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This review aims to analyse the use and effects of carotenoids in salmonid aquafeeds. Species of the family Salmonidae are of great interest for aquaculture due to their many properties, like fast growth and nutritional quality. Some species from this family are among the most farmed fish in the world. Thus, there are many studies on different farming technologies, fish biology, market dynamics and others. However, there are always new challenges in the aquaculture of salmonids, being a continuously improving activity. Consumers are becoming more considerate about what they choose to buy and consume. Thus, some aspects emerge as great influencers in the buying decisions of consumers, such as animal welfare, in addition to usual influencing factors, like product freshness and colour. A category of ingredients used in the salmonid aquaculture are carotenoids. They are pigments supplemented to diets for colouring the fish flesh, making it more appealing to consumers. However, some other benefits can also be observed, especially on the health of fishes. Be it synthetic or natural, carotenoids have become a largely used ingredient in salmonid aquafeeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digestive system of fish is different from one species to another, depending on the type of food ingested. Danube salmon Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758) is a critically endangered species of the Salmonidae family with the threat of extinction looming large, therefore conservation efforts are urgently needed. This study presents a detailed microscopic analysis of the Zeissl membrane in Danube salmon, through histological means. The biological material analyzed consisted of six fish raised in a specialized breeding farm for restocking purposes. Samples were collected from the gastrointestinal tract and processed using histological paraffin embedding. The Zeissl membrane was present in all studied segments, but its structure and development varied. It comprised the stratum compactum (SC) and stratum granulosum (SG). The SC formed a continuous membrane with unequal thickness in most of the studied segments, except for the cardia area of the stomach, where it appeared discontinuously, and the duodenum, where it only appeared between the apertures of the pyloric caeca. Aside from its role in limiting gastrointestinal distension, it may have other implications for the morphophysiology of the Danube salmon digestive tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking represents one of the oldest thermic processing methods of fish, and it was originally used to preserve fish for later meals, delaying spoiling. The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical and microbiological safety and quality of two traditionally smoked trout species (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salvelinus fontinalis). We analyzed the effect of trout processed by traditional smoking, characterizing the samples according to the relationships existing between classical microbial analysis, physicochemical parameters, and the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The microbial activity of the smoked fish was very low. Although traditional smoking implies high temperatures and direct exposure to the smoke, Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, Benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and Indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene compounds had undetectable levels in the samples. The products obtained in this study did not exceed the maximum values imposed by EU legislation regarding the TVB-N values during the 30 days of the experiment. We conclude that traditionally smoked trout has many advantages in terms of quality and safety of the products. Thus, the obtained products are safe for consumption for at least 30 days after processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolism, a manifestation specific to life, represents the set of physical and chemical processes through which living matter achieves continuous renewal to function and organize the specific activity. The physical-chemical composition of goat milk is conditioned by breed, individuality, area, and age. This study analyzes the physical-chemical composition of milk from a population of Carpathian goat breed, in the first seven postpartum days (first, third, and seventh day) according to age (primiparous and multiparous) to observe the physical-chemical changes from colostrum to milk. The physical-chemical parameters analyzed were: fat (g/100 g); protein (g/100 g); casein (g/100 g); lactose (g/100 g); solid non-fat - SNF (g/100 g); total dry matter (g/100 g); pH; freezing point (FP); urea mg/dl; somatic cells count - SCC/ml x 1000; total bacteria count - TBC/ml x 1000. Results highlight the intense changes that occur at the physico-chemical level of goat's milk to cover the nutritional requirements of the newborn goat and indicate the health status of the mammary gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is well-known that teaching is one of the most stressful jobs, teacher burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic has not been thoroughly investigated. The main aims of this study were to identify distinct teacher burnout profiles and examine their association with HEXACO personality factors and sociodemographic variables. Data were collected from 522 teachers (77% women; Mage = 37.45 years, SD = 9.28) in November 2021. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified five latent profiles: "No burnout risk" (41.3%), "Low burnout risk" (21.9%), "Cynics" (7.7%), "Exhausted and cynics" (16.1%), and "High burnout risk" (13%). Our results showed a significant correlation between all six HEXACO personality traits and teacher burnout based on the variable-centered method, but the LPA highlighted that only the emotionality trait was antecedent of profile membership. In terms of sociodemographic variables, gender and rural/urban teaching environment did not have significant impact on teacher burnout profiles, but professional experience did. This study is the first to explore teacher burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to dispositional traits based on the HEXACO model using a person-centered approach. Our results can inform specialists about the role of emotionality in the occurrence of teacher burnout and the greater vulnerability of experienced teachers in the context of remote learning. Tailored programs of intervention are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to highlight the influence of anticoagulants on erythrocyte morphometry in different vertebrate species. Anticoagulants are a category of substances that inhibit blood clotting through various mechanisms. Due to this property, they are used to collect blood samples for a wide range of laboratory tests. The literature mentions that the use of anticoagulants produces morphological changes of erythrocytes, thus influencing results. Blood samples were collected from three warm-blooded vertebrate species (horse, rabbit, and chicken) and one lower vertebrate species with nucleated erythrocytes (fish) in vacutainers with Heparin and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), in a normal concentration and a double concentration. At the time of harvesting, control smears were performed. In order to be able to compare the effects produced by anticoagulants on the morphology of erythrocytes, they were evaluated morphometrically at intervals of 3, 6, and 24 hrs. after harvest. The following features were evaluated using the Toup View software: length, width, surface and perimeter of erythrocytes for species with anucleated erythrocytes. The same characteristics were evaluated in the nucleus for species with nucleated erythrocytes. The data obtained were processed with statistical programs to highlight changes in erythrocyte morphology produced by anticoagulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality parameters determines the success or the failure of a fish culture operation, so any proper-prepared plan for aquaculture must describe the quality and quantity of water available for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical water parameters in Rainbow trout culture, in the summer season from three salmonid farms, due to the environmental changes that are nowadays happening and affect the fish culture operation. The water samples were collected from Bistria-Năsăud County, from three trout farms: Strâmba, oimul de Jos and Fiad, in the summer of 2018, between May and August. For the determination of water parameters (dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity and resistivity, pH, temperature, salinity) was used the Hanna HI 9828/4- 01 Multi-Parameter and for the chemical parameters (total ammonia, nitrates, nitrites) samples were transferred to the USAMV laboratories. The samples collection was made in each farm from three different places: catchment, basins and evacuation water areas. The results of the study showed that the parameters observed from the three farms were different, with major differences in month of July and August. The environment of fish aquaculture is a complex system with critical parameters as are the temperature, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, nitrite and ammonia. However, the temperature and the dissolved oxygen are the most important parameter, requiring continuous monitoring in aquaculture production systems, due to the fish aerobic metabolism which requires an elevated level of dissolved oxygen at optimum temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of modern goat breeding systems implies the addition of the classical methods used to improve the genetic potential with methods of appreciation of the hereditary base and their productive capacity. The purpose of this paper was to highlight the particularities of the evolution of the body weight from birth to the weaning of the kids goat Carpathian and kids goat breeds (Saanen male and Carpathian female), established according to three main factors: parturition type, the sex of the kid goat and the status physiology of the mother goats. The study was conducted in a farm in the Trascău mountains area, locality Rimetea, county of Alba, during January-June 2019, where we monitored daily: the body weight and sex of kids goat at birth, type of birth and the age of the parturients. The working method consisted of daily monitoring and weighing the kids goat studied with an electronic scale with an accuracy of: 5 g (0.5 g-10 kg); 10 g (10-50 kg). The obtained results have been statistically processed, being beneficial in making faster and more efficient decisions in the selection and improvement process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The profound renewals in the field of learning have had considerable effects on educational sciences, implicitly the status and role of teachers. The didactic activity of the modern teacher goes beyond making use of one's personal qualities, appreciated in terms of vocation, talent and mastery; it also implies the acquisition of a complex system of theoretical knowledge, the formation of abilities, competences and qualities, and taking on particular roles, in a rigorous and controlled manner, all of which highlight one's wide range of skills and professionalism. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the link between the Educator's Role Profile and the results obtained by fourth grade students in the state-standardized PIRLS test, in order to help teachers better understand their own approach to educating and identify ways of optimizing results. Methods: The study, conducted in Romania, included as participants 35 primary school teachers, evaluated with D. Kolb's self-assessment instrument in order to identify their Educator Role Profiles, and 375 of their students, who underwent a standardized form of testing called PIRLS. The study sought to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between the students' performances and ultimately raised the hypothesis that these differences could be due to the impact of their mentors' style of teaching, according to their Educator Role Profiles. This work also outlines the Experiential educator role profile as the one which unifies all four roles of the teacher, helping the learner go through the entire learning cycle. Results: This study found that the most common Educator Role Profile in Romanian schools is the Evaluator role profile, followed by the Expert, the Facilitator and, finally, the Coach. Regarding the association between the teachers' role profiles and the results obtained by students in the PIRLS test, the study showed that the Facilitator role profile was associated with statistically significant greater mean scores in the students' overall performance, followed by the Coach, the Expert and lastly, the Evaluator. Conclusions: This paper concludes that the Experiential teaching role profiles ought to be considered important additions to the school reform model, in order to increase students' performance on standardized examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anesthetics are widely used in fish farming. Their purpose is to reduce the mobility and stress of fishes due to manipulation. In the present study we tested the efficiency of clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata) in different doses [4.70 mL anesthetic/50 liter of water (0.094 mL/Lwater); 2.36 mL anesthetic/50 liter of water (0.0472 mL/Lwater); 1.82 mL anesthetic/50 liter of water (0.0364 mL/Lwater)] in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and in Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) with different body mass. Anesthesia induction times were monitored. At each of these stages the respiratory rate was monitored by recording the opercular movements. The results show a direct correlation between the fish size and the induction times of anesthesia. Regardless of species, larger and heavier specimens require longer periods for anesthesia. Instead, recovery times in larger-body specimens were shorter. Different doses have influenced the duration of anesthesia induction and recovery times, the most effective dose being 4.70 mL/50 liter of water followed by 2.36 mL/50 liter of water. The dose of 1.82 mL/50 liter of water did not induce anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The body temperatures of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss were monitored from June through August 2018 in three trout farms from Bistrița-Năsăud County (Romania). The body temperature was measured from 3 different regions of the body: head, trunk (epaxial and hypaxial muscle region) and caudal peduncle. Body temperatures were compared to the basins water temperature. The lowest water temperature in the basins was recorded in May and June, in Șoimul de Jos farm, and the highest temperature in Fiad farm. In July, Strâmba farm, recorded the highest water temperature, and in August, Fiad farm. In all farms studied, the body temperature of the trout was higher than that of the basins water temperature regardless of the studied region. The highest differences between the basins water and body temperature in farms were found in the caudal peduncle and epaxial muscle regions, due to their role in locomotor mechanism. This is due to the high growth density, the feeding and the intensification of metabolism, with energy release, as well as a much higher level of stress than that encountered in the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing the physico-chemical composition of the wine allows it to be authenticated and to detect the frauds that can be encountered in marketed wines. The physico-chemical analysis of wine is the basis for controlling and observing the technological flow of wine production. It is also necessary to evaluate the organoleptic characteristics of wine as there is a close link between the sensory characteristics and the chemical composition of the final product. The raw material and the harvest year significantly influence the final composition of the wine. The temperature and precipitations of the raw material harvest year significantly influence the chemical composition of the wine. Tartaric acid varies between 2.51 ± 0.05 and 2.82 ± 0.04 for red Merlot dry wines. The mean values for malic acid are between 1.01 ± 0.04 and 1.57 ± 0.03. The average citric acid values range from 0.19 ± 0.01 to 0.24 ± 0.01 for red Merlot dry wines. These values correspond to the average values reported by other authors in the literature. The purpose of this study was to characterize the content of tartaric, malic, citric and lactic acid in dry red Merlot wine, as well as sensory and physico-chemical properties according to the year of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buffalo milk due to its high fat content from the energy point of view is more valuable compared to cow's milk. The percentage of fat varies depending on the stage of lactation, season, individual, health, animal age and diet. The study of the chemical composition and the antioxidant capacity of buffalo milk is required for both scientific and technological considerations, given the importance of this type of milk in the consumer's diet. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and the physico-chemical composition of buffalo milk by lactation. Buffalo milk can have different qualities, so the quality of buffalo milk is also determined by its content in its components (protein, fat, lactose, vitamins, fatty acids, water content, antioxidant capacity). The physicochemical parameters and antioxidant capacity were influenced by lactation, presenting the highest values in lactations III and IV. During lactation I, parameters such as fat, protein and lactose showed a content of 7.88, 4.35 and 4.71%, respectively. Furthermore, in lactation IV, fat, protein and lactose had increased, showing the content of these parameters as follows 9.53, 4.68 and 4.77%. Antioxidant capacity of buffalo milk showed the highest numbers in lactation III (360.1) and IV, 358.9 µg/ml. From all of the analyzed parameters, only total dry substance content presented the most increased values 18.9% in lactation I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donkey milk is used as an alternative source in the diet of young children and newborns due to the similar composition to breast milk. The donkey milk is considered to be a functional food by the chemical composition it presents, thus being beneficial in the nutrition of people suffering from food allergies. The chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of the donkey milk are significantly influenced by lactation and also by the lactation period. Donkey milk has a low fat content compared to other species and high lactose content. These parameters are influenced by the variables such as: lactation, animal age, and feeding. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of lactation on the antioxidant capacity and physicochemical compounds in the donkey milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the pollution from the environment, the heavy metals also contaminate the mushrooms. The pollution degree depends on several factors such as climate, area of origin, mushroom composition, humidity level, and radioactivity. Samples were collected from the following areas: Sălaj, Cluj, Braşov, Baia Mare, Satu Mare, Bistriţa-Năsăud. The content of fat, protein, humidity, heavy metal (Pb and Cd) and fungi radionuclides (Boletus edulis) and chanterelle mushrooms (Cantharellus cibarius) were evaluated. The content of Cs 137 in (Boletus edulis) built in the Baia Mare area and the lowest in the Brasov area. Cs 134 showed the lowest values in yellow sponges compared to dry boletus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiological stress response of Brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) was studied under laboratory conditions. This species is well known for the resistance and adaptability t°environmental factors. In this sense, metabolic and hematologic profiles were determined for low (6°C), medium (18°C) and high (31°C) water temperatures. An increase in blood cell numbers (RBC, WBC) and hematocrit (Ht) was determined under high temperature conditions, as a response t°low dissolved oxygen. Platelet count (PLT) remained relatively constant regardless of the water temperature. The metabolic profiles showed significant and very significant differences for most of the analyzed indices. The differences were due t°variations in temperature that influenced appetite and ingestion of feed, respectivelly the respiratory function by vasoconstriction or hypoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donkey milk is considered a substitute for breast milk. Because of its nutritional and compositional properties it is very close to breast milk. Equine asinus can be considered suitable for feeding newborns, against cow's milk, which can cause intolerance. We determined the physico-chemical parameters of donkey milk with CombiFoss FT. The total germ count (TNG) was analyzed by BactoScan and the total number of somatic cells (TNS) by Fossomatic FC. Determination of heavy metals in milk was performed by mass spectrometry to identify Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn. Heavy metals are present in the environment but also in food and can cause serious health problems to the consumer. For the consumer, the main source of cadmium exposure is the food they consume, water and smoking. Cd contamination of dairy milk may also be due to the use of Cd-based chemicals, fertilizers, feed and waste water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our trial was conducted with the aim of emphasizing the influence of environmental factors acting as potential stressors upon donkey milk nutritional traits, within specific climatic conditions of North-West Romania. Milk from fifty jennies from four private farms, in different stages of lactation, from first up to the fifth, weekly collected during a three months period, February-April 2016, was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated. In experimental areal, temperature, humidity, and wind velocity, were daily recorded. The average temperature of the experimental period (4.95°C±0.19°C) is with 0.8°C bigger compared to the average temperature of the experimental areal in 2010, suggesting the increase of the heat stress upon donkey milk production traits. Donkey milk content in lactose and fat, together with milk pH, increase from first to fifth lactation, while water and protein content decrease. We may consider the lack of correlations between donkey milk pH and fat content, and also between fat and lactose. Positive significant moderate correlations are identified between donkey milk lactose and protein, and also between lactose, protein, and donkey milk pH. Between fat and donkey milk water content, negative significant moderate correlation is identified. Temperature, humidity, and wind velocity have strong influence upon donkey milk fat, protein and water content, and moderate on donkey milk pH, and lactose. This study emphasizes the necessity of adopting suitable managerial practices in donkey rearing facilities, where the farmer is interested in valuating donkey milk. This assertion is based on the increasing of the temperature in the experimental areal, compared to the same period of the previous years, taking into account the negative influence of the heat stress on donkey milk quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enteric fermentation process is of concern worldwide for its contribution to global warming. Methanogenesis process represents besides its contribution to greenhouse gases emissions an energy loss to the animal. In the last years, new strategy has been evaluated whether plant secondary metabolites can be used as natural additives to reduce ruminal methane emissions. The present study investigated the effects of trans-cinnamic, caffeic, p-coumaric acids and catechin hydrate, four plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) on methane production and fermentation in in vitro ruminal cultures. The four PSMs were added anaerobically in a 6 mM concentration to 100 ml serum bottles containing 500 mg grass hay as substrate, 10 ml rumen fluid collected from a fistulated sheep and 40 ml 141 DSM culture medium. The bottles were incubated at 39 °C. The results showed that caffeic (p = 0.058) and p-coumaric (p = 0.052) acids tended to decrease methane production in comparison to control but the decrease was not statistic significantly at α= 0.05. The other two PSMs had no significant effect on methane production. Addition of PSMs did not affected the total gas volume, the pH and VFAs profile (P>0.05) in relation to the control (no PSM added). Caffeic and p-coumaric acids in 6 mM concentration showed promising effects for decreasing ruminal methane emissions without affecting ruminal fermentation parameters, further experiments with other concentrations needs to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigations on the incidence and intensity of parasitism in some endoparasytes in sheep performed on 376 animals (260 sheep and 116 young adult sheep) Turcana breed, Gilau area, Cluj County, indicated an increased incidence in trihostrongilidys of 72.7% in young sheep and 65.0% in adult sheep. The incidence of monesya had different values depending on age group, 45.5% at young sheep and 10.0% in adult sheep. The data obtained regarding the prevalence of hepatobiliary trematodsys of sheep in the study, indicates similar values for the two categories, 27.2% young sheep and 30.0% for adult sheep. Instead the extensivity of lung strongilatosys showed notable differences between the two groups of animals, 18.1% at young sheep and 35.0% in adult sheep. The cop microscopic pollution degree with trihostrongily eggs in correlation with age group, indicated a dominance of low infestation (50% young sheep and 61.5% adult sheep). In exchange, the data obtained on parasitism intensity with cestode oncospheres expresses a dominance of medium infestation (60.0%) in young sheep and the low (10.0%) in adult sheep. The intensity level of Hepatobiliary trematodosys parasitism in the young sheep showed a dominance of small and medium infestations (37.5%) and in adult sheep is dominant only at low infestations (45.4%). The larvae strongilatosys parasitism intensity in the lung detected similar values in the two age groups (50.0% in young sheep and 17.2% in adult sheep). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colostrum has many beneficial effects on newborns due to its main compounds (proteins, fats, lactose, essential fatty acids, amino acids) as well as protective antibodies that confer to the body. The buffaloes are the second important species for milk production in the world after cows. The importance of the species is also conferred by a longer longevity, high dry content of milk and a strong organic resistance when compared with cows. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of buffalo colostrum compounds such as fatty acids, cholesterol and physicochemical parameters during the first seven days postpartum and under the impact of the season, summer on pasture and winter on dry diet (hay based). Results: Fat from colostrum differs depending on the postpartum day showing mean values of 11.31-7.56% (summer season) and 11.22-7.51% (winter season). These values gradually decreased starting with first day postpartum until day seven. Dry substance and protein presented a similar evolution to fat reaching the lowest values at the end of the colostral period. Lactose, ash and pH showed a gradually increase reaching the maximum on day seven postpartum. The highest titres of fatty acids from colostrum are: butyric acid (C4:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and the lowest values showed up in myristoleic acid (C14:1), cis-10 -pentadecanoic acid (C15:1), pentadecylic acid (C15:0) and margaric acid (C17:0) for both seasons. Higher concentrations have been recorded for the summer season in general. Cholesterol concentration decreased from 12.93 and 12.68 mg/100 mL (summer and winter season) to 9.02 and 7.88 mg/100 mL in the end of the colostral period. Conclusions: Physicochemical compounds of buffalo colostrum were influenced by season and postpartum day of milking. Excepting lactose all other parameters gradually decreased during colostral period. Fatty acids and cholesterol showed the same evolution, presenting higher values for the summer season. Specific feeding in the summer season (on pasture) did lead in more concentrated colostrum in dry substance, fatty acids and cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research conducted in dynamic, in 2005-2010 period, regarding the incidence of outbreaks of equine infectious anaemia in Mures County, on a cumulative total of 925 actual horses from households in the commune and the 2 villages belonging and serologically tested (Coggins test) showed a significant decline in positive serologically diagnosed cases, 20 positive cases in 2005 (10.9%) to 3 positive cases in 2010 (0.25%). Cumulative distribution of outbreaks of equine infectious anaemia in the commune and the 2 villages belonging showed variation, in the commune 16 cases (5.04%), in the I village 26 cases (7.10%) and in the II village 10 cases (3.87%). Assessing responsiveness to equine infectious anaemia correlated with sex, in the time reported showed a higher receptivity in males (5.7%) than females (5.5%). Also was found a higher responsiveness to infectious disease between age group 6-10 years (3.4%) compared with the age group between 11-15 years (2.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical and laboratory investigations on the incidence and intensity of sarcoptic mange in a herd of 156 young cattle and histo-pathological picture of changes in the skin, highlights the following: anatomical-clinical examination performed revealed that 47.4% of young cattle have examined clinical anatomical changes visible (crusts, depilation, itching and scratching), with significant differences related to age and type of anatomy-clinical manifestation. The incidence of sarcoptic mange by microscopic examination, is ranging from 34.75 (category 0 - 6 months) 38.0% (category 6-12 months) with an average of 36.5%. The intensity of parasitism with Sarcoptes scabiei, var. bovis is correlated with the age. Thus the 0-6 months category predominate weak infestation (44.0%), while the 6-12 months category predominate large and medium infestation (40.6%). Histo-pathologically, the sections made in the skin and colored shows the presence of parasites in exfoliate epithelium with a low limfo granulocytes infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological material of buffaloes in this area shows favorable characteristics in the direction of milk production with a total length of lactation almost close to the normal one, but the interval between births is quite high. Pure milk fat content on total lactation is 6.98% and 6.96% for normal lactation, with variations from the first lactation of 7.27% to 6.86% in the ninth lactation. The time of the dry period shows variation between 80.84 and 142.84 days and calving interval between 375.91 and 435.48 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations were done on 7 alive samples in agonic or death stage, taken from an extensive exploitation pond, in north-east Transylvanian zone, with an water surface of 0,2 ha and a total fish quantity of about 200 kg, second summer carp of an average weight of 300 g/individual. As a result of clinical, bacterioscopy and bacteriology and also necropsy laboratory exam it were put in evidence some aspects. So, clinical exam has revealed, by the presence of integument hemorrhagic ulcerous lesions, also the presence of some crustacaee ectoparasites, Argulus foliaceus species, which have made easier the disease spreading in whole effective. Necropsy exam puts in evidence, anatomyclinic, the presence of integument hemorrhagic lesions under a point or diffuse form, but also ulcers and muscle - cutaneous necrosis. As a following of bacterioscopy exam of smears done from pathologic material taken in cutaneous lesions and colored by Gram method it was ascertained the presence of a bacterial polymorph flora, of bacillus and cocobacillus type, Gram negative. Bacteriologic exam (cultural), realized on ordinary culture mediums (sauce, water) and selective mediums (agar with blood) isolates in pure culture germs from Aeromonas kind, basis on morphological and cultural characters, which are framed in Aeromonas genus patterns described by speciality literature. As a following of biochemical characters exam, with the help of multitest API20E system it was established that Aeromonas spp. strains isolated, belong to hydrophila group 1 species, species which is responsible of bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia performing in carp. By testing the sensitiveness to antibodies and chemiotherapy in strains which have been found as diagnosis (diffusiometric method of antibiogram), it was ascertained that group 1 Aeromonas hydrophila strains, isolated from disease pesthole, were in decreasing order sensitive to : Eurofloxocin, Florfenicol (Floron) and Oxitetracycline and resistant to Ampiciline, Amoxicilin, Eritromicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical and paraclinical investigations (morpho-pathologic, bacterioscopic, bacteriologic and sensitiveness test to antibodies) done on 20 fish (rainbow trout), dead or in agony state, taken from a furunculosis pesthole in Salmonidae and proceeded from an intensive exploitation unit of trout, in Cluj county, put in evidence the following aspects :To clinical exam, in breeding basins, it appears individuals (5 %) which have presented locomotor troubles, listless and untidy swimming in water surface, lateral swimming anorexia, and on tegument it is observed diffuse hemorrhagic zones, lost of fish scale and necrosis of fins. It appears also secondary infections with fungi of Saprolegnia genus under the form of a white- dirty, downy film. From the 20 trut corpses were isolated 2 bacterial strains, from anterior kidney and from raclage in fin basis, with congestive lesions. Bacteria isolated are developing only after an incubation at 20 - 25° C and does not grow up to 37° C, and to microscopic exam directly from sauce, the mobility is absent Classic biochemical tests put in evidence the following positive biochemic properties: cataloze, oxidaze, indolal and the presence of hemolytic activity. Biochemical properties testing on API20E gallery also puts in evidence properties as : positive gelatinousis and sucraze fermentation. Based on bacterial strains development isolated only to 20 - 25 °C and the above mentioned biochemic properties, respectively the absence of pigment, bacterial strains isolated are appointed in Aeromonas genus, Aeromonas salmonicida species, achromogenes subspecies. By sensitiveness test in different medicine substances, using antibiogram technique, bacterial strains isolated from pesthole are sensitive in a decreasing order to: nalidixic acid, oxitetracycline, florfenicol and eurofloxacin and resistant to ampicyline, amoxiclav and colistin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer preferences regarding the various species of fish or aquatic organisms are highly variable. The criteria by which they orient are represented by: the price, organoleptic characteristics, healing and nutritional properties of meat. Today it is known that a high consumption of fish meat has a beneficial role in human health. Moreover, statistics indicates a high level of life expectancy in countries with tradition in terms of fish consumption, e.g. North- European and Asian countries. Statistics shows a high consumption of ocean fish and different species of salmonid family. The culture and intensive fish farming represents an alternative to the requirements of the fish market. The salmonids farmers focus their efforts to obtain high yields of high quality, in conditions of maximum economic efficiency. In Romania, the predominant specie encountered in salmonis farms is rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). It is successfully reared because of its plasticity and resistance to changes in environmental conditions and disease, and efficient feed-conversion. For restocking mountain water with biological material, some trout farms operate successfully brown trout (Salmo trutta fario), a less effective specie for meat production, due to slow growth and development and low resistance to changing environmental factors. Profitability of fish production depends on the propagation processes, fish growth and developments, and supplying optimal environmental conditions for enhancement of the biological potential. The artificial reproduction of salmonids, involves several technological operations for achieving outstanding results on fisheries production. Of these operations, critical is the selection and improvement of breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth dynamics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), superior to other salmonids species, led to the exploitation of this species in the most countries of the world. The individuals of this species, depend on many factors, like environment, nutrition and genetics. In this study, authors have followed over 540 days, the evolution of body mass and average daily gain at the specimens of rainbow trout from Fiad-Telcisor salmonids complex, Bistrita-Nasaud county, from the larval stage and up to the stage of trout for consumption with an average weight of 250 gr. These studies are necessary to prepare a strategy on fisheries production planning, depending on market demand of these products and eliminating additional costs due to over production. Fish and fish products always represented a staple food in human nutrition. The aquatic resources of continental and oceanic natural waters, have permanently assured the humanity's food needs, but today, on the conditions of the demographic boom, may be destroyed the ecosystems balance, on the strenght of irrational exploitation of their (Svennevig & co., 2000). For this reason, specialists' attention bound for aquaculture, field of the last years a real progress (Goldburg & Naylor, 2005). On this economic stage, a fierce commercial competition and significantly reduction of the market price, involving development and alignment a new concept of strategy, to decrease the production price. For this, aquaculture producers focus their efforts to obtain high yields at a high quality level and in conditions of maximum efficiency. A common situation on the fish market in Romania, is to sell products. Lack of strategy on the relationship between production capacity of fish farms and marketing opportunities of these products, lead to the accumulation of hardly marketable stocks which involving additional financial burden (Popescu, 2009). To avoid such situations, are requested market studies and research on the possibilities to obtain rhytmic and constant productions. They involve serious knowledge about factors which influence the physiology of fish growth (Cocan & co., 2009). In Romania, but also in many other countries around the world, salmonid species predominantly found in farms are rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss). It is successfully exploited, due to its plasticity and resistance to changes in environmental conditions and diseases, and due to efficient conversion of feed (Cocan, 2008). There have been numerous studies on the factors that influence the growth of rainbow trout, including: growth density, environmental conditions, water quality, the rate of removal of water or operating system adopted (North & co., 2006; Roque d'Orbcastel & co., 2009; Sørensen & co., 2005; Matthews & co., 1997; Clark, 2003). Leatherland (1993), has conducted studies on interaction between plasma growth hormone, thyroid hormones and cortisol concentrations in rainbow trout, depending on the density of growth (150 kg/m³, respectively 60 kg/m³). The results demonstrated that to a high density, the growth rate drops significantly, due to high concentration of cortisol, but also due to restricted diet because of the high density. Because are poikilotherms, trouts shows changes of behavior and some physiological parameters according to season (Gallardo, 1997). Temperature is one of the abiotic factors with a major influence on the development of metabolic processes. Farming system adopted are also greatly influence on the growth dynamics of rainbow trout, each showing the advantages and disadvantages. Recirculating systems (RAS) providing optimal growth conditions, medial parameters being monitored continuously (Sirakov & Ivancheva, 2008), but inefficient water filtration systems can affect meat quality (Rønsholdt & McLean, 1999), or may give rise to health problems (Svobodova & co., 2005). Classical breeding systems are often at risk of contamination by polluted waters (Moogonei & co., 2010), and environmental conditions can not be controlled. In this study, authors have monitored the growth dynamics, body mass evolution and average daily growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), from Fiad-Telci or salmond complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Rainbow trout is one of the main freshwater fish species farmed in Romania, in a temperate continental climate. Blood biochemistry parameter values are well known for humans and other higher vertebrates, including some species of fish, and are fundamental for the assessment of physiological status. In this study, we examined the physicochemical parameters of water quality and the blood profile (hematological and hormonal profiles, antioxidant enzyme activities) of rainbow trout females reared in three farms, during the summer season, to monitor stress. These findings permit the progress of knowledge of blood parameters in fish and will encourage efforts to expand hematological and biochemical studies to assess the health of salmonids, which is essential for the sustainable development of aquaculture. Blood biochemistry parameters are valuable tools for monitoring fish health. Their baseline values are still undefined for a multitude of farmed fish species. In this study, changes in the blood profile of rainbow trout females (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from three farms were investigated using different biomarkers during the summer season. In the given context, the main water physicochemical parameters were investigated and twelve biochemical parameters were measured from blood samples of rainbow trout reared in the Fiad, Șoimul de Jos, and Strâmba farms. We selected these farms because the genetic background of the rainbow trout is the same, with all studied specimens coming from the Fiad farm, which has an incubation station. Forty-five samples were collected monthly (May to August) throughout summer to observe the changes in the blood profile of rainbow trout. Principal component analysis showed a clear separation both among the studied farms and months. Furthermore, significant correlations (p < 0.05) between the majority of the biochemical parameters were found, indicating that the environmental parameters can influence several blood parameters at the same time. The present study provides several useful norms for assessing the welfare of rainbow trout, indicating that the relationships among different parameters are important factors in interpreting the blood biochemical profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ostracoda species are indicators of their current and past environment (paleoenvironment). The study aims to evaluate the acute and chronic sensitivities of a freshwater ostracod species (Eucypris sp.) to agricultural pesticides (a cypermethrin-based insecticide and a glyphosate herbicide-based formulation). Lethal concentrations (LC50) of each pesticide for the species at 24 and 48 h were determined. The chronic exposure allowed assessing the effects of low concentrations of both pesticides; firstly, on the parthenogenetic reproduction of Eucypris sp., and, secondly, on its population growth. Then, individuals of Eucypris sp. were exposed to 0.536 ppb and 1.072 ppb of cypermethrin and 4.51 ppm and 9.03 ppm of glyphosate. These concentrations are respectively the 10%, and the 20% of the 48-h LC50 (median lethal concentration) of both pesticides for the species. The estimated 24-h LC50 of cypermethrin was 7.287 ppb. At 48-h, it was 5.361 ppb. For glyphosate, the 24-h LC50 was 50.521 ppm, while at 48-h it was 45.149 ppm. After 10 days of exposure to low concentrations of cypermehrin, only 30% of females reproduced parthenogenetically with 10% and 20% of LC50-48-h. For the control treatment, reproduction in 80% of females was observed. Eucypris sp. population growth after 28 days of exposure to low concentrations of cypermethrin showed significant retardation. Regarding glyphosate chronic exposure, 60%, 50%, and 90% of individuals were able to reproduce at 10% of LC50-48-h, 20% LC50-48-h, and the control treatment, respectively. The population growth was also affected by the tested low concentrations of glyphosate. The study showed high sensitivity of Eucypris sp. to cypermethrin compared to glyphosate. However, low concentrations of both pesticides affected the species at individual and population level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations carried out on a herd of 485 sheep (ovine adult and youth), a private unit of household type, regarding the incidence of pod dermatitis and the picture in dynamic of clinical anatomical changes in the period January-April 2011, highlights the increasing frequency of their 2.2% in January to 2.7% in February, 3.4% in March and 4.6 in April. Of all disease, are dominant lesions of pod dermatitis with necrobacilium (66.1%), followed by lesions of felon (15.9%), suppurative pod dermatitis (12.9%) and other causes (6.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There were collected samples of mammary gland tissue from Turcana breed sheep, nearly aged, in lactation stage and with similar mammary gland volume/conformation. By histological and stereological evaluation were determined the relative areas of glandular parenchyma (mammary alveoli, excretion canaliculli system) and stroma (connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves). Before histological sample collecting was determined the average milk production resulted from three successive milking days. The results revealed positive correlations between average milk production and glandular parenchyma area and negative correlations between average milk production and connective stroma area from mammary gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic engineering appeared as an own scientific discipline at the beginnings of '70 and till today it has many definitions, but the most comprehensive looks to be the following: genetic engineering represents an ensemble of methods and technologies made "in vitro" with genes, chromosomes and some times with entire cells, on the purpose of "building" of some new genetic structures with premeditated hereditary properties (Popa L. şI col., 1982, cit. Vlaic A., 1998). Practically the term of genetic modified organism designate every organism of which genetic patrimony was modified using the specific methods of genetic engineering. Presently the genetic modified organisms have an increasing role in the environment, this being the reason why this paper presents the GMO and their socio-economical role. The purpose of the paper is to produce an exhaustive image regarding the presence of the GMO, regarding their utilisation and risks. Supplementary the paper presents the way how the transgenic plants were obtain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]