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This study compared parenting across four non‐Western cultures to test cross‐cultural commonality and specificity principles in three aspects: measurement properties, parenting normativeness, and their associations with child outcomes. Both mothers and fathers (N = 1509 dyads) with preschool‐aged children (M = 5.00 years; 48% girls) from urban areas of four countries (Malaysia, N = 372; China, N = 441; Turkey, N = 402; and Japan, N = 294) reported on four parenting constructs (authoritative, authoritarian, group harmony socialization, and intrusive control) and their sub‐dimensions using modified culturally relevant measures. Teachers reported on children's internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behaviors. The commonality principle was supported by two sets of findings: (1) full measurement invariance was established for most parenting constructs and sub‐dimensions, except that intrusive control only reached partial scalar invariance, and (2) no variations were found in associations between parenting and any child outcomes across cultures or parent gender at the construct level for all four parenting constructs and at the sub‐dimensional level for authoritarian and intrusive control sub‐dimensions. The specificity principle was supported by the other two sets of findings: (1) cross‐cultural differences in parenting normativeness did not follow the pattern of economic development but yielded culture‐specific patterns, and (2) at the sub‐dimensional level, the authoritative parenting and group harmony socialization sub‐dimensions were differently associated with child outcomes across cultures and/or parent gender. The findings suggested that examining specific dimensions rather than broad parenting constructs is necessary to reflect cultural specificities and nuances. Our study provided a culturally‐invariant instrument and a three‐step guide for future parenting research to examine cross‐cultural commonalities/specificities. Research Highlights: This is the first study to use an instrument with measurement invariance across multiple non‐Western cultures to examine the commonality and specificity principles in parenting.Measurement invariance was achieved across cultures for authoritative and authoritarian parenting, group harmony socialization, intrusive control, and their sub‐dimensions, supporting the commonality principle.Cross‐cultural differences in parenting normativeness did not follow the pattern of economic development but yielded culture‐specific patterns, supporting the specificity principle.Both commonalities and specificities were manifested in associations between parenting and child outcomes across cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional support from family members may have an important effect on adolescent health outcomes, and has been identified as a target for policy to protect against the impacts of poverty and other early life adversities. However, few studies have assessed the extent to which poverty and adversity themselves influence the nature of emotional support that parents can provide to adolescents. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the impact of trajectories of income poverty and family adversities, including parental mental ill health, alcohol misuse and domestic violence across childhood developmental stages on young people's relationships with their families and perceived emotional support received. We analysed longitudinal data on 10,976 children from the nationally representative UK Millennium Cohort study. Exposure trajectories of poverty and family adversities were characterised using group-based multi-trajectory models (age 9 months–14 years). The outcomes were perceived emotional support and quality of family relationships, measured by the three-item Short Social Provisions Scale (SPS-3) and levels of parent–adolescent closeness and conflict, measured at age 14. ORs and 95% CIs were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounding factors. At age 14, the overall prevalence of low perceived emotional support was 13% (95% CI: 12, 14). Children of mothers with lower socioeconomic status (SES) were more likely to report low emotional support, with a clear social gradient (education—degree plus: 10.3% vs. no qualifications: 15.4%). Compared with children exposed to low levels of poverty and adversity, children in the persistent adversity trajectory groups experienced higher odds of low emotional support and low-quality parent–adolescent relationship; those exposed to both persistent poverty and poor parental mental health were particularly at increased risk of experiencing poor family relationships and low perceived emotional support (adjusted odds ratio 2·2; 95% CI 1·7–2·9). Low perceived emotional support and poor family relationships in adolescence are more prevalent among socially disadvantaged children and adolescents and those experiencing social adversity. Policies to improve levels of family support for UK adolescents should focus on improving modifiable determinants such as child poverty and family mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on the association between ageism and falling among older adults is limited. Using data from the nationwide cross-sectional SABE (Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento) Colombia Survey in 2015 with 18,875 participants aged ≥60 years living in the communities, the study aims to evaluate the association between perceived ageism within the family, neighborhood, health services, and public services, and recurrent falling. Participants had a mean age of 69.2 ± 7.1; 56.1% were female. Recurrent falling prevalence was 15%, and experiencing any ageism was 10%. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed higher odds of recurrent falling for any ageism (OR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.61–2.02, p <.0001). High depressive symptoms mediated 10.1% of the association between any ageism and recurrent falling, followed by low instrumental activities of daily living (9.7%) and multimorbidity (9.3%). Current findings open new areas of gerontological research by expanding the risk factors for falling among older adults to include ageism perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) brain tissue held in tissue banks constitutes a valuable research resource, especially when associated with clinical annotations and longitudinal psychometric testing. Apolipoprotein‐E (APOE) genotyping is important to fully characterise this resource, however older FFPE tissue may not be suitable for genotyping. We performed polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) assays on DNA extracted from post‐mortem FFPE brain tissue ranging from 2‐19 years old. A maximum of three years in paraffin was determined for robust APOE genotyping of FFPE tissue using PCR‐RFLP which may suggest prolonged storage of fixed tissue as FFPE blocks may have deleterious effects on DNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study solutions of the equation u t - Δ u + λ u = f , for initial data that is 'large at infinity' as treated in our previous papers on the unforced heat equation. When f = 0 we characterise those (u 0 , λ) for which solutions converge to 0 as t → ∞ , as not every λ > 0 is able to achieve that for all initial data. When f ≠ 0 we give conditions to guarantee that the solution is given by the usual 'variation of constants formula' u (t) = e - λ t S (t) u 0 + ∫ 0 t e - λ (t - s) S (t - s) f (s) d s , where S (·) is the heat semigroup. We use these results to treat the elliptic problem - Δ u + λ u = f when f is allowed to be 'large at infinity', giving conditions under which a solution exists that is given by convolution with the usual Green's function for the problem. Many of our results are sharp when u 0 , f ≥ 0 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aimed to systematically quantify the differences in Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) prevalence across various ethnic groups in high-income countries by sex, and to evaluate the overall prevalence trends from 1996 to 2022. We conducted a systematic literature review using MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library, focusing on studies about MetS prevalence among ethnic groups in high-income countries. We pooled 23 studies that used NCEP-ATP III criteria and included 147,756 healthy participants aged 18 and above. We calculated pooled prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using both fixed-effect and random-effect intercept logistic regression models. Data were analysed for 3 periods: 1996–2005, 2006–2009, and 2010–2021. The pooled prevalence of MetS in high-income countries, based on the NCEP-ATP III criteria, was 27.4% over the studied period, showing an increase from 24.2% in 1996–2005 to 31.9% in 2010–2021, with men and women having similar rates. When stratified by ethnicity and sex, ethnic minority women experienced the highest prevalence at 31.7%, while ethnic majority women had the lowest at 22.7%. Notably, MetS was more prevalent in ethnic minority women than men. Among ethnic minorities, women had a higher prevalence of MetS than men, and the difference was highest in Asians (about 15 percentage points). Among women, the prevalence of MetS was highest in Asians (41.2%) and lowest in Blacks/Africans (26.7%). Among men, it was highest in indigenous minority groups (34.3%) and lowest among in Blacks/Africans (19.8%). MetS is increasing at an alarming rate in high-income countries, particularly among ethnic minority women. The burden of MetS could be effectively reduced by tailoring interventions according to ethnic variations and risk profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Corticobasal syndrome is a clinical diagnosis and common pathological causes are corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease. Objectives: We would like to highlight a rare but important differential of corticobasal syndrome. Methods: A 78‐year‐old female had a 4‐year history of predominantly right‐hand rest tremor, worsening of handwriting but no change in cognition. The clinical examination showed right upper limb postural and kinetic tremor, mild wrist rigidity and reduced amplitude of right‐sided finger tapping. She was initially diagnosed as idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Five years after onset of symptoms, she demonstrated bilateral myoclonic jerks and right upper limb dystonic posturing. She could not copy movements with the right hand. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed disproportionate atrophy in the parietal lobes bilaterally. The clinical diagnosis was changed to probable corticobasal syndrome. She passed away 11 years from onset of symptoms at the age of 85 years. She underwent a post‐mortem. Results: The anterior and posterior frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, temporal neocortex, hippocampus and amygdaloid complex demonstrated considerable tau‐related pathology consisting of a dense background of neuropil threads, and rounded, paranuclear neuronal inclusions consistent with Pick bodies. The immunostaining for three microtubule binding domain repeats (3R) tau performed on sections from the frontal and temporal lobes, basal ganglia and midbrain highlighted several inclusions whilst no 4R tau was observed. She was finally diagnosed with Pick's disease. Conclusions: Pick's disease can rarely present with clinical features of corticobasal syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case study of a 70-year-old man who presented with visual memory loss. Despite not meeting the clinical criteria for either condition at presentation, post-mortem examination revealed concomitant progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Lewy body pathology. The study suggests that interactions between these two pathologies in mesial temporal regions may result in this atypical clinical phenotype. The article provides detailed clinical and neuropsychological information and highlights the importance of considering multiple pathologies in cases of neurodegenerative diseases. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: A growing body of literature is investigating the difficulties that some individuals encounter after psychedelic experiences. Existing research has explored the nature and predictors of these difficulties; however, a research gap exists in understanding how individuals endeavour to cope with such difficulties. Methods: The current study collected data from an international cohort of 608 participants who reported experiencing difficulties that persisted for at least one day after a psychedelic experience. They provided written data on how they used coping strategies to alleviate these difficulties. The qualitative analysis of the written data on coping was conducted using Structured Tabular Thematic Analysis. Results: A wide range of individual and social coping strategies were employed that were found helpful. The most common individual strategies were meditation and prayer, followed by self-educational activities such as reading and journaling. The most prevalent forms of social coping involved seeking support from friends or family members, followed by obtaining assistance from a therapist or coach. Features of social coping that were reported to be helpful included feeling heard/accepted, a non-judgemental attitude and sharing similar experiences. Discussion: Our findings hold potential for informing the design of therapeutic interventions and educational resources aimed at enhancing positive outcomes for those experiencing extended difficulties after psychedelic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This international survey investigated Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) in spine surgery by measuring its acceptance among spine surgeons. It assessed their understanding of EBM and how they apply it in practice by analyzing responses to various clinical scenarios.. Materials and methods: Following the CHERRIES guidelines, an e-survey was distributed to multiple social media forums for neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons on Facebook, LinkedIn, and Telegram and circulated further through email via the authors' network. Three hundred participants from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Oceania completed the survey. Results: Our study revealed that 67.7% (n = 203) of respondents used EBM in their practice, and 97.3% (n = 292) believed training in research methodology and EBM was necessary for the practice of spine surgery. Despite this endorsement of using EBM in spine surgery, we observed varied responses to how EBM is applied in practice based on example scenarios. The responders who had additional training tended to obey EBM guidelines more than those who had no additional training. Most surgeons responded as always or sometimes prescribing methylprednisolone to patients with acute spinal cord injury. Other significant differences were identified between geographical regions, training, practice settings, and other factors. Conclusions: Most respondents used EBM in practice and believed training in research methodology and EBM is necessary for spine surgery; however, there were significant variations on how to use them per case. Thus, the appropriate application of EBM in clinical settings for spinal surgery must be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human milk provides bioactive compounds such as milk fat globules (MFGs), which promote brain development, modulate the immune system, and hold antimicrobial properties. To ensure microbiological safety, donor milk banks apply heat treatments. This study compares the effects of heat treatments and homogenization on MFG's physicochemical properties, bioactivity, and bioavailability. Vat pasteurization (Vat-PT), retort (RTR), and ultra-high temperature (UHT) were performed with or without homogenization. UHT, RTR, and homogenization increased the colloidal dispersion of globules, as indicated by increased zeta potential. The RTR treatment completely inactivated xanthine oxidase activity (a marker of MFG bioactivity), whereas UHT reduced its activity by 93%. Interestingly, Vat-PT resulted in less damage, with 28% activity retention. Sialic acid, an important compound for brain health, was unaffected by processing. Importantly, homogenization increased the in vitro lipolysis of MFG, suggesting that this treatment could increase the digestibility of MFG. In terms of color, homogenization led to higher L* values, indicating increased whiteness due to finer dispersion of the fat and casein micelles (and thus greater light scattering), whereas UHT and RTR increased b* values associated with Maillard reactions. This study highlights the nuanced effects of processing conditions on MFG properties, emphasizing the retention of native characteristics in Vat-PT-treated human milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While mid-life hypertension represents a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the risk after the age of 65 is less certain. Establishing relationships between late life hypertension and the pathological changes of AD could be crucial in understanding the relevance of blood pressure as a risk factor for this disorder. Objective: We investigated associations between self-reported late-life hypertension, cognitive status and AD pathology at death. The impact of antihypertensive medication was also examined. Methods: Using the Cornell Medical Index questionnaire, we ascertained whether participants had ever reported hypertension. We also noted use of antihypertensive medication. The donated brains of 108 individuals were assessed for AD pathology using consensus guidelines. Statistical analysis aimed to elucidate relationships between hypertension and AD pathology. Results: We found no associations between self-reported hypertension and cognitive impairment at death. However, those with hypertension were significantly more likely to exhibit lower levels of AD pathology as measured by Thal phase, Braak stage, CERAD score, and NIA-AA criteria—even after controlling for sex, level of education and presence of APOEɛ4 allele(s). No significant associations could be found when examining use of antihypertensive medications. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that late-life hypertension is associated with less severe AD pathology. We postulate that AD pathology may be promoted by reduced cerebral blood flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of species as a concept is an important metric for assessing biological diversity and ecosystem function. However, delimiting species based on morphological characters can be difficult, especially in aquatic plants that exhibit high levels of variation and overlap. The Sphagnum cuspidatum complex, which includes plants that dominate peatland hollows, provides an example of challenges in species delimitation. Microscopic characters that have been used to define taxa and the possibility that these characters may simply be phenoplastic responses to variation in water availability make species delimitation in this group especially difficult. In particular, the use of leaf shape and serration, which have been used to separate species in the complex, have resulted in divergent taxonomic treatments. Using a combination of high-resolution population genomic data (RADseq) and a robust morphological assessment of plants representing the focal species, we provide evidence to evaluate putative species in this complex. Our data support the recognition of S. cuspidatum , S. fitzgeraldii , S. mississippiense , and S. trinitense as genetically distinct species that can be separated morphologically. These results indicate that S. viride does not differ genetically from S. cuspidatum. Our results are broadly relevant to other aquatic groups where leaf shape and marginal teeth are used to distinguish species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how the immunoreactivity of phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43) in fixed post-mortem brain tissue can be affected by factors such as long-term storage and prolonged formalin fixation. The study reveals that extended fixation and long-term storage can weaken the immunoreactivity of pTDP-43, but it remains detectable for diagnostic purposes. These findings have implications for the use of brain tissue stored in brain banks for scientific research. The study also found that other proteins, such as amyloid-β and phosphorylated α-synuclein, are not affected by extended fixation or long-term storage, suggesting that existing tissue samples in brain banks can still be used for research, even if they have been stored for many years. [Extracted from the article]

Membrane-enclosed organelles are defining features of eukaryotes in distinguishing these organisms from prokaryotes. Specification of distinct membranes is critical to assemble and maintain discrete compartments. Small GTPases and their regulators are the signaling molecules that drive membrane-modifying machineries to the desired location. These signaling molecules include Rab and Rag GTPases, roadblock and longin domain proteins, and TRAPPC3-like proteins. Here, we take a structural approach to assess the relatedness of these eukaryotic-like proteins in Asgard archaea, the closest known prokaryotic relatives to eukaryotes. We find that the Asgard archaea GTPase core domains closely resemble eukaryotic Rabs and Rags. Asgard archaea roadblock, longin and TRAPPC3 domain-containing proteins form dimers similar to those found in the eukaryotic TRAPP and Ragulator complexes. We conclude that the emergence of these protein architectures predated eukaryogenesis, however further adaptations occurred in proto-eukaryotes to allow these proteins to regulate distinct internal membranes. A structural study of Asgard archaea signaling proteins identifies eukaryotic-like features that predate eukaryogenesis. However, characteristics specifying distinct eukaryotic membranes are absent, indicating these evolved during eukaryogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early life environment programmes cortical architecture and cognition across the life course. A measure of cortical organisation that integrates information from multimodal MRI and is unbound by arbitrary parcellations has proven elusive, which hampers efforts to uncover the perinatal origins of cortical health. Here, we use the Vogt‐Bailey index to provide a fine‐grained description of regional homogeneities and sharp variations in cortical microstructure based on feature gradients, and we investigate the impact of being born preterm on cortical development at term‐equivalent age. Compared with term‐born controls, preterm infants have a homogeneous microstructure in temporal and occipital lobes, and the medial parietal, cingulate, and frontal cortices, compared with term infants. These observations replicated across two independent datasets and were robust to differences that remain in the data after matching samples and alignment of processing and quality control strategies. We conclude that cortical microstructural architecture is altered in preterm infants in a spatially distributed rather than localised fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this systematic review, we address the status of intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) applied to the motor cortex to improve function in patients with impaired motor ability. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 Guidelines for Systematic Reviews. Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies – of Interventions (ROBINS-I) and the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) were used to assess bias and quality. Advances in iBCIs in the last two decades demonstrated the use of iBCI to activate limbs for functional tasks, achieve neural typing for communication, and other applications. However, the inconsistency of performance metrics employed by these studies suggests the need for standardization. Each study was a pilot clinical trial consisting of 1–4, majority male (64.28 %) participants, with most trials featuring participants treated for more than 12 months (55.55 %). The systems treated patients with various conditions: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, spinocerebellar degeneration without cerebellar involvement, and spinal cord injury. All participants presented with tetraplegia at implantation and were implanted with microelectrode arrays via pneumatic insertion, with nearly all electrode locations solely at the precentral gyrus of the motor cortex (88.88 %). The development of iBCI devices using neural signals from the motor cortex to improve motor-impaired patients has enhanced the ability of these systems to return ability to their users. However, many milestones remain before these devices can prove their feasibility for recovery. This review summarizes the achievements and shortfalls of these systems and their respective trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Southwestern portions of the United States experience dust events frequently due to the arid and semi-arid environments and close proximity to multiple deserts. On February 26, 2023, a dust event was initiated in New Mexico due to strong winds aloft mixing down to the surface. The dust intensified as it moved eastward into West Texas, and turned into a dust storm (visibility < 1 km) in multiple locations. This study examined the meteorological characteristics of this dust storm using 21 meteorological stations and examines the impacts on PM2.5 and/or PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 and 2.5 µm) concentrations using 19 air quality stations. The dust event lasted up to 18 hours, and locations experienced dust storm conditions from five minutes up to 65 minutes, with even zero visibility. The highest wind speed and wind gust recorded during the dust were 27.3 m s-1 and 37 m s-1 respectively. This dust had a strong impact on the air quality in the area, as very high PM values were recorded across the region, and nine of the PM stations exceeded the EPA daily threshold. The maximum hourly PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations recorded were 518.4 µg m-3 and 9,983 µg m-3 respectively. For some locations (e.g., Lubbock Texas), these high PM2.5 concentrations were the highest ever recorded, highlighting the significance of this dust storm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathological tau accumulates in the brain in tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration, and forms amyloid-like filaments incorporating various post-translational modifications (PTMs). Cryo-electron microscopic (cryo-EM) studies have demonstrated that tau filaments extracted from tauopathy brains are characteristic of the disease and share a common fold(s) in the same disease group. Furthermore, the tau PTM profile changes during tau pathology formation and disease progression, and disease-specific PTMs are detected in and around the filament core. In addition, templated seeding has been suggested to trigger pathological tau amplification and spreading in vitro and in vivo , although the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Recently, we reported that the cryo-EM structures of tau protofilaments in SH-SY5Y cells seeded with patient-derived tau filaments show a core structure(s) resembling that of the original seeds. Here, we investigated PTMs of tau filaments accumulated in the seeded cells by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and compared them with the PTMs of patient-derived tau filaments. Examination of insoluble tau extracted from SH-SY5Y cells showed that numerous phosphorylation, deamidation and oxidation sites detected in the fuzzy coat in the original seeds were well reproduced in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, templated tau filament formation preceded both truncation of the N-/C-terminals of tau and PTMs in and around the filament core, indicating these PTMs may predominantly be introduced after the degradation of the fuzzy coat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 25-year-old woman who is 8 months pregnant is brought to the emergency department with altered mental status. The medical team was concerned about next steps in management should the fetus continue to show signs of distress, since Ms. J was unable to provide informed consent for cesarean delivery. Some physicians and nurses on the obstetrics team worried that performing cesarean section without consent would be tantamount to assault and battery. However, other team members feared that a lack of intervention could lead to fetal demise, an outcome that they felt was ethically worse and unacceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) have enormous appeal as immune-modulating therapies across many chronic inflammatory diseases, but recently this promise has been overshadowed by questions regarding associated cardiovascular and cancer risk emerging from the ORAL Surveillance phase 3b/4 post-marketing requirement randomized controlled trial. In that study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with existing cardiovascular risk, tofacitinib, the first JAKi registered for chronic inflammatory disease, failed to meet non-inferiority thresholds when compared with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for both incident major adverse cardiovascular events and incident cancer. While this result was unexpected by many, subsequently published observational data have also supported this finding. Notably, however, such a risk has largely not yet been demonstrated in patients outside the specific clinical situation examined in the trial, even in the face of many studies examining this. Nevertheless, this signal has practically re-aligned approaches to both tofacitinib and other JAKi to varying extents, in other patient populations and contexts: within rheumatoid arthritis, but also in psoriatic arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, and beyond. Application to individual patients can be more challenging but remains important to harness the substantive potential of JAKi to the maximum extent safely possible. This review not only explores the evolution of the regulatory response to the signal, its informing data, biological plausibility, and its impact on guidelines, but also the many factors that clinicians must consider in navigating cardiovascular and cancer risk for their patients considering JAKi as immune-modulating therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term adverse experiences following psychedelic use can persist for weeks, months, or even years, and are relatively unexplored in psychedelic research. Our convergent mixed-method study gained quantitative and qualitative data from 608 participants who reported extended difficulties following psychedelic experiences. Data was gathered on the context of use, the nature and duration of the challenges they experienced (including a written description of these), plus a range of possible risk factors and perceived causes. The most common forms of extended difficulty were feelings of anxiety and fear, existential struggle, social disconnection, depersonalization and derealization. For approximately one-third of the participants, problems persisted for over a year, and for a sixth, they endured for more than three years. It was found that a shorter duration of difficulties was predicted by knowledge of dose, drug type and lower levels of difficulty reported during the psychoactive experience, while a narrower range of difficulties was predicted by taking the drug in a guided setting. Implications for psychedelic harm reduction are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The catalytic activity of multifunctional, microporous materials is directly linked to the spatial arrangement of their structural building blocks. Despite great achievements in the design and incorporation of isolated catalytically active metal complexes within such materials, a detailed understanding of their atomic‐level structure and the local environment of the active species remains a fundamental challenge, especially when these latter are hosted in non‐crystalline organic polymers. Here, we show that by combining computational chemistry with pair distribution function analysis, 129Xe NMR, and Dynamic Nuclear Polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy, a very accurate description of the molecular structure and confining surroundings of a catalytically active Rh‐based organometallic complex incorporated inside the cavity of amorphous bipyridine‐based porous polymers is obtained. Small, but significant, differences in the structural properties of the polymers are highlighted depending on their backbone motifs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships between obesity and outcomes in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are complex. Previous work suggested obesity, occurring alongside PAH, may be associated with better survival. In our work, we suggest obesity prior to PAH development is associated with worse survival. This may add a novel temporal element to the “obesity‐paradox.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor COVID-19 outcomes occur with higher frequency in people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMD). Better understanding of the factors involved is crucial to informing patients and clinicians regarding risk mitigation. Aim: To describe COVID-19 outcomes for people with RMD in Ireland over the first 2 years of the pandemic. Methods: Data entered into the C19-GRA provider registry from Ireland between 24th March 2020 and 31st March 2022 were analysed. Differences in the likelihood of hospitalisation and mortality according to demographic and clinical variables were investigated. Results: Of 237 cases included, 59.9% were female, 95 (41.3%) were hospitalised, and 22 (9.3%) died. Hospitalisation was more common with increasing age, gout, smoking, long-term glucocorticoid use, comorbidities, and specific comorbidities of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, and cancer. Hospitalisation was less frequent in people with inflammatory arthritis and conventional synthetic or biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug use. Hospitalisation had a U-shaped relationship with disease activity, being more common in both high disease activity and remission. Mortality was more common with increasing age, gout, smoking, long-term glucocorticoid use, comorbidities, and specific comorbidities of cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, and obesity. Inflammatory arthritis was less frequent in those who died. Conclusion: Hospitalisation or death were more frequently experienced by RMD patients with increasing age, certain comorbidities including potentially modifiable ones, and certain medications and diagnoses amongst other factors. These are important 'indicators' that can help risk-stratify and inform the management of RMD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a problem relating to magnetic confinement devices known as stellarators. Plasma is confined by magnetic fields generated by current-carrying coils, and here we investigate how closely to the plasma they need to be positioned. Current-carrying coils are represented as singularities within the magnetic field and therefore this problem can be modeled mathematically as finding how far we can harmonically extend a vector field from the boundary of a domain. For this paper we consider two-dimensional domains with real analytic boundary and prove that a harmonic extension exists if and only if the boundary data satisfies a combined compatibility and regularity condition. Our method of proof uses a generalization of a result of Hadamard on the Cauchy problem for the Laplacian. We then provide a carefully constructed lower bound on how far we can harmonically extend the vector field from the boundary via the Cauchy--Kovalevskaya theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key challenge for mitigating poaching within protected areas is to understand the geospatial data that are collected by practitioners in protected areas and to characterize the ability to synthesize those data with landscape-level data to form a holistic picture of the movement patterns of humans and animals. Literature reviewed from the past 15 years on geospatial data collected by practitioners to mitigate wildlife poaching reveals a gap in our knowledge on how protected area practitioners make sense of geospatial data that are collected within protected areas. Geospatial data collected within protected areas provide an understanding of movement patterns of humans and animals, which can provide insight on best practices for poaching mitigation, to include where to emplace new geospatial sensors. We classify these data as device-based and human-generated, and their potential to provide geospatially referenced information that forms patterns of poaching activity. This article examines two primary types of geospatial data collected in protected areas, highlights the challenges associated with this data, and discusses knowledge gaps regarding how protected areas make sense of spatial data. We conclude with recommendations for future research on characterizing how geospatial data is represented in protected areas, and filling knowledge gaps on how protected area personnel use those data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of environmental factors on epigenetic changes is well established, and cellular function is determined not only by the genome but also by interacting partners such as metabolites. Given the significant impact of metabolism on disease progression, exploring the interaction between the metabolome and epigenome may offer new insights into Huntington's disease (HD) diagnosis and treatment. Using fourteen post-mortem HD cases and fourteen control subjects, we performed metabolomic profiling of human postmortem brain tissue (striatum and frontal lobe), and we performed DNA methylome profiling using the same frontal lobe tissue. Along with finding several perturbed metabolites and differentially methylated loci, Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis (adj p-value = 0.0098) was the most significantly perturbed metabolic pathway with which two CpGs of the SEPSECS gene were correlated. This study improves our understanding of molecular biomarker connections and, importantly, increases our knowledge of metabolic alterations driving HD progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most striking geological features of the Pamir is the south‐dipping lithospheric slab beneath the orogen characterized by an intracontinental Wadati‐Benioff zone. A widely accepted hypothesis over the past 40 years interprets the slab to represent southward subducted cratonic Asian continental lithosphere, which predicts significant cratonic Asia‐sourced crustal materials (e.g., Tarim Basin) beneath the Pamir. Alternatively, recent studies have interpreted the slab to be lithosphere delaminated from the base of the Pamir. To test these hypotheses, depth–tectonic affinity relations of crustal xenoliths carried by Miocene volcanic rocks in the eastern Pamir, interpreted to be sourced from the Pamir deep lithosphere, are used to determine whether they represented Asian affinity cratonic crust. Thermodynamic calculations, zircon U–Pb geochronology combined with rare earth element analysis, and whole‐rock major‐trace element and Sr–Nd isotopic analyses document that (1) eclogite and pyroxenite xenoliths (~31–43 kbar/~960–1170°C) are the deepest sourced portions of the lithosphere from ~100 to 140 km depth, the protoliths of which represent the mid‐lower crustal rocks of the Cretaceous Pamir magmatic arc, rather than material from cratonic Asia, and (2) granulite xenoliths (~20 kbar/~900°C) represent the Cenozoic lower crustal rocks of Pamir terranes from ~70 km depth. These results indicate the south‐dipping slab represents delaminated Pamir lower crust and mantle lithosphere, rather than intracontinental subduction of Asian lithosphere, and further support the hypothesis of minimal Cenozoic northward translation of the Pamir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abnormal assembly of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in neuronal and glial cells characterizes nearly all cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and around half of cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)1,2. A causal role for TDP-43 assembly in neurodegeneration is evidenced by dominantly inherited missense mutations in TARDBP, the gene encoding TDP-43, that promote assembly and give rise to ALS and FTLD3–7. At least four types (A–D) of FTLD with TDP-43 pathology (FTLD-TDP) are defined by distinct brain distributions of assembled TDP-43 and are associated with different clinical presentations of frontotemporal dementia8. We previously showed, using cryo-electron microscopy, that TDP-43 assembles into amyloid filaments in ALS and type B FTLD-TDP9. However, the structures of assembled TDP-43 in FTLD without ALS remained unknown. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of assembled TDP-43 from the brains of three individuals with the most common type of FTLD-TDP, type A. TDP-43 formed amyloid filaments with a new fold that was the same across individuals, indicating that this fold may characterize type A FTLD-TDP. The fold resembles a chevron badge and is unlike the double-spiral-shaped fold of ALS and type B FTLD-TDP, establishing that distinct filament folds of TDP-43 characterize different neurodegenerative conditions. The structures, in combination with mass spectrometry, led to the identification of two new post-translational modifications of assembled TDP-43, citrullination and monomethylation of R293, and indicate that they may facilitate filament formation and observed structural variation in individual filaments. The structures of TDP-43 filaments from type A FTLD-TDP will guide mechanistic studies of TDP-43 assembly, as well as the development of diagnostic and therapeutic compounds for TDP-43 proteinopathies.Cryo-electron microscopy structures and mass spectrometry analyses show that TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) forms amyloid filaments with a distinct fold in type A frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology (FTLD-TDP) compared with TDP-43 filaments in type B FTLD-TDP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of amyloid filaments through templated seeding is believed to underlie the propagation of pathology in most human neurodegenerative diseases. A widely used model system to study this process is to seed amyloid filament formation in cultured cells using human brain extracts. Here, we report the electron cryo‐microscopy structures of tau filaments from undifferentiated seeded SH‐SY5Y cells that transiently expressed N‐terminally HA‐tagged 1N3R or 1N4R human tau, using brain extracts from individuals with Alzheimer's disease or corticobasal degeneration. Although the resulting filament structures differed from those of the brain seeds, some degrees of structural templating were observed. Studying templated seeding in cultured cells, and determining the structures of the resulting filaments, can thus provide insights into the cellular aspects underlying neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBM) induce drug manufacturers to offer rebates to insurers and employers by denying coverage through formulary exclusions, impeding physician prescription through prior authorization, and reducing patient drug use through cost sharing. As they tighten these access obstacles, PBMs reduce the net prices received by the manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) cause significant disease and economic burden. Uncomplicated UTIs (uUTIs) occur in otherwise healthy individuals without underlying structural abnormalities, with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) accounting for 80% of cases. With recent transitions in healthcare toward virtual visits, data on multidrug resistance (MDR) (resistant to ≥3 antibiotic classes) by care setting are needed to inform empiric treatment decision making. Methods We evaluated UPEC resistance over time by care setting (in-person vs virtual), in adults who received outpatient care for uUTI at Kaiser Permanente Southern California between January 2016 and December 2021. Results We included 174 185 individuals who had ≥1 UPEC uUTI (233 974 isolates) (92% female, 46% Hispanic, mean age 52 years [standard deviation 20]). Overall, prevalence of UPEC MDR decreased during the study period (13% to 12%) both in virtual and in-person settings (P for trend <.001). Resistance to penicillins overall (29%), coresistance to penicillins and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) (12%), and MDR involving the 2 plus ≥1 antibiotic class were common (10%). Resistance to 1, 2, 3, and 4 antibiotic classes was found in 19%, 18%, 8%, and 4% of isolates, respectively; 1% were resistant to ≥5 antibiotic classes, and 50% were resistant to none. Similar resistance patterns were observed over time and by care setting. Conclusions We observed a slight decrease in both class-specific antimicrobial resistance and MDR of UPEC overall, most commonly involving penicillins and TMP-SMX. Resistance patterns were consistent over time and similar in both in-person and virtual settings. Virtual healthcare may expand access to UTI care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents simulation and measurement results of a 2–4 GHz octave bandwidth interference suppression circuit. The circuit accomplishes the function of a tunable frequency notch through an interferometer architecture. The relative delay in the interferometer paths is varied with GaN monolithic microwave integrated circuit tunable delay lines. The delay is adjusted by varying the drain voltage of cold‐FET connected high electron mobility transistors acting as varactors. Two types of periodically‐loaded delay lines are compared: a uniform and a tapered design. A simple theoretical study, relating the delays and amplitudes in the interferometer circuit branches, is developed to inform the design. Two interference suppression hybrid circuits are implemented, and measurements demonstrate a 25–40 dB notch across the 2.24–4 GHz range for the uniform delay line, and 2.32–4.13 GHz for the tapered design. The return loss for both designs remains below 10 dB. Measurements with two tones spaced 0.5 and 1 GHz for varying tone power are performed to quantify suppression. The circuit can handle an input power of 37 dBm and maintains performance with two simultaneous 25 dBm tones spaced 0.5 GHz apart. Linearity is characterised with 10 MHz two‐tone measurements, and the circuit demonstrates a 3rd‐order intercept input power larger than 30 dBm for control biases above −12 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scytalidium ganodermophthorum (telomorph: Xylogone ganodermopthora) Kang, Sigler, Lee & Yun is a destructive fungal pathogen that produces a yellow pigment that is used in sustainable product development. Similar pigmenting ascomycetes cause soft rot in woody substrates, however, the decay capabilities of S. ganodermophthorum have not been assessed or related to pigment production. A wood block decay test showed highly variable production of the expected bright yellow pigment and a secondary darker pigment when tested against multiple wood species and nutrient conditions. Microscopic examination showed cell wall erosion typical of type-2 soft rot in wood, although enzymatic analysis did not show detectible levels of endocellulase. Chitinase was detected in plate cultures but not wood cultures, indicating adaption of the fungus to a variety of environmental growth conditions. The high variability of pigmentation in wood cultures suggests that growth of S. ganodermophthorum on liquid media and use of extracted pigment is a superior method for obtaining consistent yellow coloration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective use of probing in research interviews is central to eliciting rich, deep data from participants. Probing achieves access to this extra level of detail and depth via verbal prompts to clarify, elaborate, illustrate or explain a prior answer to an interview question that the participant has already given. This article presents a four-part theoretical framework of narrative theory, self-disclosure theory, autobiographical memory theory and attribution theory, which together provide a sense-making structure for why probing works and why it is important to research interviews. I then summarise a taxonomic model, entitled the DICE approach to probing. DICE is an acronym that stands for four types of probe based on first letters: 1. Descriptive Detail Probes, 2. Idiographic Memory Probes, 3. Clarifying Probes, 4. Explanatory Probes. This is followed by a critical consideration of probing in relation to Yardley's evaluation criteria for qualitative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation in Paraguayan ecosystems relates to anthropogenic intervention and has intensified with wildfires and drought. To help mitigate forest cover loss, the local government created laws, parceled land to private owners, and established protected areas. How differences in land tenure regimes affect dendrology and biodiversity remain to be answered. This preliminary study examined the differences and similarities between three protected area forests (National Park Ybycuí, and Natural Monuments Cerro Koi, Cerro Chorori) and three family-owned forests in Guairá, Central, and Paraguarí of eastern Paraguay. Forty-three transects were established following FAO protocols to examine tree diversity, floristic composition, and complementary vegetation structure information using two biodiversity indexes. Nine hundred and three individuals were registered, representing 92 species, 80 genera, and 35 families. The most abundant families were Fabaceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, and Rhamnaceae; and the most abundant genera were Pilocarpus, Columbrina, Acrocomia, Plina, and Astronium. The most important species were Parapiptadenia rigida, Peltophorum dubium, and Astronium fraxinifolium. Results showed higher species richness and significantly greater tree diversity, but a nonsignificantly larger diameter in private forests compared to protected areas studied. Detected differences were small, indicating a need for additional research of forests with differing land tenure regimes as climate dynamics continually shift and management strategies show effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio spp. play a crucial role in the global recycling of the highly abundant recalcitrant biopolymer chitin in marine ecosystems through their ability to secrete chitin‐degrading enzymes to efficiently hydrolyse chitinous materials and use them as their major carbon source. In this study, the first crystal structures of a complete four‐domain chitin‐active AA10 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from the chitinolytic bacterium Vibrio campbellii type strain ATCC BAA‐1116 are reported. The crystal structures of apo and copper‐bound VhLPMO10A were resolved as homodimers with four distinct domains: an N‐terminal AA10 catalytic (CatD) domain connected to a GlcNAc‐binding (GbpA_2) domain, followed by a module X domain and a C‐terminal carbohydrate‐binding module (CBM73). Size‐exclusion chromatography and small‐angle X‐ray scattering analysis confirmed that VhLPMO10A exists as a monomer in solution. The active site of VhLPMO10A is located on the surface of the CatD domain, with three conserved residues (His1, His98 and Phe170) forming the copper(II)‐binding site. Metal‐binding studies using synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and X‐ray fluorescence, together with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, gave consistently strong copper(II) signals in the protein samples, confirming that VhLPMO10A is a copper‐dependent enzyme. ITC binding data showed that VhLPMO10A could bind various divalent cations but bound most strongly to copper(II) ions, with a Kd of 0.1 ± 0.01 µM. In contrast, a Kd of 1.9 nM was estimated for copper(I) ions from redox‐potential measurements. The presence of ascorbic acid is essential for H2O2 production in the reaction catalysed by VhLPMO10A. MALDI‐TOF MS identified VhLPMO10A as a C1‐specific LPMO, generating oxidized chitooligosaccharide products with different degrees of polymerization (DP2ox–DP8ox). This new member of the chitin‐active AA10 LPMOs could serve as a powerful biocatalyst in biofuel production from chitin biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnancy following bariatric surgery requires tailored care. The current Australian care provision and its alignment with consensus guidelines is unclear. Methods: Antenatal care clinicians were invited to complete a web-based survey assessing multidisciplinary referral, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and micronutrient management practices. Results: Respondents (n = 100) cared for pregnant women with a history of bariatric surgery at least monthly (63%) with most (54%) not using a specific guideline to direct care. GDM screening methods included one-week of home blood glucose monitoring (43%) or the oral glucose tolerance test (42%). Pregnancy multivitamin supplementation changes (59%) with bariatric surgery type were common. Half (54%) screened for micronutrient deficiencies every trimester and conducted additional growth ultrasounds (50%). Conclusion: The care clinicians report providing may not align with current international consensus guidelines. Further studies with increased obstetric clinician response may aid increased understanding of current practices. The development of workplace management guidelines for pregnancy in women with a history of bariatric surgery may assist with providing consistent evidence-based care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the recent experimental finding that neurons in behaving rodents show egocentric coding of the environment in a number of structures associated with the hippocampus. Many animals generating behavior on the basis of sensory input must deal with the transformation of coordinates from the egocentric position of sensory input relative to the animal, into an allocentric framework concerning the position of multiple goals and objects relative to each other in the environment. Neurons in retrosplenial cortex show egocentric coding of the position of boundaries in relation to an animal. These neuronal responses are discussed in relation to existing models of the transformation from egocentric to allocentric coordinates using gain fields and a new model proposing transformations of phase coding that differ from current models. The same type of transformations could allow hierarchical representations of complex scenes. The responses in rodents are also discussed in comparison to work on coordinate transformations in humans and non‐human primates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We sought to examine the extent to which populations experiencing inequities were considered in studies of COVID‐19 vaccination in individuals with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIRDs). Methods: We included all studies (n = 19) from an ongoing Cochrane living systematic review on COVID‐19 vaccination in patients with AIRDs. We used the PROGRESS‐Plus framework (place of residence, race/ethnicity, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status, and social capital, plus: age, multimorbidity, and health literacy) to identify factors that stratify health outcomes. We assessed equity considerations in relation to differences in COVID‐19 baseline risk, eligibility criteria, and description of participant characteristics and attrition, controlling for confounding factors, subgroup analyses, and applicability of findings. Results: All 19 studies were cohort studies that followed individuals with AIRDs after vaccination. Three studies (16%) described differences in baseline risk for COVID‐19 across age. Two studies (11%) defined eligibility criteria based on occupation and age. All 19 studies described participant age and sex. Twelve studies (67%) controlled for age and/or sex as confounders. Eight studies (47%) conducted subgroup analyses across at least 1 PROGRESS‐Plus factor, most commonly age. Ten studies (53%) interpreted applicability in relation to at least 1 PROGRESS‐Plus factor, most commonly age (47%), then ethnicity (16%), sex (16%), and multimorbidity (11%). Conclusion: Sex and age were the most frequently considered PROGRESS‐Plus factors in studies of COVID‐19 vaccination in individuals with AIRDs. The generalizability of evidence to populations experiencing inequities is uncertain. Future COVID‐19 vaccine studies should report participant characteristics in more detail to inform guideline recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aimed to describe the prevalence and outcomes of gout flare in patients with comorbid gout hospitalized for COVID-19. Factors associated with gout flare, and hospital length of stay were explored.Methods: This retrospective cohort study included adults with comorbid gout who were hospitalized for PCR-confirmed COVID-19 between March 2020 and December 2021 in three hospitals in Thailand. Prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of gout flare were described. Factors associated with gout flare were explored using LASSO selection and multivariate logistic regression. Association between gout flare and hospital length of stay was explored using multivariate linear regression.Results: Among 8697 patients hospitalized for COVID-19, 146 patients with comorbid gout were identified and gout flare occurred in 26 (18%). Compared to those without flare, patients with gout flare had higher baseline serum urate and lower prevalence of use of urate-lowering therapy (ULT) and gout flare prophylaxis medications. One-third of gout flare episodes were treated with two or more anti-inflammatory medications. Logistic regression identified GOUT-36 rule ≥2, a predictive index for inpatient gout flare, as the only factor associated with gout flare (OR 5.46, 95%CI 1.18 to 25.37). Gout flare was found to be independently associated with hospital length of stay and added three days to hospital course.Conclusion: Gout flare occurred in 18% of patients with comorbid gout hospitalized for COVID-19 and added up to three days to hospital length of stay. Patients with suboptimal ULT appeared to be at high risk for gout flare during COVID-19 hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we improve some estimates from [7] for solutions of the heat equation with initial conditions that are large 'at infinity' and employ them to obtain suitable estimates on the solutions of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck semigroup [solutions of u t - Δ u = α x · ∇ u ] for the same class of unbounded data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To determine COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rates in inflammatory arthritis patients and identify factors associated with changing vaccine hesitancy over time. Methods This investigation was a prospective cohort study of inflammatory arthritis patients from community and public hospital outpatient rheumatology clinics enrolled in the Australian Rheumatology Association Database (ARAD). Two surveys were conducted, one immediately prior to (pre-pandemic) and another approximately 1 year after the start of the pandemic (follow-up). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy was measured at follow-up, and general vaccine hesitancy was inferred pre-pandemic; these were used to identify factors associated with fixed and changing vaccine beliefs, including sources of information and broader beliefs about medication. Results Of the 594 participants who completed both surveys, 74 (12%) were COVID-19 vaccine hesitant. This was associated with pre-pandemic beliefs about medications being harmful (P  < 0.001) and overused (P  = 0.002), with stronger beliefs resulting in vaccine hesitancy persistent over two time points (P  = 0.008, P  = 0.005). For those not vaccine hesitant pre-pandemic, the development of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was associated with a lower likelihood of seeking out vaccine information from health-care professionals (P  < 0.001). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was not associated with new influenza vaccine hesitancy (P  = 0.138). Conclusion In this study of vaccine beliefs before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in inflammatory arthritis patients varied, depending on vaccine attitudes immediately prior to the start of the pandemic. Fixed beliefs reflected broader views about medications, while fluid beliefs were highly influenced by whether they sought out information from health-care professionals, including rheumatologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]