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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) approved by the United Nations (UN) in 1948 includes the most widely accepted list of individual rights all over the world. Although it has been a catalyst in the pursuit of a universal ethic for human rights, it has not been updated for over 75 years during which significant progress has been made in the recognition of more human rights. It is time to examine whether the current global society aspires for more/other human rights that are not reflected in previous declarations. We offer a review of literature on the potential areas that human rights may be extended to in the current sociocultural atmosphere and share the results of a survey at an international university in Japan which examines the views of 232 young Asian students from Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, China, Indonesia, etc. regarding the human rights declaration items and their implications, as well as new hypothetical items that they would like to see recognized as human rights. The results demonstrate stronger support for 15 out of the 21 surveyed items by all respondents, as well as stronger support for 10 out of the 21 items by female respondents. These results suggest a variable expansion in the breadth of the human rights concept which is worthy of further research. Also, gender inequality may be the basis for the stronger support of certain human rights by female respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of the study was to elucidate the current challenges to inclusive education (IE) at the university level in Japan, thereby addressing the gap between policy and the provision of inclusion. Method: This qualitative case study of a private university supporting inclusive policies in Japan included content analysis of data collected through semi-structured interviews to ascertain themes. Results: The four identified themes were: inclusion practices as a conceptual challenge, conflicting practice of reasonable accommodations, inclusion management gaps, and barriers to and opportunities for inclusive education. Conclusions: There is a significant disconnect between legal obligation and actual implementation of accommodations. Results demonstrate the difficulties in accommodating students due to rigid procedural requirements for accommodation, such as self-reporting documentation by students. Implications: Contradiction between inclusion policy and practice related to students with disabilities hinders the provision of accommodation services to university students in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the perspective of public officials in Nigeria about corruption and why corruption continues despite numerous efforts to curtail it. The study conducts a survey among a range of public officials in Nigeria. The paper finds that individuals tend to normalize corruption as they grow older. The results also indicate a slight difference regarding the beliefs of economic versus moral harm of corruption between different religious backgrounds of the public officials. The study concludes that establishing an alternative narrative at younger ages by raising awareness and education among school aged children could assist in preventing and normalizing corruption in later years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flipping classrooms is a popular teaching method in universities to increase active learning and retention as the popularity of traditional lectures decline. Although many studies discuss the process for flipping courses and the student reaction to such courses, much fewer studies examine the effect on student performance. This study conducts a within-case and between-case analysis of student perceptions and performance in an international relations theory course treating students in one course with a flipped classroom style versus the same course taught using traditional lecture style. A survey measures the student perceptions and reactions to the flipped class style compared to the traditional classroom, and a statistical analysis examines the effects of different teaching methods on student exam performance. The results show that students have high favorability ratings for the technique of flipped classrooms, while the statistical analysis shows no positive correlation to student performance indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current scientific evidence promotes the use of masks as a primary measure, in addition to social distancing and self-quarantine, to prevent the further spread of COVID-19 from person to person. Despite the importance of masks, compliance with requests to wear masks varies across cultures around the world and low compliance may increase transmission rates among communities. After reviewing literature on mask-wearing, this article first examines two models of social behavior based on the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Stag Hunt (tipping point). Then, combining this work with research from foot-binding and infibulation mitigation, this article demonstrates that social community behavioral coordination along with game theoretic common knowledge are important components to increasing mask usage. Finally, the article provides some suggestions to increase mask usage among communities by re-orienting the social culture and increasing community common knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducted experiments using clickers and Twitter in international relations courses to evaluate the effectiveness of audience-response tools on students’ experiences and their performance. The study used both within-group and between-group experimental designs and evaluated the results primarily through inferential descriptive statistical methods. The results show that clickers outperformed Twitter, students enjoy using clickers in class, and the use of these tools had little impact on grade performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay describes a new way to evaluate variation among simulations through six distinct categories. The six points involve the content of the simulation, the integration of the simulation with other aspects of the course, the length of a simulation, the strictness of rules, the interaction among students during the simulation, and assessment techniques. The essay assesses the benefits and costs of the simulation and course design through student feedback and instructor evaluation. In addition, the essay uses these six points of variation as a framework to explain a sample simulation integrated with course objectives, goals, lecture material, two short research essays, and other class activities designed to teach game theory applied to current international problems. The simulation uses current world issues to help students incorporate class content, game theoretic modeling, and strategic interaction into an international negotiation conducted in class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although recent data creation efforts in international relations have begun to focus on issues of reliability and validity more explicitly than previously, current efforts still contain significant problems. This essay focuses on three recent data generation projects that study international relations (the ICOW, ATOP, and River Treaty datasets) and shows the successes and failures of each in assessing reliability when generating data from qualitative evidence. All three datasets attempt to generate reliable data, document the procedures used, and present indications of data reliability. However, their efforts face problems when assessing the reliability of their case selection variables, in the development of reliability indicators, and in the presentation of reliability statistics. In addition to evaluating these recent efforts to generate large-N databases, this essay clarifies the difference between generating data from qualitative and quantitative evidence, explains the importance of reliability when coding qualitative evidence, and provides ways to improve the assessment of the quality of one’s data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]