneous crosslinked poly (sodium acrylate) hydrogels are prepared to verify the strategy. The multiple improvements of poly (sodium acrylate) networks are simply achieved by immersing the hydrogel networks into 4 M H2SO4 solutions. The introduced acids would induce transformation of poly (sodium acrylate) into poly (acrylic acid) at hydrogel surface, which constructs dynamic hydrogen bonding interactions to tighten the network. The acid‐containing poly (sodium acrylate) hydrogels newly generate anti‐swelling and self‐healing performance, and show mechanical improvement. The internal poly (sodium acrylate) of the pristine acid‐containing hydrogels is further fully transformed via acid‐infiltration after following cyclic stretch/release training to significantly improve the mechanical performance. The Young's modulus, stress, and toughness of the fully‐trained hydrogels are 187.6 times, 35.6 times, and 5.4 times enhanced, respectively. The polymeric networks retain isotropic in fully‐trained hydrogels to ensure superior stretchability of 8.6. The acid‐assisted training performance of the hydrogels can be reversibly recovered by NaOH neutralization. The acid‐assisted training strategy here is general for poly (sodium acrylate) hydrogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 11 minerals of the lovozerite group, theoretical investigations of Na+-ion migration were performed. The combination of GT, BVSE, and DFT-NEB approaches allows for studying the relationship between the crystallochemical energetic characteristics and ion-conductive properties of solid electrolytes. The constructed tilings made it possible to establish common types of cavities (tiles) for these structures. The location of sodium in large cavities suggests that these cavities can serve as new building blocks for modeling zeolite-like frameworks. GT analysis indicated that combeite, townendite, kapustinite and kazakovite have the widest Na+-migration paths among the 11 minerals. Using the BVSE approach, values of the migration barriers were obtained. For combeite, townendite, kapustinite and zolotarevite, the values of the migration barriers are in the range of 0.60–0.80 eV. DFT-NEB modeling results are in good agreement with the results from BVSE and GT analyses. It was found that minerals of this group have structures that are promising for the creation of new cation-conducting materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[{SiNDipp}BeClM]2 ({SiNDipp} = {CH2SiMe2N(Dipp)}2; M = Li, Na, K, Rb) are converted to ionic species by treatment with a crown ether. Whereas the lithium derivative reacts with Na or K to provide [{SiNDipp}BeCl]−[M(12-cr-4)2]+ (M = Na, K), the resultant sodium species is resistant to reduction by potassium. These observations are rationalised by a hybrid experimental/theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium batteries, encompassing sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and sodium metal batteries (SMBs), have emerged as a significant trend in the advancement of secondary batteries owing to the natural abundance and economical characteristics of sodium. Despite significant strides in enhancing the electrochemical performance of sodium batteries, understanding their sodium storage mechanism and the factors contributing to capacity degradation remains a challenge. The utilization of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables direct observation and a comprehensive investigation of the structure and chemical evolution of electrodes and interfaces during dynamic electrochemical processes. This review first systematically explores the fundamental mechanism of in situ TEM in the context of rechargeable batteries. Then, recent advancements in applying in situ TEM to sodium batteries including SIBs and SMBs are detailed. Finally, this review emphasizes potential opportunities and challenges for the future development of in situ TEM in the realm of sodium batteries, highlighting its significance in unraveling crucial aspects of their operation and guiding further advancements in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Blood pressure (BP) is characterized by a circadian rhythm (Circr) with lower nighttime values, called dipping. Non-dipping is associated with higher CVD risk. The Circr of urinary sodium excretion (NaCle), peaking during the day, is linked to BP patterns. Physical activity (PA) is known to improve BP control and enhance the dipping phenomenon, but its possible effect on NaCle remains unclarified. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between PA and the Circr of NaCle and to determine if the relationship is independent of age, sex, BP values, dipping pattern, and salt intake. Methods: A pilot cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the Ticino Epidemiological Stiffness Study, involving 953 participants in Switzerland. Data collection included standardized questionnaires, blood samples, 24 h urine collections, and ambulatory BP monitoring. Participants were categorized into sedentary, partially active, and active. The effect of PA, NaCl intake, and dipping on the day/night NaCle ratio was assessed with multivariable linear regressions. Results: Participants' median age was 49 years, with 78% having normal BP values and 47% exhibiting a dipping pattern; 51% were classified as sedentary and 22% as partially active. The median NaCl intake was 7.9 g/day. The youngest subjects had a higher hourly NaCle ratio compared to older subjects. Higher NaCl intake correlated with increased BP, a phenomenon more pronounced in men and younger subjects. The hourly day/night NaCle ratio positively correlates with dipping; however, PA did not show a significant correlation with the NaCle ratio. Conclusions: This study indicates that while the day/night NaCle ratio correlates with the dipping pattern, PA is unrelated to the circadian rhythm of renal sodium handling. The beneficial effects of PA on BP and cardiovascular health thus appear to be mediated through mechanisms other than NaCle. These are explorative findings only but relativize the need for further investigations on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death in Croatia, are linked to the high prevalence of hypertension. Both are associated with high salt intake, which was determined almost two decades ago when Croatian Action on Salt and Health (CRASH) was launched. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate salt, potassium, and iodine intake using a single 24 h urine sample in a random sample of the adult Croatian population and to analyse trends in salt consumption after the CRASH was intensively started. Methods: In this study, we analysed data on 1067 adult participants (mean age 57.12 (SD 13.9), men 35%). Results: Mean salt and potassium intakes were 8.6 g/day (IQR 6.2–11.2) and 2.8 g/day (IQR 2.1–3.5), respectively, with a sodium-to-potassium ratio of 2.6 (IQR 1.8–3.3). We detected a decrease of 17.6% (2 g/day less) in salt consumption compared with our previous salt-mapping study. However, only 13.7% and 8.9% met the WHO salt and potassium recommended targets of 5 g/day and 3.5 g/day, respectively. Salt intake was higher, and potassium ingestion was lower, in rural vs. urban regions and in continental vs. Mediterranean parts of Croatia. Moderate to severe iodine insufficiency was determined in only 3% of the adult participants. Conclusion: In the last fifteen years, salt consumption has been significantly reduced in the Croatian adult population because of the intensive and broad CRASH program. However, salt intake is still too high, and potassium ingestion is too low. Salt reduction programs are the most cost-effective methods of cardiovascular disease prevention and merit greater consideration by the government and health policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alterations in the electronic structural properties of a sodium atom confined inside a fullerene cage are investigated in this manuscript; the engineered atom is explored to suit for the quantum technique applications. A Gaussian annular square well (GASW) model has been used to mimic the fullerene environment. Electronic properties such as energy levels, probabilities, the lifetime of the levels, etc, have been studied for various confinement depths of GASW using the multi-configuration Dirac Hartree–Fock technique. The wavelengths of the D lines of the sodium atom have been shifted from the typical yellow to the blue and then to the ultraviolet region upon confinement. Using the range-shifted blue D lines of the engineered atom, a typical Λ-type electromagnetically induced transparency configuration is proposed. Furthermore, we have shown the explicit dependency of relevant atomic parameters on the confinement depth, which showcases the tunability to suit the engineered atoms for various applications; for instance, increasing the confinement depth increases the lifetime of 3 D 5 / 2 and 3 D 3 / 2 states significantly from the typical lifetime value, which has potential applications in quantum technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The room‐temperature sodium‐sulfur (RT Na‐S) batteries have been seriously hindered in their practical application due to the sluggish redox kinetics and incomplete conversion of polysulfides. In this study, a structure‐determined Keggin‐type heteropolyvanadotungstate of H5PW10V2O40·30H2O (PW10V2) is engineered and reveal its catalytic mechanism in RT Na‐S system. With the assistance of precise V sites and highly reversible multi‐electron redox properties, PW10V2 as a bidirectional molecular catalyst expedites the complete conversions between polysulfides and the insoluble sodium sulfide, while undergoing the reversible transformation between its reduced and oxidized states. Furthermore, PW10V2 with multicenter active sites can capture polysulfides efficiently. Consequently, the cell with the constructed PW10V2‐based modified separator achieves the perdurable cyclability up to 4000 loops even at 10 C toward an exceptionally low capacity decay rate of 0.012% per cycle, far surpassing those of current state‐of‐the‐art RT Na‐S batteries that employ the functional materials based on separator. This work first demonstrates the underlying electrochemical reaction processes of polyoxometalate‐based functional materials, which guides solving the challenging issues related to sodium polysulfides in RT Na‐S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A resin-based hard carbon with rich closed pores is prepared by the in situ reconstruction of cavities formed after heteroatoms evaporated during a high-temperature carbonization process. Various characterization results confirm that rich defect sites and micropores and enlarged layer spacing in hard carbon promote Na+ transport and facilitate high-performance Na+ storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A visible-light-induced hydroxycarboxylation of α-trifluoromethylstyrenes is reported herein, which provides a series of α-trifluoromethyl-β-carboxyl tertiary alcohols under mild and environmentally friendly conditions in moderate to good yields. This protocol is enabled by SET between a photocatalyst and sodium formate to obtain CO2˙− without adding an additional HAT reagent. Broad substrate scope, excellent functional group compatibility, gram-scale synthesis and synthetic applications show the significant potential application of this protocol in the synthesis of a variety of compounds with densely functionalized α-CF3 tertiary alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-pore channels are pathophysiologically important Na+-and Ca2+-permeable channels expressed in lysosomes and other acidic organelles. Unlike most other ion channels, their permeability is malleable and ligand-tuned such that when gated by the signaling lipid PI(3,5)P2, they are more Na+-selective than when gated by the Ca2+ mobilizing messenger nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate. However, the structural basis that underlies such plasticity and single-channel behavior more generally remains poorly understood. A recent Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of TPC2 bound to PI(3,5)P2 in a proposed open-channel conformation provided an opportunity to address this via molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. To our surprise, simulations designed to compute conductance through this structure revealed almost no Na+ permeation events even at very high transmembrane voltages. However further MD simulations identified a spontaneous transition to a dramatically different conformation of the selectivity filter that involved expansion and a flip in the orientation of two core asparagine residues. This alternative filter conformation was remarkably stable and allowed Na+ to flow through the channel leading to a conductance estimate that was in very good agreement with direct single-channel measurements. Furthermore, this conformation was more permeable for Na+ over Ca2+. Our results have important ramifications not just for understanding the control of ion selectivity in TPC2 channels but also more broadly in terms of how ion channels discriminate ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypertension is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Existing recommendations suggest reduction of sodium load, but the effect of dialysate sodium on blood pressure (BP) is not fully elucidated. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of different dialysate sodium concentrations on 72-h ambulatory BP in hemodialysis patients. Methods This prospective study included patients on standard thrice-weekly hemodialysis. All patients initially underwent six sessions with dialysate sodium concentration of 137 meq/L, followed consecutively by another six sessions with dialysate sodium of 139 meq/L and, finally, six sessions with dialysate sodium of 141 meq/L. At the start of the sixth hemodialysis session on each sodium concentration, 72-h ABPM was performed over the long interdialytic interval to evaluate ambulatory systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP) during the overall 72-h, different 24-h, daytime and night-time periods. Results Twenty-five patients were included in the final analysis. A significant increase in the mean 72-h SBP was observed with higher dialysate sodium concentrations (124.8 ± 16.6 mmHg with 137 meq/L vs 126.3 ± 17.5 mmHg with 139 meq/L vs 132.3 ± 19.31 mmHg with 141 meq/L, P = 0.002). Similar differences were noted for DBP; 72-h DBP was significantly higher with increasing dialysate sodium concentrations (75.1 ± 11.3 mmHg with 137 meq/L vs 76.3 ± 13.7 mmHg with 139 meq/L vs 79.5 ± 13.9 mmHg with 141 meq/L dialysate sodium, P = 0.01). Ambulatory BP during the different 24-h intervals, daytime and night-time periods was also progressively increasing with increasing dialysate sodium concentration. Conclusion This pilot study showed a progressive increase in ambulatory BP with higher dialysate sodium concentrations. These findings support that lower dialysate sodium concentration may help towards better BP control in hemodialysis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populations of large herbivores can be efficiently managed by regulating the number of females, which is directly related to recruitment. This study aims to determine seasonal changes in the attractiveness of salt water to female Sika deer (Cervus nippon) in order to cull females more efficiently. Females drank saltwater well at similar times of the year for saltwater with different installation dates. In particular, the frequency of drinking increased from early April to mid-July. Previous studies have shown that salt water is an effective attractant for capturing females, but the results of this study suggest that females may be captured more effectively in spring and early summer. This is the birthing season for sika deer. Culling females in late pregnancy and lactation may also directly reduce recruitment due to higher mortality of young. Saltwater-induced culling of female sika deer may be an effective method of managing overpopulation of the deer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI)‐based multifunctional electrolyte is developed by partially replacing NaPF6 salt in the electrolyte to improve the wide temperature range working capability of NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2/hard carbon (NNFM111/HC) sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). The capacity retention of the SIBs with NaFSI‐NaPF6 dual salt electrolyte increases from 47.2 % to 75.5 % after 250 cycles at 25 °C, and from 51.0 % to 82.3 % after 80 cycles at 45 °C, and the 1 C discharge capacity retention at the low temperature of −20 °C also increases 26.8 %. In the single salt system, NaPF6 effectively passivate the aluminum foil and NaFSI passivate the electrode/electrolyte interface. The synergistic effect of NaPF6 and NaFSI greatly improves the battery performance in a wide temperature range. This NaFSI‐based dual salt electrolyte also effectively overcomes the flaws when the SIBs using NaFSI or NaPF6 independently, and makes it more suitable for SIBs, indicating promising prospects in the commercial application of NNFM111/HC SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactions of polyelectrolyte poly (sodium styrene sulfonate or NaPSS) and anionic surfactants, sodium glycodeoxycholate (SGDC) and sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS), as well as their combination (SGDC + STS) at different mole fraction ratios, were investigated using surface tension analysis. In the SGDC + STS binary mixture, when the amount of NaPSS (0.005–0.03%) increased from α SGDC 0.0 to 1.0, increasing the critical micellization concentration (cmc) of the mixtures. The minimum cmc values were found from 0.833 to 1.480 mmol L−1 in the presence of 0.03% of NaPSS. Clint, Rubingh, Motomura, and Rodenas approaches were used to evaluate the ideal cmc, activity coefficients (fi), interaction parameter (–β), micellar compositions (x), and ideal micellar composition of (xid) of SGDC + STS mixtures. Synergism has been demonstrated by the experimental values of c0m being lower than the ideal values in water. Moreover, by adding NaPSS from 0.005 to 0.03%, the synergism interaction was eliminated and antagonism behavior was developed. The standard Gibb's free energy of micellization ( Δ G m 0) and surface excess (Γ) and surface area per absorbed molecules (Amin) was decreased or increased depending on NaPSS amount in the SGDC + STS mixture with varying a SGDC . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface plasmons possess the capability to overcome the diffraction limit, making them highly promising for a wide range of applications in the field of nanophotonics. Here we design a sodium-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide consisting of an elliptical Si nanowire separated from the Na film by a low-index SiO2 layer. The modal properties of the proposed waveguide are thoroughly investigated by using the finite element method with a focus on parameters such as effective mode index, propagation length, normalized mode area, and figure of merit. The results show that the hybrid modes exhibit ultra-low loss with propagation length in the millimeter range as well as high figure of merit over 103. Besides, the hybrid plasmonic waveguide with a vertical elliptical nanowire provides a stronger energy constrain ability compared with that with a horizontal elliptical nanowire. The proposed waveguide may contribute to the development of nanoscale devices in photonic integration circuits, such as lasers, sensors, and modulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium (Li)-ion batteries have stimulated the societal transformation to clean energy systems. This carry-on electricity is revolutionizing how society communicates, functions, and evolves efficiently by enabling mobile electronics, zero-emission electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage. In preparation for the sustainable energy future, however, there are growing concerns about depleting critical elements used in the Li technology (e.g., lithium, cobalt, and nickel), especially for large-scale applications that will accelerate the rate of elemental consumption. Various non-Li-based rechargeable batteries composed of earth-abundant elements, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, have been proposed and explored as alternative systems to promote sustainable development of energy storage. In this perspective, we discuss challenges in Li-ion batteries in the sustainability aspect and provide our opinions on the potential applications of non-Li-based batteries. We also highlight the current status, important progress, and remaining challenges of the Li-alternative technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The quality of fish is easily damaged during the frozen process, and the ice glazing technology can better maintain the quality of frozen fish. However, the traditional ice glazing technology is not yet stable and some of the properties need to be improved. This research optimised ice glazing technology by adding different antioxidants to the traditional ice glazing, which improved the stability of the ice glazing and lessened the dry consumption of mackerel during frozen storage. The lipid oxidation and protein denaturation of mackerel were inhibited with the addition of antioxidants to the ice glazing, the freshness of mackerel was maintained better, and the production of histamine was also decreased during frozen storage. It was found that the ice glazing with the addition of antioxidant bamboo leaves (AOB) had better water retention, lower TVB‐N value, and histamine content compared to the addition of theaflavins (TF) and sodium isovitamin (VC). Moreover, the sample treated by the ice glazing with AOB showed less lipid oxidation and protein denaturation. Therefore, ice glazing with the addition of AOB could be an optional method for relieving the quality deterioration of mackerel during frozen storage. This research also provides insights into the coupling of antioxidants and ice‐coating techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Blood pressure variability, in acute stroke, may be an important modifiable determinant of functional outcome after stroke. In a large international cohort of participants with acute stroke, it was sought to determine the association of blood pressure variability (in the early period of admission) and functional outcomes, and to explore risk factors for increased blood pressure variability. Patients and methods: INTERSTROKE is an international case–control study of risk factors for first acute stroke. Blood pressure was recorded at the time of admission, the morning after admission and the time of interview in cases (median time from admission 36.7 h). Multivariable ordinal regression analysis was employed to determine the association of blood pressure variability (standard deviation [SD] and coefficient of variance) with modified Rankin score at 1‐month follow‐up, and logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for blood pressure variability. Results: Amongst 13,206 participants, the mean age was 62.19 ± 13.58 years. When measured by SD, both systolic blood pressure variability (odds ratio 1.13; 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.24 for SD ≥20 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure variability (odds ratio 1.15; 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.26 for SD ≥10 mmHg) were associated with a significant increase in the odds of poor functional outcome. The highest coefficient of variance category was not associated with a significant increase in risk of higher modified Rankin score at 1 month. Increasing age, female sex, high body mass index, history of hypertension, alcohol use, and high urinary potassium and low urinary sodium excretion were associated with increased blood pressure variability. Conclusion: Increased blood pressure variability in acute stroke, measured by SD, is associated with an increased risk of poor functional outcome at 1 month. Potentially modifiable risk factors for increased blood pressure variability include low urinary sodium excretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The signaling complex around voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels includes accessory proteins and kinases crucial for regulating neuronal firing. Previous studies showed that one such kinase, WEE1—critical to the cell cycle—selectively modulates Nav1.2 channel activity through the accessory protein fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14). Here, we tested whether WEE1 exhibits crosstalk with the AKT/GSK3 kinase pathway for coordinated regulation of FGF14/Nav1.2 channel complex assembly and function. Using the in-cell split luciferase complementation assay (LCA), we found that the WEE1 inhibitor II and GSK3 inhibitor XIII reduce the FGF14/Nav1.2 complex formation, while the AKT inhibitor triciribine increases it. However, combining WEE1 inhibitor II with either one of the other two inhibitors abolished its effect on the FGF14/Nav1.2 complex formation. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings of sodium currents (INa) in HEK293 cells co-expressing Nav1.2 channels and FGF14-GFP showed that WEE1 inhibitor II significantly suppresses peak INa density, both alone and in the presence of triciribine or GSK3 inhibitor XIII, despite the latter inhibitor's opposite effects on INa. Additionally, WEE1 inhibitor II slowed the tau of fast inactivation and caused depolarizing shifts in the voltage dependence of activation and inactivation. These phenotypes either prevailed or were additive when combined with triciribine but were outcompeted when both WEE1 inhibitor II and GSK3 inhibitor XIII were present. Concerted regulation by WEE1 inhibitor II, triciribine, and GSK3 inhibitor XIII was also observed in long-term inactivation and use dependency of Nav1.2 currents. Overall, these findings suggest a complex role for WEE1 kinase—in concert with the AKT/GSK3 pathway—in regulating the Nav1.2 channelosome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that affects more than 10.5% of the world's adult population. Biochemical and hematological parameters, such as albumin (ALB) and red cell distribution width (RDW), have been shown to be altered in diabetic patients. This study aimed to correlate hematological and biochemical parameters with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). A total of 777 adults (372 women and 405 men, aged 19–85 years) were divided into three groups: 218 participants with HbA1c < 5.7% (group A: non-diabetic), 226 with HbA1c ≥ 5.7% and <6.5% (group B: prediabetic) and 333 with HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (group C: diabetic). Biochemical and hematological parameters were compared among the three groups. An analysis of variance was performed to determine the correlations of the parameters among the groups. The ALB and sodium (Na) levels were significantly lower in group C than in groups A (ALB: 3.8 g/dL vs. 4.1 g/dL, p < 0.0001, Na: 138.4 mmol/L vs. 139.3 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and B (ALB: 3.8 g/dL vs. 4.0 g/dL, p < 0.0001, Na: 138.4 mmol/L vs. 139.6 mmol/L, p < 0.0001), whereas the RDW-standard deviation (RDW-SD) and urea were increased in group C as compared to group A (RDW: 45.8 vs. 43.9 fL, p < 0.0001, urea: 55.6 mg/dL vs. 38.5 mg/dL, p < 0.0001). The mean platelet volume (MPV) was increased in group C as compared to group A (9.3 fL vs. 9.1 fL, p < 0.05, respectively). Τhe increase in RDW-SD in group A as compared to B and C demonstrates the impact of hyperglycemia on red blood cells. Albumin and RDW might improve risk assessment for the development of diabetes. These results highlight the potential role of these parameters as an indication for prediabetes that would alert for measurement of HbA1c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sodium roasting-water leaching technique is the major technique for vanadium extraction from vanadium slag in industry, which suffers from the low vanadium extraction efficiency and thus low sustainability. The lack of intrinsic evolution mechanism of vanadium-containing phases during sodium roasting hinders the improvement of vanadium extraction efficiency. Herein, the "atomic atmosphere" method is proposed to explore the phase evolution mechanism of vanadium slag during sodium roasting at the atomic scale. At the initial stage of roasting, FeV2O4 transformed into Fe2O3·V2O3. As roasting time increased to 5 min, V3+ in Fe2O3·V2O3 began to be oxidized to V4+. At 15 min, V5+-containing sodium vanadate of Na3VO4, NaV3O8, and NaVO3 began to appear. At 15 to 70 min, oxidization of vanadium occurred intensively, and the sodium vanadate nanowire crystals increased and grew into clusters. At 90 min, all the vanadium atoms were V5+, which are surrounded by O2- and Na+; the sodium vanadate nanowire bundles covered the whole slag surface. This work exemplifies the atomic atmosphere method to disclose the phase evolution mechanism of vanadium slag during sodium roasting at the atomic scale, which can not only promote the vanadium extraction efficiency of sodium roasting technique, but also provides insights for efficient and sustainable extraction of other valuable resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the clinical value of Vitamin-D combined with budesonide/formoterol (BF) and theophylline sodium glycinate (TSG) sustained-release tablets in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Medical records of 114 patients with CODP, treated in Wenzhou Geriatric Hospital from October 2020 to February 2023, were retrospectively analyzed. Of them, 59 received treatment with Vitamin-D combined with BF and TSG sustained-release tablets (Group-A), and 55 patients received treatment with BF combined with TSG sustainedrelease tablets (Group-B). Lung function indicators, blood gas status, inflammatory factors, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels before and after the treatment in both groups were collected. Results: After the treatment, lung function indicators, blood gas status, inflammatory factors, FeNO, and 25 (OH) D levels in both groups were significantly improved compared to pretreatment levels, and were significantly better in the Group-A compared to Group-B (P<0.05). Conclusions: The combination of Vitamin-D, BF, and TSG sustained-release tablets can effectively regulate the blood gas status of patients with COPD, improve lung function, regulate FeNO and 25 (OH) D, and effectively downregulate the levels of inflammatory factors, thus reducing the degree of inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]