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Purpose: To compare a single surgeon's surgical outcomes for treating intermittent exotropia using bilateral lateral rectus recession (BLR), unilateral lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection (RR), and unilateral lateral rectus recession and medial rectus plication (RP). Methods: A retrospective review of all surgeries for basic intermittent exotropia between 2015 and 2023 was performed. Only patients with initial correction using BLR, RR, or RP were included. Exclusion criteria included age older than 18 years, vertical deviation, any nonrefractive ocular diagnoses, prior ocular surgery, and inadequate follow-up. Results: There were 460 patients identified; 123 met inclusion criteria with 54 in the BLR group, 41 in the RR group, and 28 in the RP group. The average pre-operative distance alignment (and standard error) values for the BLR, RR, and RP groups were 25.07 (7.35), 22.44 (5.95), and 23.84 (6.42) prism diopters (PD), respectively. At 1 year, the postoperative distance alignment values for the BLR, RR, and RP groups were 8.72 (7.89), 7.46 (6.31), and 12.83 (6.82) PD, respectively (P =.03). A subanalysis found a significant difference between the BLR and RP (P =.02) and RR and RP (P =.02) groups. There was no difference between the BLR and RR groups (P =.57). Conclusions: This study of three surgical approaches for intermittent exotropia found RP had a significantly larger angle of exodeviation compared to BLR and RR at 1 year of follow-up. Both BLR and RR were equally effective approaches for treating intermittent exotropia. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(4):287–290.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of interorganizational conflict investigated in this study are structural and operating conflict. Structural conflict involves rules that govern a relationship, whereas operating conflict occurs over interpretation and application of such principles. Among the many factors affecting interorganizational relationships are the similarities and differences of the interacting units. Comparative properties represent the fit, congruence, and compatibility of the interface between organizations. The purpose of this study is to develop a model of interorganizational conflict that incorporates key aspects of the organizational interface, explaining conflict on the basis of similarities and differences of the interacting organizations. The study examines 147 dyadic relationships in networks of natural resource organizations in five non-metropolitan midwest counties. The model includes variables measuring domain and administrative context as well as organizational age, differences as exogenous factors causally related to interdependence and the two types of conflict. Results show comparative properties to be significant determinants of interorganizational conflict. Comparative variables were primarily related to interdependence and structural conflict. Most operating conflict originated in conditions of perceived structural conflict. Implications of comparative properties for the study of interorganizational relationships are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores factors associated with role conflict and ambiguity in top-level administrators in public agencies. Research is reviewed, on possible organizational and interorganizational antecedents. Despite the fact that top-level administrators devote a considerable proportion of their time to relations with other units, interorganizational factors have not been included in models of role conflict. Data were obtained in structured personal interviews with 102 top-level county administrators. As demonstrated by regression analysis, interorganizational variables tended to account for the largest amount of variance in role conflict, and intraorganizational variables accounted for the largest amount of variance in role ambiguity. Interorganizational variables were stronger independent determinants of role conflict than intraorganizational variables were of role ambiguity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maddox proposed that the perceived nearness of a target could influence the ocular vergence response. Proximal inputs have been used to refer to all static and dynamic cues to depth other than disparity and blur. In this paper, we review a number of studies in which proximal influences have been assessed. While general agreement exists that proximal contributions are significant when blur and disparity cues are absent (open-loop conditions), there are conflicting reports on the role of proximal vergence and accommodation under closed-loop conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal and system resource approaches represent alternative conceptions of organizational effectiveness. The goal approach views effectiveness in terms of internal organizational objectives and performance. Organization-environment relations are the focus of the system resource approach, though previous applications of this perspective have been limited to profit-making organizations. This paper reconceptualizes the system resource approach for use in public agencies and examines the flow of organizational resources as an indicator of effectiveness.

Survey data from 390 respondents was analyzed to determine the relative effects of organizational involvement, socioeconomic status, and political attitudes on political participation. Two theoretical perspectives were investigated: mobilization theory and selection theory. Both the mobilization and selection perspectives were supported by the data; however, organizational involvement was shown to explain more of the variance in political participation than did social status and political attitudes. The mobilization perspective was further examined to determine if it worked equally well in all types of organizations. We found that the relationship between organizational involvement and political participation was stronger for "instrumental" than for "expressive" groups and for organizations characterized by high, as compared to low, levels of political discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One problem plaguing the analysis of policy innovation is that few of the determinants have proven reliable. Measuring policy innovation as both a rate and amount, this paper investigates the ability of four theoretical perspectives to explain land use policy innovation (adoption) by local governments: political culture, community integration, extra-local environment, and organizational characteristics. The sample consists of seventy-nine (79) communities in Colorado ranging in population size from 1,000 to 100,000. Certain organizational characteristics proved to have the greatest influence on policy innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Public services have been studied because of their importance for community development and their usefulness as indicators of quality of life. Current work on community services, however, is limited by the lack of a system for classifying services that has both theoretical and applied usefulness. This paper compares two methods for constructing a taxonomy of community public services. Data were drawn from a 50 percent sample of Iowa communities ranging in size from 500 to 10,000 residents (N = 195). Completed questionnaires were returned by 174 city clerks who indicated which of 38 public services were available in their communities. Reliability and Guttman analyses were performed on eight intuitively developed service categories. All eight met the basic requirement of internal consistency and five met the minimal requirement for reproducibility. Factor analysis was performed to determine whether common factors occurred among the items. Seven unique factors were identified. Discussion centers on the use of community service groupings within applied and theoretical dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper focuses on three theoretical perspectives and their ability to explain a community's adoption of land use controls: population growth, community affluence, and organizational size. Comparisons are made between 79 communities ranging in population size from 1,000 to 100,000. The population-growth and community-affluence perspectives are both supported by the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the proportion of females who are employed has been increasing, female workers remain concentrated in a small number of occupations. Previous studies suggest social-psychological reasons for this. We hypothesize that characteristics of the local community also are related to sexual segregation in occupations. To test this, we use secondary data from 71 relatively independent communities. Measures of availability, economic necessity, class structure, and heterogeneity in the community are related to an index of occupational segregation by sex changes little from 1960 and 1970, the most efficient explanatory variables change from economic-necessity items to class-structure measures. But further analysis reveals that variables from each set combine to provide the best explanation of occupational segregation in small communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization has generally been thought of as beneficial for communities. Case studies have shown that industrializing communities experienced increases in aggregate, median family, and per capitaincome, and in the equitable distribution of income. This study investigates the impact of industrialization on changes in income levels and distribution between 1960 and 1970 for all Iowa towns of 2,500 to 10,000 population (N = 75). Relationships between change in manufacturing and change in levels of income found support when employment data were used but not when institutional data on firms were examined. No support was found for relationship between changes in manufacturing activity and the distribution of income. Controls for population size and change, distance to SMSA, and type of industry did not change the original relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational goals are investigated in farmer cooperatives. An organizational goal model is constructed on the basis of Talcott Parsons' functional imperatives. The goal model includes: flexibility, satisfaction, efficiency, and productivity. Two dimensions of organizational goals are compared: general importance of the goals and the specific pressure to achieve each goal. The results show that the managers differentiated among the goal on both dimensions. The goals of efficiency and satisfaction were found to be that most important and convey the most pressure to the managers. Limited relationship was found between the dimension of importance and pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to improve the conceptualization and measure-merit of interorganizational fields and organization-environment relations. Cohesiveness of interorganizational fields and centrality of organizations vis-à-vis other units in their task environments are examined. Matrix algebra and sociograms are used to analyze data collected through interviews with the top administrator in 159 community development organizations. Cohesion of 16 interorganizational fields (counties) and centrality of 15 different types of organizations were determined using both high and low intensity of interaction measures. Three organizational coalitions were located and found to group around concerns about agriculture, social services, and natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an exploration of the relationship between members' role performance and the benefits they receive from their organizations. The general relationship is interpreted in the context of a "social exchange model" for voluntary associations. Data for the analysis pertain to members of four voluntary farm organizations: Farm Bureau, Farmers Union, National Farmers Organization, and Grange. The data were obtained in a state-wide survey of Wisconsin farm operators in 1965. In general, the data show a moderate relationship, in a positive direction, between benefits and role performance. The benefits tend to differ in the magnitude and, in some instances, in the direction of their relationships to such performance. The findings indicate the importance of taking into account magnitude and direction of relationship, as well as interaction among the benefits and among costs, in order to devise a viable social exchange model of cost benefit relations for voluntary associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral and affective forms of membership involvement are compared on the basis of data collected from members of three farm organizations in Wisconsin. The relative effect of selected independent variables on each involvement form is the key problem of this article. The rank order of independent variables as determined by the size of their partial beta coefficients varies considerably between the two forms. However, when the immediateness of the variables is considered, specific attitudes are found to account for a larger percentage of the variance in both involvement forms than are general attitudes or social background characteristics. The results of the study suggest the need for developing models of involvement, the necessity of using multivariate techniques, and the potential contribution of path analysis to an understanding of membership involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control in voluntary farm organizations was analyzed by the use of data from 220 memberships in numerous local units of the Farm Bureau, Farmers Union, and National Farmers Organization in Wisconsin. We hypothesized that three aspects of control—amount, distribution, and congruence between actual and ‘ideal’—would be related in a positive direction to affective and behavioral measures of membership involvement and to perceptions of income and other organizational benefits. The results are only partly consistent with those of previous studies. As expected, at • least moderate correlations of involvement and benefits with amount of control are evident. Neither the hypothesis about correlations with the distribution of control nor that about correlations with the congruence between actual and ‘ideal’ amounts of control received positive support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with cystinosis have risk factors known to be associated with secondary increased intracranial pressure. The authors report a series of patients with cystinosis and describe their experience in the diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in this population. The ophthalmologist should be aware of this vision-threatening association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]