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The prolonged Sri Lankan conflict in Sri Lanka occurred between the majority Sinhala govt. and the minority Sri Lankan Tamils on the island. The discrimination of identity and ethnicity led to major ruins on the land. This paper emphasizes the role of Buddhist values in Sri Lanka during the ethnic conflict. The principles of Buddhism help people rehabilitate and restore peace in the war-torn nation. In particular, the paper attempts to examine the Buddhist values practiced by the people irrespective of their religious denominations during the Civil War, through the literary landscape of Anuk Arudpragasam's The Story of a Brief Marriage. The noble precepts of Buddhism are four noble truths and the eightfold path, which teaches non-violence, selflessness, and tolerance. The doctrines of Buddhism restored humanitarian values at the height of the ethnic conflict in society. The current research paper helps to identify the influence of Buddhism on the people of the island nation in maintaining self-control, self-discipline, and morally upright behaviors. However, it proves the absence and ignorance of the Buddhist precepts which incited many ethnic clashes among the people. Further, it focuses on the causes of the major devastation and the collapse of the Sri Lankan socio-political system and the role of Buddhism in restoring peace in the war-torn nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A good optical quality bulk single crystal of a semiorganic non-linear optical material, lithium p-nitrophenolate trihydrate has been grown by a slow cooling solution growth method. The solubility of the material was measured in water before attempting the growth by cooling. The grown crystal was subjected to X-ray diffraction for phase identification and high resolution X-ray diffraction study for assessing its crystalline quality. A rocking curve with full width half maximum of 18 arc s exhibits the good crystalline quality of the crystal. Transmission study shows that the crystal has ∼75–80% transmission in the visible and near infra red spectrum making it a potential material for non-linear optical applications in this spectral range. The refractive index homogeneity, which is an index of the optical quality of the crystal was investigated using birefringence and Mach–Zehnder interferometry. The uniformity of the fringe pattern in both the interferograms show that the crystal has good refractive index homogeneity and is free from any defects. The experimental morphology of the crystal has been found to match with the morphology simulated on the basis of the Bravias–Friedel–Donnay–Harker law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiorganic single crystals of thiosemicarbazide cadmium chloride TSCCC and mercury ions doped thiosemicarbazide cadmium chloride were synthesized by slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystals were subjected to powder Xray analysis and both the crystals were found to crystallize in the monoclinic system. EDAX analysis was carried out for chemical analysis of the grown crystals. The UVVisNIR spectrum shows that both the materials have wide transparency window in the visible and near IR region. The dielectric studies were carried out to estimate the dielectric constant and dielectric loss with respect to frequency for both the crystals. © 2009 WILEYVCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystals of ferroelectric succinic acid SA with very high degree of transparency were grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. Single crystal Xray diffraction analysis reveals that the crystal belongs to monoclinic system with the space group P21c. Some physical parameters have been determined for grown crystal. The optical absorption study reveals the transparency of the crystal in the entire visible region and the cut off wave length was found to be 240 nm. The optical band gap is found to be 3.75 eV. The dependence of extinction coefficient k and refractive index n on the wavelength have also been reported. The presence of functional groups was determined qualitatively by using Fourier transform infrared spectrum FTIR from which force constant has been calculated. The dielectric constant was also studied as a function of frequency at room temperature and electrical conductivity has been calculated from the ColeCole plot. © 2008 WILEYVCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystals of amino acid doped L–citrulline, Lascorbic acid triglycine sulphate were grown by slow evaporation technique. The lattice parameters and crystalline quality were confirmed by powder Xray diffraction studies. The presence of functional groups in the grown crystals was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis. The dielectric studies were carried out to identify the phase transition temperature and the dielectric constant was found to be less for both the doped crystals than pure triglycine sulphate crystal. Micro hardness studies were carried out using Vickers pyramidal indentation technique at room temperature showed a decrease in hardness due to doping. © 2008 WILEYVCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-Aspartate [C4H7NO4], also called as 2-aminobutanedoioic acid, an organic amino acid was crystallized with the aid of sodium metasilicate gel. Diffusion of the supersaturated solutions in porous gel network by solubility reduction method in silica gel was carried out in our laboratory. The crystals were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals the presence of functional groups in the crystals. Optical absorbance of the crystals was studied by UV – Visible spectroscopy and the thermal properties were studied by thermo gravimetric analysis. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good quality single crystals of Ni2+, Co2+ ions doped Bisthiourea Cadmium Chloride (BTCC) are some of the excellent and efficient non-linear optical materials grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals are determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. UV spectral analyses on these samples reveal the improved transparency of the doped crystals ascertaining the inclusion of metal ion in the lattice. FTIR spectral analysis carried out on the materials confirm the presence of functional groups. Dielectric measurements reveal that the dielectric constant of pure and doped crystals decreases with increase of frequency. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good optical quality single crystals of zinc hydrogen phosphate (ZnHPO4) having dimensions up to 8×2×2 mm3 have been grown with the aid of sodium meta silicate gel. Single crystal XRD studies confirm that the crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system with space group P212121. The functional groups present in the crystals were confirmed using FTIR technique. Optical absorbance shows very low absorption in the entire visible region. Differential thermal and thermo gravimetric analysis confirmed that the crystal is stable up to 193°C. Photoconductivity study reveals positive photoconductivity in the presence of photo active centers formed by trap energy levels. The NLO activity of the crystal was confirmed by Kurtz powder technique. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth of bulk nonlinear optical (NLO) single crystals gained new significance with the advent of solid-state laser sources for opto-electronic applications. An optically transparent crystal of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) has been grown from aqueous solution along (001) plane with the aid of modified growth assembly of Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) Method. The evaporation rate was controlled and single crystals of 5 mm diameter and 60 mm length with a growth rate 5 mm per day have been grown successfully. The improved transparency of grown crystal was investigated using DRS UV transmittance spectral analysis and the presence of functional groups in the grown crystal is confirmed using FTIR analysis. (© 2007 WILEY -VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical absorption in photonic crystals of potassium acid phthalate has been measured at room temperature, from which the band gap has been determined and the optical band gap was calculated by using absorption spectrum. The analysis of absorption coefficient in the absorption region reveals a direct band gap of 3.70 eV. Further this study includes the theoretical calculations to determine the optical constant of the material and a technique for photonic band gap tuning which is minimally required to develop the optoelectronic device. It was confirmed that potassium acid phthalate crystal has maximum transparency in the entire visible region and hence it exhibits industrial application oriented properties. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]