Search

Mountainous regions typically harbour high plant diversity but are also characterised by low sampling intensity. Coarse-scale species distribution models can provide insights into the distribution of poorly sampled species, but the required bioclimatic data are often limited in these landscapes. In comparison, several environmental factors that vary over relatively fine scales in mountain environments (e.g. measures of topography) can be quantified from remotely-sensed data, and can potentially provide direct and indirect measures of biologically-relevant habitat characteristics in mountains. Therefore, in this study, we combine field-sampled floristic data with environmental predictors derived from remotely-sensed data, to model the ecological niches of 19 montane plant species in the Maloti-Drakensberg mountains, South Africa. The resulting models varied considerably in their performance, and species showed generally inconsistent responses to environmental predictors, with altitude and distance to watershed being most frequently included in models. These results highlight the species-specificity of the forb species' environmental tolerances and requirements, suggesting that environmental change may result in re-shuffling of community composition, instead of intact communities shifting along gradients. Furthermore, while the relatively high importance of altitude (a proxy for temperature) and topographic wetness index (a proxy for soil moisture) suggest that the flora of this region will be sensitive to shifts in temperature and rainfall patterns, several non-climatic environmental variables were also influential. Our findings indicate that local response to climate change in mountains might be especially constrained by soil type and topographic variables, supporting the important influence of non-climatic factors in microclimatic refugia dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular methods are one of the most effective tools to monitor fungicide resistance. Long-read sequencing is an emerging technology in the field of plant pathology. We developed a PCR-based Oxford Nanopore Technologies amplicon sequencing method allowing the simultaneous detection and quantification of Plasmopara viticola variants conferring fungicide resistance to complex III inhibitors, zoxamide and oxathiapiprolin in the same vineyard population. Analysis of cyt b gene variants in natural P. viticola populations showed that almost all samples (23 out of 24 populations) collected in France contain variants G143A, S34L and/or E203-DE-V204 insertion. In the analysed populations, only cyt b reads with both substitutions S34L and G134A were detected at significant levels, suggesting the selection of resistant strains to both QoI fungicides and ametoctradin. French P. viticola population P36 with low sensitivity to oxathiapiprolin did not contain oxysterol binding protein sequences with both variants G770V and N837I, suggesting the presence of two different genotypes of P. viticola strain in this population. Zoxamide insensitivity associated with β-tubulin variants carrying the C239S substitution was detected in Italian vineyard populations but not in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of components including abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. MetS is highly prevalent in individuals with bipolar disorders (BD) with an estimated global rate of 32.6%. Longitudinal data on incident MetS in BD are scarce and based on small sample size. The objectives of this study were to estimate the incidence of MetS in a large longitudinal cohort of 1521 individuals with BD and to identify clinical and biological predictors of incident MetS. Methods: Participants were recruited from the FondaMental Advanced Center of Expertise for Bipolar Disorder (FACE‐BD) cohort and followed‐up for 3 years. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Individuals without MetS at baseline but with MetS during follow‐up were considered as having incident MetS. A logistic regression model was performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for an association between each factor and incident MetS during follow‐up. We applied inverse probability‐of‐censoring weighting method to minimize selection bias due to loss during follow‐up. Results: Among individuals without MetS at baseline (n = 1521), 19.3% developed MetS during follow‐up. Multivariable analyses showed that incident MetS during follow‐up was significantly associated with male sex (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.7–3.0, p < 0.0001), older age (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.40–3.25, p = 0.0004), presence of a mood recurrence during follow‐up (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.22–3.00, p = 0.0049), prolonged exposure to second‐generation antipsychotics (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 0.99, 2.45, p = 0.0534), smoking status at baseline (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.00–1.68), lifetime alcohol use disorders (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 0.98–1.79), and baseline sleep disturbances (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.00–1.08), independently of the associations observed for baseline MetS components. Conclusion: We observed a high incidence of MetS during a 3 years follow‐up (19.3%) in individuals with BD. Identification of predictive factors should help the development of early interventions to prevent or treat early MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a phase-delay detection procedure adapted for seismic arrays composed of a large number of stations. We use graph formalism to introduce a direct method to compute station phase delays starting from inter-station phase differences deduced from noise cross-correlation functions. We focus this study on surface wave main arrival as phase-difference evaluation at each station requires high coherence level. Then, we perform numerical experiments with synthetic data computed as a realistic and dense network of 79 stations in a 400 by |$400\, \mathrm{km^2}$| square box. For one of the 79 stations, we simulate a phase difference of 15 per cent of the signal period. Further, we evaluate the accuracy and precision of phase-delay estimation at each station with regard to the quality of the cross-correlation functions (i.e. the signal-to-noise ratio). When the inter-station coherence levels are larger than 0.6 (i.e. a high-quality signal), we show good agreement between the phase-delay estimation and its expected value of 15 per cent of the signal period. We introduce a coherence-weighted estimate of phase delay and show that applying this weighting allows us to be less vulnerable to phase-delay underestimation for intermediate-quality signals. Then, the method is applied to experimental data recorded by a high density nodal array with 923 vertical geophones with 19 d of continuous records, centred on the 600 by |$600\, \mathrm{m^2}$| damage zone of the Clark branch of the San Jacinto Fault Zone, Southern California (USA). We verify that the San Jacinto network is well synchronized, as most of the estimated phase delays are less than 2 per cent of the central period of the signal, and they are associated with high levels of inter-station coherence. More surprisingly, the spatial features of the estimated phase delays show deterministic geographical patterns that are related to topography and that exhibit similarities with phase velocity maps at |$4.5\, \mathrm{Hz}$| from previous 3-D velocity inversions. This suggests that the topographic effect may be accounted for to estimate accurate phase delays. Also, we note that the temporal variability of the estimated phase delays in the case of the San Jacinto data set are related to atmospheric forcing. Our direct method for estimating phase delays is applicable to structure-oriented monitoring studies, and it opens perspectives in the monitoring of seismic velocity variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this case series was to collect preliminary data on safety and efficacy of treating cats suffering from refractory feline chronic gingivostomatitis with a single intravenous therapy of cryopreserved placenta‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Materials and Methods: We planned the prospective inclusion of cats suffering from refractory chronic gingivostomatitis in three veterinary clinics. All cats received a single infusion of 10×106 cryopreserved cells. Follow‐up evaluations were done at day 15 and at 2‐, 3‐ and 6‐months following infusion. Clinical disease severity was evaluated by dental specialists using a published stomatitis disease activity index scoring system coupled with an owners' assessment questionnaire. Results: All eight cats attended all follow up visits. Cryopreserved ready‐to‐use placenta‐derived cells administered systemically were safe and resulted in notable clinical improvement in all cats as reported by stomatitis disease activity index scoring and owner's survey. Clinical Significance: Infusion of cryopreserved freshly thawed placenta‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells appears to promote clinical and consequently behavioural benefits in cats with refractory chronic gingivostomatitis after having undergone full‐mouth or premolar–molar tooth extraction. Future randomised studies are required to confirm safety and efficacy of this treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The effectiveness of drug consumption rooms (DCRs) for people who inject drugs (PWID) has been demonstrated for HIV and hepatitis C virus risk practices, and access to care for substance use disorders. However, data on other health-related complications are scarce. Using data from the French COSINUS cohort, we investigated the impact of DCR exposure on non-fatal overdoses, abscesses and emergency department (ED) visits, all in the previous 6 months. Methods COSINUS is a 12-month prospective cohort study of 665 PWID in France studying DCR effectiveness on health. We collected data from face-to-face interviews at enrolment, and at 6 and 12 months of follow-up. After adjusting for other correlates (P -value < 0.05), the impact of DCR exposure on each outcome was assessed using a two-step Heckman mixed-effects probit model, allowing us to adjust for potential non-randomization bias due to differences between DCR-exposed and DCR-unexposed participants, while taking into account the correlation between repeated measures. Results At enrolment, 21%, 6% and 38% of the 665 participants reported overdoses, abscesses and ED visits, respectively. Multivariable models found that DCR-exposed participants were less likely to report overdoses [adjusted coefficient (95% CI): −0.47 (−0.88; −0.07), P  =   0.023], abscesses [−0.74 (−1.11; −0.37), P  <   0.001] and ED visits [−0.74 (−1.27; −0.20), P  =   0.007]. Conclusion This is the first study to show the positive impact of DCR exposure on abscesses and ED visits, and confirms DCR effectiveness in reducing overdoses, when adjusting for potential non-randomization bias. Our findings strengthen the argument to expand DCR implementation to improve PWID injection environment and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In seismology, the rupture mechanisms of an earthquake, a glacier stick‐slip and a landslide are not directly observed, but inferred from surface measurements. In contrast, laboratory experiments can illuminate near field effects. The near field reflects the rupture mechanism but is highly attenuated in the case of real‐world surface data. We directly image the elastic wave‐field of a nucleating rupture non‐invasively in its near‐field with ultrasound speckle correlation. Our imaging yields the particle velocity of the full shear wave field at the source location and inside the 3D frictional body. We experimentally show that a strong bimaterial contrast, as encountered in environmental seismology, yields a unidirectional or linear force mechanism for pre‐rupture microslips and decelerating supershear ruptures. A weak contrast, characteristic for earthquakes, generates a double‐couple source mechanism for sub‐Rayleigh ruptures, sometimes preceded by slow deformation at the interface. This deformation is reproduced by the NF of a unidirectional force. Plain Language Summary: Earthquakes, avalanches, icequakes and landslides originate from a common process: rupture at a material interface. During a rupture, for example, when a landslide slips, a characteristic pattern of seismic waves is created. This pattern differs at the earth's surface and the rupture interface, which is the source of the seismic waves inside the earth. Usually scientists only measure the waves arriving at the surface and need to deduce the wave pattern inside the earth from the surface measurement. We build a laboratory experiment which enables us to film wave propagation around the rupture surface, as if we had a camera inside the material. We film waves emitted during and prior to a rupture. For a soft material on a hard surface, such as encountered in icequakes or landslides, a single force model better explains the observed wave pattern than the commonly used model of four distributed forces. The rupture moves faster than shear waves propagate which results in a supershear cone, the elastic equivalent to the acoustic Mach cone created by supersonic aircrafts. For two materials of similar hardness, such as encountered in earthquakes, the classic model of four forces better explains the ruptures, which travel at sub‐shear speed. Key Points: Noninvasive elastic near‐field laboratory observations reveal source mechanisms of micro‐slips, supershear and sub‐Rayleigh rupturesStrong material contrasts as encountered in glacier stick‐slip and landslides cause single force micro‐slips and supershear rupturesWeak contrasts, which are found in natural faults, show a double‐couple mechanism that is at times preceded by a slowly rising single force [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water‐resource management has become a major global issue in a world threatened by climate change. High‐resolution geophysical methods may be of valuable help in monitoring the water masses, both in space and time. Passive seismic interferometry takes advantage of ambient seismic noise to recover the variations in seismic wave velocity induced by changes in groundwater. We present hereafter the time and space monitoring of an hydraulic dome artificially formed to prevent biological and chemical pollutants from entering the exploitation field of Crépieux‐Charmy (Lyon, France). We use a dense seismic network to passively monitor the water table changes induced by infilling of an infiltration basin at the water supply facility for the two million inhabitants of the Lyon Metropolis (France). We assess the hourly seismic velocity variations over 19 days, during which two filling and drainage cycles were performed. The use of a dense three‐component seismic network allows fine characterization of the seismic wavefield, and offers the possibility to include the analysis of 4,851 raypaths in a robust inversion algorithm based on ray theory. The velocity variations are mapped with high resolution. They are directly related to the water table variations and to residual water saturation changes within the unsaturated zone. This seismic experiment highlights the three‐dimensional (3D) implementation and evolution of a hydraulic dome under the infiltration basin. This dynamic information helps in the understanding and modeling of water flows between the water table and a river, which represents a fundamental issue for discussions on the effectiveness of the barrier. Plain Language Summary: Monitoring aquifers becomes a crucial necessity to keep the water resource safe and sustainable, especially in water catchment fields which are usually located in proximity of urban areas. Passive seismic interferometry, which takes advantage of the continuous ambient seismic noise signals, can provide access to the properties and evolution of the water table with a noticeable spatial resolution. Here, we propose the use of a dense seismic network to monitor water content changes, artificially generated by controlled infilling/drainage cycles of a basin originally designed to mitigate potential pollution of the water field from surrounding rivers. The analysis of waves propagating within the network allows us to obtain hourly time‐lapse seismic velocity variation maps with high resolution. It notably highlights the shape of a water dome that appears (or disappears) when filling (or emptying) the basin, but also that seismic variations are sensitive to both water table and water content variations occurring within the vadose zone. This study eventually shows that the seismic‐noise based method can provide relevant information on fluid flow variations and pragmatically on the effectiveness of the infiltration basin to protect the water field from potential pollution. Key Points: The use of a dense seismic network allows us to obtain high resolution dynamic maps of water content changes through a tomography processThe space and time evolution of an hydraulic dome artificially formed under an infiltration basin is highlightedThe obtained seismic velocity variations are sensitive to the water table fluctuations and to residual water saturation changes within the unsaturated zone [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industries are adequately configured with the operational devices that are required to develop induction motors. Engineers should precisely comprehend the kind of equipment that is constructed, as with every other production system, and should start by having the goal in their perspective. An adaptable simulation of an induction motor with a protective scheme is presented. The adaptable simulation assists engineers in accurately designing motors that meet all protective standards for certain purposes. This work achieved simulations of induction motors in stable and unstable conditions. An extensive study was performed to determine the optimum design of an induction motor. This paper attempts to provide engineers with a thorough grasp of the adaptable modelling of an induction motor. In this work, a direct dq0-direct axis algorithm is presented to implement both static and dynamic modelling of a three-phase induction machine due to possible faults and high-performance requirements in induction machines. The proposed algorithm was tested against several conventional methods, and it was observed that under the stable condition of the machinery, the proposed algorithm could remove any developing faults. This conserves time and minimises the labour required of the operator, which makes the proposed algorithm more efficient. Furthermore, the machine is demonstrated in a steady-state performance with respect to the current, active power, efficiency, reactive power, power factor, and speed when the torque loads range from 0 to 125% of its nominal torque. The transient behaviour of the machine was shown through the current, electromagnetic torque, electromagnetic torque versus speed, and speed under no-load, half-load (50%), and full-load (100%) conditions. Finally, the results of the proposed technique were compared to the results of the measured parameters. It was observed that when the load changed from a half load (50%) to a full load (100%), then the supply voltage was suddenly halved with the load at full load (100%). It was observed that the proposed algorithm provides accurate estimates with a deviation of not more than +/−2% from the measured parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Stimulant use, including cocaine, often occurs in a social context whose influence is important to understand to decrease intake and reduce associated harms. Although the importance of social influence in the context of drug addiction is known, there is a need for studies assessing its neurobiological substrate and for translational research. Objectives: Here, we explored the influence of peer presence and familiarity on cocaine intake and its neurobiological basis. Given the regulatory role of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) on cocaine intake and emotions, we investigated its role on such influence of social context on cocaine intake. Methods: We first compared cocaine consumption in various conditions (with no peer present or with peers with different characteristics: abstinent peer or drug-taking peer, familiar or not, cocaine-naive or not, dominant or subordinate) in rats (n = 90). Then, with a translational approach, we assessed the influence of the social context (alone, in the group, in a dyad with familiar or non-familiar peers) on drug intake in human drug users (n = 77). Results: The drug consumption was reduced when a peer was present, abstinent, or drug-taking as well, and further diminished when the peer was non-familiar. The presence of a non-familiar and drug-naive peer represents key conditions to diminish cocaine intake. The STN lesion by itself reduced cocaine intake to the level reached in presence of a non-familiar naive peer and affected social cognition, positioning the STN as one neurobiological substrate of social influence on drug intake. Then, the human study confirmed the beneficial effect of social presence, especially of non-familiar peers. Conclusion: Our results indirectly support the use of social interventions and harm reduction strategies and position the STN as a key cerebral structure to mediate these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Psychiatric comorbidities and suicide attempts are highly prevalent in Bipolar Disorders (BD). We examined the associations between childhood maltreatment, psychiatric comorbidities, and suicide attempts, in terms of lifetime prevalence, sequence of onset, and current symptoms. Methods. We assessed 3,047 individuals with BD for suicide attempts, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and eating disorders. Participants completed a self-report for the assessment of childhood maltreatment. Associations between childhood maltreatment and characteristics of comorbidities (lifetime prevalence, current symptoms, and age at onset) were examined using logistic regressions and network analyses. Results. Psychiatric comorbidities were frequent with a mean number per individual of 1.23 (SD = 1.4). Most comorbidities occurred prior to the onset of BD. Participants who reported higher levels of childhood maltreatment had more frequent and multiple comorbidities, which were also more currently active at inclusion. Childhood maltreatment did not decrease the age of onset of comorbidities, but was associated with a faster accumulation of comorbidities prior to the onset of BD. Logistic regression and network analyses showed that emotional abuse and sexual abuse might play a prominent role in the lifetime prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities and suicide attempts. Conclusions. Childhood maltreatment was associated with suicide attempts, and with frequent, multiple, and persistent psychiatric comorbidities that accumulated more rapidly prior to the onset of BD. Hence, childhood maltreatment should be systematically assessed in individuals with BD, in particular when the course of the disorder is characterized by a high comorbid profile or by a high suicidality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic variations in the crystal cargo and whole-rock isotopic compositions of mantle-derived basalts in the intraplate Dunedin Volcano (New Zealand) indicate the influence of a complex mantle-to-crust polybaric plumbing system. Basaltic rocks define a compositional spectrum from low-alkali basalts through mid-alkali basalts to high-alkali basalts. High-alkali basalts display clinopyroxene crystals with sector (hourglass) and oscillatory zoning (Mg#61–82) as well as Fe-rich green cores (Mg#43–69), whereas low-alkali basalts are characterized by clinopyroxenes with unzoned overgrowths (Mg#69–83) on resorbed mafic cores (Mg#78–88), coexisting with reversely zoned plagioclase crystals (An43–68 to An60–84 from core to rim). Complex magma dynamics are indicated by distinctive compositional variations in clinopyroxene phenocrysts, with Cr-rich zones (Mg#74–87) indicating continuous recharge by more mafic magmas. Crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene and titanomagnetite occurred within a polybaric plumbing system extending from upper mantle to mid-crustal depths (485–1059 MPa and 1147–1286°C), whereas crystallization of plagioclase with subordinate clinopyroxene and titanomagnetite proceeded towards shallower crustal levels. The compositions of high-alkali basalts and mid-alkali basalts resemble those of ocean island basalts and are characterized by FOZO-HIMU isotopic signatures (87Sr/86Sri = 0.70277–0.70315, 143Nd/144Ndi = 0.51286–0.51294 and 206Pb/204Pb = 19.348–20.265), whereas low-alkali basalts have lower incompatible element abundances and isotopic compositions trending towards EMII (87Sr/86Sri = 0.70327–70397, 143Nd/144Ndi = 0.51282–0.51286 and 206Pb/204Pb = 19.278–19.793). High- and mid-alkali basalt magmas mostly crystallized in the lower crust, whereas low-alkali basalt magma recorded deeper upper mantle clinopyroxene crystallization before eruption. The variable alkaline character and isotope composition may result from interaction of low-alkaline melts derived from the asthenosphere with melts derived from lithospheric mantle, possibly initiated by asthenospheric melt percolation. The transition to more alkaline compositions was induced by variable degrees of melting of metasomatic lithologies in the lithospheric mantle, leading to eruption of predominantly small-volume, high-alkali magmas at the periphery of the volcano. Moreover, the lithosphere imposed a filtering effect on the alkalinity of these intraplate magmas. As a consequence, the eruption of low-alkali basalts with greater asthenospheric input was concentrated at the centre of the volcano, where the plumbing system was more developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Naros Granite occurs as a large, northwest-trending ovoid batholith roughly 30 km long and 15 km wide straddling the Orange River border between South Africa and Namibia, 25 km northeast of Onseepkans. It consists mainly of a leucocratic to mesocratic grey, coarse-grained equigranular hornblende-biotite granite-granodiorite that is locally mildly feldspar porphyritic. Small, ovoid mafic autoliths are common and characteristic of the Naros Granite. The composition of the unit varies from granite to granodiorite with a minor leucogranitic phase observed along the southern margin of the batholith. Hornblende and biotite are ubiquitous mafic minerals but small amounts of orthopyroxene occur locally. The Naros Granite has yielded tightly-constrained U-Pb zircon ages between 1 114 Ma and 1 101 Ma. The Naros Granite is generally unfoliated to weakly deformed with only localised shearing along contacts with the surrounding country rocks giving rise to orthogneissic fabrics. It has an intermediate to felsic composition (mean SiO2: 63.9 ± 2.2 wt.%) and is strongly metaluminous. This, together with its biotite-hornblende ± orthopyroxene mineral assemblage and the abundance of mafic autoliths, suggests it is an I-type granitoid, with the source magma produced by partial melting of older igneous rocks that had not undergone any significant chemical weathering. The Naros Granite is the youngest and most evolved member of the ~1.11 Ga Komsberg Suite, a collection of late- to post-tectonic I-type metaluminous, intermediate to felsic, biotite ± hornblende granitoids and their charnockitic equivalents that have intruded the older pre-tectonic gneisses of the Kakamas Domain of the Namaqua Metamorphic Sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial nephrectomy (PN) for small renal masses is common, but outcomes are not reported in a standard manner. Traditionally, parameters such as 90-day mortality, blood loss, transfusion rates, length of stay, nephrometry scoring and complications are published but their collective impact on warm ischemia time (WIT) and post-surgery GFR is rarely determined. Thus, our aim was to assess if "Trifecta" and "Pentafecta" outcomes could be used as useful surgical outcome markers. A prospective database of 252 Robotic-Assisted PN (RAPN) cases (2008–2019) was analysed. "Pentafecta" was defined as achievement of "Trifecta" (negative surgical margin, no postoperative complications and WIT of < 25 min) plus over 90% estimated GFR preservation and no CKD stage upgrading at 1 year. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict factors which may prevent achieving a Trifecta/Pentafecta. Median tumour size was 3 cm and mean WIT was 15 min. Positive surgical margins (PSM) occurred in 2 cases. Overall, the intra-operative complication rate was 7%. One recurrence conferred 5-year cancer-free survival of 97%. Trifecta outcome was achieved in 169 (67%) and Pentafecta in 141 (56%) of cases. At logistic regression analysis, intraoperative blood loss was the only factor to affect Trifecta achievement (p = 0.018). Advanced patient age negatively impacted Pentafecta achievement (p = 0.010). The Trifecta and Pentafecta outcomes are easily applicable to PN data, and offer an internationally comparable PN outcome, quality measure. We recommend applying this standardization to national data collection to improve the quality of reporting and ease of interpretation of surgeon/centres' outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sliding of glacial ice over its base is typically described by a frictionless or slowly deforming bed. This view is challenged by recent seismic observations of stick‐slip motion at the ice‐bed interface. We revisit a high‐frequency (20–35 Hz) harmonic tremor recorded on Gornergletscher, Switzerland. In contrast to previous interpretation in terms of glaciohydraulic tremor, we present evidence for superimposed stick‐slip episodes as tremor sources: we locate the tremor source with matched field processing polarity optimization, which allows for azimuthal polarity patterns associated with nonisotropic moment tensors and yields a tremor source clustering near the glacier bed. Our analysis confirms an S wave radiation pattern in agreement with a double‐couple source derived from ice sliding over bedrock and explains our tremor observations in terms of glacier stick‐slip motion. Adding to observations of stick‐slip tremor beneath polar ice streams, this first report on stick‐slip tremor beneath Alpine ice favors widespread seismogenic glacier sliding. Plain Language Summary: For many years, researchers have observed cryoseismic stick‐slip tremor exclusively in Antarctica. Stick‐slip tremor is due to small repeating slip events at the glacier bed as a glacier advances downstream. This type of tremor is a telltale sign of what is happening at the ice‐bed interface and indicates frictional sliding. Here, we present first evidence for stick‐slip tremor at an Alpine glacier—Gornergletscher, Switzerland. We identify indicators in the seismic signature and apply data processing techniques that reveal that the creeping glacier sole moves under the influence of gravity and irregularly rubs over a sticky area at the bed. Key Points: We revisit a harmonic tremor recorded by a seismic array on an Alpine glacier, which was previously interpreted as hydraulic tremorApplying matched field processing that accounts for nonisotropic radiation patterns suggests a tremor source at the ice‐bedrock interfaceA focal mechanism derived from ice slip over bedrock explains our results and suggests seismogenic stick‐slip motion at the glacier's base [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Establishing the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) in functioning and cognition is essential to the interpretation of the research and clinical work conducted in bipolar disorders (BD). The present study aimed to estimate the MCID for the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) and a battery of neuropsychological tests in BD. Methods: Anchor-based and distributive methods were used to estimate the MCID for the FAST and cognition using data from a large, multicentre, observational cohort of individuals with BD. The FAST and cognition were linked with the Clinical Global Impressions Scale-Severity (CGI-S) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) using an equipercentile method. The magnitude of the standard error measurement (s.e.m.) provided another estimate of the MCID. Results: In total, 570 participants were followed for 2 years. Cross-sectional CGI-S and GAF scores were linked to a threshold ⩽7 on the FAST for functional remission. The MCID for the FAST equalled 8- or 9-points change from baseline using the CGI-S and GAF. One s.e.m. on the FAST corresponded to 7.6-points change from baseline. Cognitive variables insufficiently correlated with anchor variables (all ρ <0.3). One s.e.m. for cognitive variables corresponded to a range of 0.45 to 0.93-s.d. change from baseline. Conclusions: These findings support the value of the estimated MCID for the FAST and cognition and may be a useful tool to evaluate cognitive and functional remediation effects and improve patient functional outcomes in BD. The CGI-S and GAF were inappropriate anchors for cognition. Further studies may use performance-based measures of functioning instead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of ecosystem engineers may be expected to vary along environmental gradients. Due to some resources being more limited in arid than in mesic environments, disturbances created by burrowing mammals are expected to have a greater ameliorating effect in arid environments, with larger differences in microhabitat conditions expected between burrows and undisturbed areas. The aim of this study was to test if the impacts of a medium-sized burrowing mammal, the aardvark, on soil properties (soil temperature, moisture and compaction) and vegetation characteristics (plant cover, species richness and species composition) are consistent across three biomes that differ strongly in annual rainfall. Burrowing affected soil and vegetation attributes, but the direction and magnitude of these biogeomorphological impacts were not consistent across the different biomes. For example, plant species composition was altered by burrowing in the arid scrubland and in the mesic grassland, but not in the semi-arid savannah. Contrary to expectations, the difference in the impacts of burrowing between biomes were not related to rainfall, with burrowing having strong, albeit different, impacts in both the arid scrubland and the mesic grassland, but weaker effects in the semi-arid savannah. It appears, therefore, that the impacts of these biogeomorphic agents may be site-specific and that it may be difficult to predict variation in their biotic and abiotic effects across environmental gradients. As a result, forecasting the impacts of ecosystem engineers under different conditions remains a challenge to management, restoration and conservation strategies related to these types of species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handling crop residue during planting operations is a challenge to conservation agriculture (CA) farmers worldwide. It remains unclear which tools are most effective in which conditions. Canola (Brassica napus L.), an oilseed crop widely used in rotation with cereals, is particularly sensitive to seedbed conditions, and thus may be influenced by residue loads and the choice of seed-drill openers. To identify optimal planting practices, this study compared the performance of disc and tine openers on canola establishment, growth, and yield under differing residue loads in a Mediterranean-type climate region. First, soil disturbance caused by disc and tine openers was evaluated to assess their effect on seedbed conditions; and second, the interacting effects of the openers with different residue loads was investigated. Tine openers and low crop residue loads resulted in the best (P < 0.05) canola establishment. However, canola at reduced plant populations compensated in both biomass and grain yield, so that no yield differences resulted from different opener types, and only small yield differences occurred between residue loads (P > 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paleoproterozoic Kalahari Manganese Field is the largest known land-based manganese (Mn) deposit on Earth and comprises five erosional relics of the iron- and manganese-rich Hotazel Formation. A total of 19 manganese ore samples from the lower manganese ore horizon of the Hotazel Formation were selected for analysis based on their relative metasomatic alteration states. These samples range from primary diagenetic, classic supergene enriched, hydrothermally enriched (Wessels-type ore) and thrusted manganese ore. When normalised to Post-Archaean Australian shale composites, rare earth elemental analyses on the selected samples indicate significant relative enrichments within the thrusted manganese ore, an ore type that hasn't been studied from a geochemical point of view, so far. A comparison between these respective enrichments and 87Sr/86Sr ratios indicates a distinct link between REE enrichments and associated alteration events, and a progressive increase in 87Sr/86Sr isotope values. An isotopic relationship between fluid infiltration events and REE redistribution within the Hotazel Formation has been established, highlighting unique isotope signatures necessary in better defining and characterising metasomatism within the Paleoproterozoic Kalahari Manganese Field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a parametric design approach to optimize a male pyramid socket adapter as used on a transtibial prosthetic limb for enhanced fatigue life. These adapters are prone to premature failure when used by individuals partaking in athletic sports. A parametric design and optimization approach is presented and applied. A current design was assessed for structural integrity by finite element analysis in combination with the load criteria as recommended by the ISO 10328:2016 code of practice. Highly-stressed regions where identified and improved using a parametric design approach to reduce the maximum 1st Principal stress while adhering to the industry code of practice as applicable to pyramid socket adapter design. The optimization was validated by experimentally comparing the current design and the optimised design for an appropriate load case by low cycle fatigue testing. The socket adapters were manufactured from Ti6Al4V and subjected to a simulated resultant knee bending moment. The fatigue validation indicated a significant improvement in fatigue life for the optimized socket geometry commensurate with a reduction in stress and comparison to an appropriate SN curve for Ti6Al4V. The parametric optimization process as utilized was found to be effective and should be applicable to many different applications in a more general sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variation of Rayleigh ellipticity versus frequency is gaining popularity in site characterization. It becomes a necessary observable to complement dispersion curves when inverting shear wave velocity profiles. Various methods have been proposed so far to extract polarization from ambient vibrations recorded on a single three-component station or with an array of three-component sensors. If only absolute values were recovered 10 yr ago, new array-based techniques were recently proposed with enhanced efficiencies providing also the ellipticity sign. With array processing, higher-order modes are often detected even in the ellipticity domain. We suggest to explore the properties of a high-resolution beamforming where radial and vertical components are explicitly included. If N is the number of three-component sensors, 2 N × 2 N cross-spectral density matrices are calculated for all presumed directions of propagation. They are built with N radial and N vertical channels. As a first approach, steering vectors are designed to fit with Rayleigh wave properties: the phase shift between radial and vertical components is either |$-{\Pi/2}$| or |${\Pi/2}$|⁠. We show that neglecting the ellipticity tilt due to attenuation has only minor effects on the results. Additionally, we prove analytically that it is possible to retrieve the ellipticity value from the usual maximization of the high-resolution beam power. The method is tested on synthetic data sets and on experimental data. Both are reference sites already analysed by several authors. A detailed comparison with previous results on these cases is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Remitted bipolar disorder (BD) patients frequently present with chronic mood instability and emotional hyper‐reactivity, associated with poor psychosocial functioning and low‐grade inflammation. We investigated emotional hyper‐reactivity as a dimension for characterization of remitted BD patients, and clinical and biological factors for identifying those with and without emotional hyper‐reactivity. Method: A total of 635 adult remitted BD patients, evaluated in the French Network of Bipolar Expert Centers from 2010–2015, were assessed for emotional reactivity using the Multidimensional Assessment of Thymic States. Machine learning algorithms were used on clinical and biological variables to enhance characterization of patients. Results: After adjustment, patients with emotional hyper‐reactivity (n = 306) had significantly higher levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < 1.0 × 10−8), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (P < 1.0 × 10−8), fasting glucose (P < 2.23 × 10−6), glycated hemoglobin (P = 0.0008) and suicide attempts (P = 1.4 × 10−8). Using models of combined clinical and biological factors for distinguishing BD patients with and without emotional hyper‐reactivity, the strongest predictors were: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, C‐reactive protein and number of suicide attempts. This predictive model identified patients with emotional hyper‐reactivity with 84.9% accuracy. Conclusion: The assessment of emotional hyper‐reactivity in remitted BD patients is clinically relevant, particularly for identifying those at higher risk of cardiometabolic dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Liver steatosis is common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐co‐infected patients. Some recent studies have found that cannabis use is negatively associated with insulin resistance in the general population and in HIV‐HCV‐co‐infected patients. Given the causal link between insulin resistance and steatosis, we hypothesized that cannabis use has a positive impact on steatosis. Therefore, we aimed to study whether cannabis use in this population was associated with a reduced risk of steatosis, measured by ultrasound examination. ANRS CO13‐HEPAVIH is a French nationwide multicentre cohort of HIV‐HCV‐co‐infected patients. Medical and socio‐behavioural data from clinical follow‐up visits and annual self‐administered questionnaires were prospectively collected. A cross‐sectional analysis was conducted using data from the first visit where both ultrasound examination data for steatosis (positive or negative diagnosis) and data on cannabis use were available. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between cannabis use and steatosis. Among study sample patients (n = 838), 40.1% had steatosis. Fourteen per cent reported daily cannabis use, 11.7% regular use and 74.7% no use or occasional use (“never or sometimes”). Daily cannabis use was independently associated with a reduced prevalence of steatosis (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI] = 0.64 [0.42;0.99]; P = .046), after adjusting for body mass index, hazardous alcohol consumption and current or lifetime use of lamivudine/zidovudine. Daily cannabis use may be a protective factor against steatosis in HIV‐HCV‐co‐infected patients. These findings confirm the need for a clinical evaluation of cannabis‐based pharmacotherapies in this population. Eudract.ema.europa.eu number, DGS050367. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile and stable isotope data provide tests of mantle processes that give rise to mantle heterogeneity. New data on enriched mid-oceanic ridge basalts (MORB) show a diversity of enriched components. Pacific PREMA-type basalts (H2O/Ce = 215 ± 30, δDSMOW = −45 ± 5 ‰) are similar to those in the northern Atlantic (H2O/Ce = 220 ± 30; δDSMOW = −30 to −40 ‰). Basalts with EM-type signatures have regionally variable volatile compositions. Northern Atlantic EM-type basalts are wetter (H2O/Ce = 330 ± 30) and have isotopically heavier hydrogen (δDSMOW = −57 ± 5 ‰) than northern Atlantic MORB. Southern Atlantic EM-type basalts are damp (H2O/Ce = 120 ± 10) with intermediate δDSMOW (−68 ± 2 ‰), similar to δDSMOW for Pacific MORB. Northern Pacific EM-type basalts are dry (H2O/Ce = 110 ± 20) and isotopically light (δDSMOW = −94 ± 3 ‰). A multistage metasomatic and melting model accounts for the origin of the enriched components by extending the subduction factory concept down through the mantle transition zone, with slab temperature a key variable. Volatiles and their stable isotopes are decoupled from lithophile elements, reflecting primary dehydration of the slab followed by secondary rehydration, infiltration, and re-equilibration by fluids derived from dehydrating subcrustal hydrous phases (e.g., antigorite) in cooler, deeper parts of the slab. Enriched mantle sources form by addition of <1% carbonated eclogite ± sediment-derived C-O-H-Cl fluids to depleted mantle at 180-280 km (EM) or within the transition zone (PREMA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrical network constantly faces unforeseen events such as faults on lines, loss of load and loss of generation. Under-frequency load shedding and generator tripping are traditional methods used to stabilise a network when a transient fault occurs. These methods will prevent any network instability by shedding load or tripping the most critical generator at a calculated time when required. By executing these methods, the network can be stabilised in terms of balancing the generation and the load of a power system. A hybrid control scheme is proposed where the traditional methods are combined to reduce the stress levels exerted on the network and to minimise the load to be shed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate temporal variations of the polarization anomaly of surface waves (Rayleigh and Love) relative to an isotropic medium, before and after the 2008 June 13, Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake (Mw = 6.9) in Japan, using passive image interferometry. We use continuous data records of 20 high-sensitivity three-component seismic stations (National Institute for Earth Sciences and Disaster Resilience--NIED Hi-net) from mid-2007 to the end of 2009. We compute cross-correlations of ambient seismic noise between each pair of stations, in the frequency range of 0.08-0.22 Hz. The temporal variations of the surface wave polarization show slow and weak variations due to seasonal changes to which rapid and strong variations are superposed at the time of the earthquake, and more surprisingly, also a month and a half before the earthquake. Strong changes in the polarization of surface waves might be related to changes in the distribution of crack orientation affecting seismic anisotropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atterberg limits and indices, for example liquid limit ( LL), plastic limit ( PL), linear shrinkage ( LS) and plasticity index ( PI), are important soil properties in engineering and land evaluation for predicting soil mechanical behaviour. This study was conducted to develop and evaluate pedotransfer functions ( PTFs) to predict Atterberg limits using measured and morphological soil properties from a large data set in South Africa covering a vast range of soils, geologies and climates. Five PTFs were developed; the first four using measured properties from 2330 soil horizons including extractable Fe, Al, Mn, Na, K, Mg and Ca; organic carbon ( OC); pH (H2O); cation exchange capacity ( CEC); and sand, silt and clay fractions to predict LL, PL, LS and PI. Morphological descriptors such as colour, structure (grade, size and type), consistency, occurrence of slickensides and cutans and abundance of roots were included in the second PTF using data from 717 horizons to predict PI. For all PTFs, two-thirds of the data were randomly selected and used for model development and the remainder for validation. Prediction accuracies of R2 between 0.49 and 0.77 comparable to other studies on large data sets but underperformed when compared to localized data sets. For engineering purposes, site-specific PTFs for prediction of Atterberg limits should be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psycho-Oncologie is the property of Tech Science Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Four-dimensional imaging using geophysical data is of increasing interest in the oil and gas industries. While travel-time and amplitude variations are commonly used to monitor reservoir properties at depth, their interpretation can suffer from a lack of information to decipher the parts played by different parameters. In this context, this study focuses on the slowness and azimuth angle measured at the surface using source and receiver arrays as complementary observables. In the first step, array processing techniques are used to extract both azimuth and incidence angles at the source side (departure angles) and at the receiver side (arrival angles). In the second step, the slowness and angle variations are monitored in a laboratory environment. These new observables are compared with traditional arrival-time variations when the propagation medium is subject to temperature fluctuations. Finally, field data from a heavy-oil permanent reservoir monitoring system installed onshore and facing steam injection and temperature variations are investigated. The slowness variations are computed over a period of 152 days. In agreement with Fermat's principle, strong correlations between the slowness and arrival-time variations are highlighted, as well as good consistency with other techniques and field pressure measurements. Although the temporal variations of slowness and arrival time show the same features, there are still differences that can be considered for further characterization of the physical changes at depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The objective of this nested study was to assess the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a sample of HIV/hepatitis C virus ( HCV)-coinfected patients according to their HCV status. Methods The nested cross-sectional study, untitled HEPAVIH-Psy survey, was performed in a subset of HIV/ HCV-coinfected patients enrolled in the French Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales ( ANRS) CO13 HEPAVIH cohort. Psychiatric disorders were screened for using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview ( MINI 5.0.0). Results Among the 286 patients enrolled in the study, 68 (24%) had never received HCV treatment, 87 (30%) were treatment nonresponders, 44 (15%) were currently being treated and 87 (30%) had a sustained virological response ( SVR). Of the 286 patients enrolled, 121 patients (42%) screened positive for a psychiatric disorder other than suicidality and alcohol/drug abuse/dependence, 40 (14%) screened positive for alcohol abuse/dependence, 50 (18%) screened positive for drug abuse/dependence, 50 (17.5%) were receiving an antidepressant treatment and 69 (24%) were receiving an anxiolytic. Patients with an SVR did not significantly differ from the other groups in terms of psychiatric disorders. Patients receiving HCV treatment screened positive less often for an anxiety disorder. The highest rate of drug dependence/abuse was among HCV treatment-naïve patients. Conclusions Psychiatric disorders were frequent in HIV/ HCV-coinfected patients and their rates were comparable between groups, even for patients achieving an SVR. Our results emphasize the need for continuous assessment and care of coinfected patients, even after HCV clearance. Drug addiction remains an obstacle to access to HCV treatment. Despite the recent advent and continued development of directly acting antiviral agents ( DAAs), it is still crucial to offer screening and comprehensive care for psychiatric and addictive disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orogenic Anita Peridotite in Fiordland, SW New Zealand, provides an opportunity to examine the composition of a large block of upper mantle exhumed from beneath a Cretaceous arc. This little-studied 1 km × 20 km massif is dominated by spinel-facies harzburgite and dunite. Olivine Mg# of 92-93, spinel Cr# of ~70, orthopyroxene with low Al2O3, and extremely depleted whole-rock geochemical characteristics indicate that the peridotite body experienced >30% melt extraction, probably within the spinel facies. Mineral compositions show some similarity to those of cratonic peridotitic mantle. Rare Cr-rich amphibole suggests that the peridotite has been subsequently reenriched. Distinctive, coupled Eu and Sr anomalies in the amphiboles, which can be subdivided into three groups, are interpreted to show that they formed by hydration of metasomatic clinopyroxene-plagioclase aggregates. Measured amphibole 87Sr/86Sr (~0.705-0.706), ϵNd (~ +6.3 to +11.1), 208Pb/204Pb (~37.8-38.9) and ϵHf (~ +5.6 to 36.9) indicate that the metasomatic agent, which caused crystallization of clinopyroxene and plagioclase, had an isotopic composition similar to ocean island basalt. On the basis of isotopic data and mineral chemistry, the enriched nature of the peridotite is interpreted to have been caused by percolation of small volumes of a mafic silicate melt. Additional evidence for the passage of such melts is the rare occurrence of hornblendite veins and orthopyroxene hornblendite dykes. This peridotite body therefore preserves evidence of extreme melt depletion and the passage of silicate melts and hydrous fluids within the sub-arc mantle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a novel optimization approach to improve the convergence of interstation coda correlation functions towards the medium's empirical Green's function. For two stations recording a series of impulsive events in a multiply scattering medium, we explore the impact of coda window selection through a Markov Chain Monte Carlo scheme, with the aim of generating a gather of correlation functions that is the most coherent and symmetric over events, thus recovering intuitive elements of the interstation Green's function without any nonlinear post-processing techniques. This approach is tested here for a 2-D acoustic finite difference model, where a much improved correlation function is obtained, as well as for a database of small impulsive icequakes recorded on Erebus Volcano, Antarctica, where similar robust results are shown. The average coda solutions, as deduced from the posterior probability distributions of the optimization, are further representative of the scattering strength of the medium, with stronger scattering resulting in a slightly delayed overall coda sampling. The recovery of singly scattered arrivals in the coda of correlation functions are also shown to be possible through this approach, and surface wave reflections from outer craters on Erebus volcano were mapped in this fashion. We also note that, due to the improvement of correlation functions over subsequent events, this approach can further be used to improve the resolution of passive temporal monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Aims Concomitant elevated alcohol consumption and use of benzodiazepines ( BZD) during methadone treatment is widespread and particularly worrying because of the increased risk of overdose. Using concomitant binge drinking and use of BZD as a proxy of overdose risk, we aimed to study whether buprenorphine switchers were at higher risk of overdose during methadone treatment. Design and Methods The French National Agency for Research for Aids and Viral Hepatitis - Methaville multisite randomised trial enrolled 195 patients to assess the feasibility of initiating methadone in primary care by comparing it with methadone initiation in specialised centres. We selected 174 patients with available data on BZD use and alcohol binge drinking at baseline and 12 months, accounting for 318 visits. The outcome was defined to take into account an overdose risk gradient as follows: no BZD use, BZD use without and with binge drinking during the previous month. To identify factors associated with the outcome, we performed a mixed multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results At baseline, 26% of the sample reported BZD use alone while 16% reported BZD use and binge drinking. Half of the sample (51%) was switching from buprenorphine treatment. After multivariate analysis, employment, depressive symptoms and switching treatment from buprenorphine to methadone [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 5.38 (1.74-16.62)] remained associated with BZD use and binge drinking. Discussion and Conclusions As well as the importance of identifying socially vulnerable and depressed methadone-maintained patients, clinicians should be aware that patients who fail buprenorphine treatment and switch to methadone require greater clinical monitoring and management to avoid the risk of overdose. [Roux P, Lions C, Michel L, Mora M, Maradan G, Marcellin F, Spire B, Alain M, Patrizia CM, the ANRS Methaville Study Group. Concomitant use of benzodiazepine and alcohol in methadone-maintained patients from the ANRS Methaville trials: Preventing the risk of opioid overdose in patients who failed with buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015; ●●:●●-●●] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study on shared decision-making in the doctor-patient encounter about surgical treatment for early-stage breast cancer, conducted in a regional cancer centre in France, was to further the understanding of patient perceptions on shared decision-making. The study used methodological triangulation to collect data (both quantitative and qualitative) about patient preferences in the context of a clinical consultation in which surgeons followed a shared decision-making protocol. Data were analysed from a multi-disciplinary research perspective (social psychology and health economics). The triangulated data collection methods were questionnaires ( n = 132), longitudinal interviews ( n = 47) and observations of consultations ( n = 26). Methodological triangulation revealed levels of divergence and complementarity between qualitative and quantitative results that suggest new perspectives on the three inter-related notions of decision-making, participation and information. Patients' responses revealed important differences between shared decision-making and participation per se. The authors note that subjecting patients to a normative behavioural model of shared decision-making in an era when paradigms of medical authority are shifting may undermine the patient's quest for what he or she believes is a more important right: a guarantee of the best care available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal changes in seismic anisotropy can be interpreted as variations in the orientation of cracks in seismogenic zones, and thus as variations in the stress field. Such temporal changes have been observed in seismogenic zones before and after earthquakes, although they are still not well understood. In this study, we investigate the azimuthal polarization of surface waves in anisotropic media with respect to the orientation of anisotropy, from a numerical point of view. This technique is based on the observation of the signature of anisotropy on the nine-component cross-correlation tensor (CCT) computed from seismic ambient noise recorded on pairs of three-component sensors. If noise sources are spatially distributed in a homogeneous medium, the CCT allows the reconstruction of the surface wave Green's tensor between the station pairs. In homogeneous, isotropic medium, four off-diagonal terms of the surface wave Green's tensor are null, but not in anisotropic medium. This technique is applied to three-component synthetic seismograms computed in a transversely isotropic medium with a horizontal symmetry axis, using a spectral element code. The CCT is computed between each pair of stations and then rotated, to approximate the surface wave Green's tensor by minimizing the off-diagonal components. This procedure allows the calculation of the azimuthal variation of quasi-Rayleigh and quasi-Love waves. In an anisotropicmedium, in some cases, the azimuth of seismic anisotropy can induce a large variation in the horizontal polarization of surface waves. This variation depends on the relative angle between a pair of stations and the direction of anisotropy, the amplitude of the anisotropy, the frequency band of the signal and the depth of the anisotropic layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of polymorphisms identified with next-generation sequencing approaches depends directly on the sequencing depth and therefore on the experimental cost. Although higher levels of depth ensure more sensitive and more specific SNP calls, economic constraints limit the increase of depth for whole-genome resequencing ( WGS). For this reason, capture resequencing is used for studies focusing on only some specific regions of the genome. However, several biases in capture resequencing are known to have a negative impact on the sensitivity of SNP detection. Within this framework, the aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of WGS and capture resequencing on SNP detection and genotype calling, which differ in terms of both sequencing depth and biases. Indeed, we have evaluated the SNP calling and genotyping accuracy in a WGS dataset (13X) and in a capture resequencing dataset (87X) performed on 11 individuals. The percentage of SNPs not identified due to a sevenfold sequencing depth decrease was estimated at 7.8% using a down-sampling procedure on the capture sequencing dataset. A comparison of the 87X capture sequencing dataset with the WGS dataset revealed that capture-related biases were leading with the loss of 5.2% of SNPs detected with WGS. Nevertheless, when considering the SNPs detected by both approaches, capture sequencing appears to achieve far better SNP genotyping, with about 4.4% of the WGS genotypes that can be considered as erroneous and even 10% focusing on heterozygous genotypes. In conclusion, WGS and capture deep sequencing can be considered equivalent strategies for SNP detection, as the rate of SNPs not identified because of a low sequencing depth in the former is quite similar to SNPs missed because of method biases of the latter. On the other hand, capture deep sequencing clearly appears more adapted for studies requiring great accuracy in genotyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]