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The Southeast Asia region has a vast expanse with diverse tropical climates, making it a prominent centre of rice cultivation, contributing to about 20 % of the world's rice production and contributes 29 % of global rice methane emissions. As a staple food for many countries, accurate and up-to-date information on the rice harvested area is crucial for addressing food security issues, predicting rice yield and methane emissions, and formulating effective government policies. This paper presents the first detailed study of rice cropping intensity and harvested areas throughout Southeast Asia. Current remote sensing products have not been able to produce up-to-date cropping intensity information due to the variability of local cultivation practices. To address this problem, we integrated Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-2A/B time series data from 2020 to 2021 and developed a local unsupervised classification with phenological labelling (LUCK-PALM) method. We implemented the system on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud-based platform to produce geospatial products of rice cropping intensity and harvested area at a spatial resolution of 10 m called SEA-Rice-Ci10s. The results show that Southeast Asia's total rice growing area in 2020–2021 was 28.5 Mha, with 51 % single cropping, 47 % double cropping, and 2 % triple cropping. These were equivalent to 42.9 Mha of annual harvested area, consisting of Thailand (11.2 Mha), Indonesia (8.4 Mha), Myanmar (8.4 Mha), Vietnam (6.3 Mha), Cambodia (3.9 Mha), the Philippines (3.3 Mha), Laos (0.8 Mha), Malaysia (< 0.5 Mha), and Timor-Leste (0.01 Mha). We compared our rice maps to agricultural statistics data at the district and province levels and existing rice maps for some Southeast Asian countries. The results demonstrate that our map agreed well with countries' statistics with a linear coefficient of determination (R2) from 0.85 to 0.97. Compared to existing products, our map can resolve small paddy fields of about 0.2 ha in the hilly areas. This information will be useful in addressing food security challenges and improving estimates of methane emissions from rice cultivation. The 10 m paddy rice cropping intensity map for Southeast Asia, SEA-Rice-Ci10, is available on the GEE App (https://rudiyanto.users.earthengine.app/view/seariceci2021), the Climate TRACE platform (https://climatetrace.org/) and the Zenodo repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10707621) (Frisa Irawan et al., 2024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family is one of the closest people in helping individuals solve problems and serve as the foundation for developing coping strategies. Several factors influence coping strategies, including problem-solving skills and family support. This study aimed to explore the correlation between family support and coping strategies among female prisoners. The research employed a quantitative correlation design using a cross-sectional approach and a total sampling technique, with a sample of 33 female prisoners. The study included two variables: family support as the dependent variable and coping strategy as the independent variable. The chi-square test was used for data analysis. The results revealed that a majority of female prisoners received good family support (51.5%), and most of them used emotion-focused coping strategies (63.6%). The results indicate a significant correlation between family support and coping strategies for female prisoners, with a p-value of 0.004. It highlights the importance of family support for prisoners in developing effective coping strategies. The findings emphasize that family support plays a crucial role in enhancing coping strategies for inmates, ultimately contributing to an improved quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, increasing population and changes in land use are all rapidly driving the need to be able to better understand surface water dynamics. The targets set by the United Nations under Sustainable Development Goal 6 in relation to freshwater ecosystems also make accurate surface water monitoring increasingly vital. However, the last decades have seen a steady decline in in situ hydrological monitoring and the availability of the growing volume of environmental data from free and open satellite systems is increasingly being recognized as an essential tool for largescale monitoring of water resources. The scientific literature holds many promising studies on satellite-based surface-water mapping, but a systematic evaluation has been lacking. Therefore, a round robin exercise was organized to conduct an intercomparison of 14 different satellite-based approaches for monitoring inland surface dynamics with Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and Landsat 8 imagery. The objective was to achieve a better understanding of the pros and cons of different sensors and models for surface water detection and monitoring. Results indicate that, while using a single sensor approach (applying either optical or radar satellite data) can provide comprehensive results for very specific localities, a dual sensor approach (combining data from both optical and radar satellites) is the most effective way to undertake largescale national and regional surface water mapping across bioclimatic gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical peatlands are vital ecosystems that play an important role in global carbon storage and cycles. Current estimates of greenhouse gases from these peatlands are uncertain as emissions vary with environmental conditions. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of managed and natural tropical peatland GHG fluxes: heterotrophic (i.e. soil respiration without roots), total CO2 respiration rates, CH4 and N2O fluxes. The study documents studies that measure GHG fluxes from the soil (n = 372) from various land uses, groundwater levels and environmental conditions. We found that total soil respiration was larger in managed peat ecosystems (median = 52.3 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1) than in natural forest (median = 35.9 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1). Groundwater level had a stronger effect on soil CO2 emission than land use. Every 100 mm drop of groundwater level caused an increase of 5.1 and 3.7 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1 for plantation and cropping land use, respectively. Where groundwater is deep (≥0.5 m), heterotrophic respiration constituted 84% of the total emissions. N2O emissions were significantly larger at deeper groundwater levels, where every drop in 100 mm of groundwater level resulted in an exponential emission increase (exp(0.7) kg N ha−1 year−1). Deeper groundwater levels induced high N2O emissions, which constitute about 15% of total GHG emissions. CH4 emissions were large where groundwater is shallow; however, they were substantially smaller than other GHG emissions. When compared to temperate and boreal peatland soils, tropical peatlands had, on average, double the CO2 emissions. Surprisingly, the CO2 emission rates in tropical peatlands were in the same magnitude as tropical mineral soils. This comprehensive analysis provides a great understanding of the GHG dynamics within tropical peat soils that can be used as a guide for policymakers to create suitable programmes to manage the sustainability of peatlands effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]