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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the most challenging infectious diseases to treat on a global scale. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the development of drug resistance is necessary for novel therapeutics. HIV subtype C is known to harbor mutations at critical positions of HIV aspartic protease compared to HIV subtype B, which affects the binding affinity. Recently, a novel double-insertion mutation at codon 38 (L38HL) was characterized in HIV subtype C protease, whose effects on the interaction with protease inhibitors are hitherto unknown. In this study, the potential of L38HL double-insertion in HIV subtype C protease to induce a drug resistance phenotype towards the protease inhibitor, Saquinavir (SQV), was probed using various computational techniques, such as molecular dynamics simulations, binding free energy calculations, local conformational changes and principal component analysis. The results indicate that the L38HL mutation exhibits an increase in flexibility at the hinge and flap regions with a decrease in the binding affinity of SQV in comparison with wild-type HIV protease C. Further, we observed a wide opening at the binding site in the L38HL variant due to an alteration in flap dynamics, leading to a decrease in interactions with the binding site of the mutant protease. It is supported by an altered direction of motion of flap residues in the L38HL variant compared with the wild-type. These results provide deep insights into understanding the potential drug resistance phenotype in infected individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bosom carcinoma is the most widely recognized malignant growth analyzed in ladies on the planet. The frequency of bosom carcinoma is additionally in an expansion in India and is presently the second most regularly analyzed carcinoma in ladies after cervical cancer. Albeit intrusive carcinoma of bosom was clinically viewed as a solitary substance before, histological and atomic investigation have shown that it is a heterogeneous ailment, made out of morphologically and hereditarily particular elements with various sub-atomic profiles, conduct and reaction to therapy. A relationship between HER-2/neu over expression and VEGF articulation could fortify the theory dependent on preclinical proof that expanded VEGF articulation might be an after effect of HER-2/neu over expression and may add to the forceful phenotype of HER-2/neu over expressing bosom disease cells. This would give a method of reasoning to consolidated remedial methodologies focusing on both VEGF and HER-2/neu. The essential point of the present investigation was to decide potential relationship between articulations of HER-2/neu and VEGF in bosom carcinoma [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probabilistic Logic Programs (PLPs) generalize traditional logic programs and allow the encoding of models combining logical structure and uncertainty. In PLP, inference is performed by summarizing the possible worlds which entail the query in a suitable data structure, and using this data structure to compute the answer probability. Systems such as ProbLog, PITA, etc., use propositional data structures like explanation graphs, BDDs, SDDs, etc., to represent the possible worlds. While this approach saves inference time due to substructure sharing, there are a number of problems where a more compact data structure is possible. We propose a data structure called Ordered Symbolic Derivation Diagram (OSDD) which captures the possible worlds by means of constraint formulas. We describe a program transformation technique to construct OSDDs via query evaluation, and give procedures to perform exact and approximate inference over OSDDs. Our approach has two key properties. Firstly, the exact inference procedure is a generalization of traditional inference, and results in speedup over the latter in certain settings. Secondly, the approximate technique is a generalization of likelihood weighting in Bayesian Networks, and allows us to perform sampling-based inference with lower rejection rate and variance. We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques through experiments on several problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid swellings or nodule can present as both mutlinodular and solitary nodular goitre. A discrete swelling in an otherwise impalpable gland is termed as solitary nodule of thyroid. Prevalence ranges from 4% to 10% in general adult and 0.2 to 1.5% in children. The study was done SreeBalaji Medical College & Hospital from June 2017 to October 2018 in the department of Generalsurgery.incidence of carcinoma in solitary nodular goitre (6.66%) is more than multinodular goitre (20%). the peak age incidence of solitary nodular goitre is 30-40 years. It is found from this sequence that 6.66 per cent of the solitary thyroid nodules are benign with females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work experimentally determines the maximum quantity of neat jojoba oil that can be applied in a CI engine. It uses a single cylinder diesel engine as a test rig and Jojoba - diesel blends as a test fuel. Since the method uses a higher proportion of neat jojoba oil as test fuel, the regular operating parameters of the test engine have been modified. This work has considered injection pressure, injection timing, intake air temperature and compression ratio for the modification. Taguchi and gray relational analysis have been used for the optimization. The taguchi method has been used to minimize the number of experiments and Gray relational analysis is used for optimization. All parameter have varied in three levels and the range of parameter has chosen based on the previous experiment. An ANOVA is also conducted for the involved parameter to determine the percentage contribution of involved parameters. After the optimization a detailed engine experiment has been conducted using the test blends, to determine the performance, combustion and emission characteristics. From the obtained results, it is found that the application of neat jojoba oil upto 60% by volume is possible in CI engine with change in operating parameters. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 248-258, 2017 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]