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Nitrogen (N) is crucial for plant growth and yield, however excessive N in cotton hampers productivity by excessive vegetative growth, delaying phenological activity, decreasing yield and increase in cost of production. Therefore, it's necessary to find real values of input like N in current fertilizer availability crises. Hence, this experiment was designed to determine the economical optimum dose of N in cotton through empirical modeling during summer season of 2019 and 2020. Experimental treatments were comprised of; 0, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 kg N ha−1. Results revealed that higher seed cotton yield (1222 and 1454 kg ha−1) was recorded when 200 Kg N ha−1 was applied that was statistically at par with 150 kg N ha−1 (1041 and 1272 in 2019 and 2020 respectively) and 175 kg N ha−1 (1222 and 1386 kg ha−1 in 2019 and 2020 respectively) was applied. A quadratic relationship was also developed by generating a model to regress the value of ratio of cotton yield and benefit cost ratio (BCR) per unit increase of N even beyond 200 kg N ha−1. Increasing the level from 0 to 200 N kg ha−1 resulted in higher seed cotton yield and BCR (1.54:1 (2019) and 1.35:1 (2020), the curve showed that further increased in N resulted in decrease seed cotton yield and contributed to loss in N. In conclusion, the optimal N level for cotton was found 150 kg N ha−1, however, the economic optimum return could be achieved at 200 kg N ha−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry-direct seeded rice (Oryza saliva L.) (DDSR) is emerging as an alternative crop production system to overcome water crisis and labor shortage associated with the conventional method of puddled transplanted rice (PTR). Studies on nitrogen (N) nutrition, uptake, and N use efficiency (NUE) indices of rice genotypes are crucial for the development of high yielding genotypes under DDSR system. We investigated yield, its components and NUE indices of selected genotypes in response to variable N application. The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized block design with genotypes AAUDR, MAS 946, Dhan 202 and IET 23455 and N levels 0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N/ha. Significant differences in grain yield, N uptake and NUE indices were observed among genotypes. The genotype IET 23455 was found to be superior among all the tested genotypes in terms of grain yield, grain N uptake, N uptake efficiency and NUE traits. It was concluded that N uptake and N uptake efficiency are predominant factors in determining grain yield. Because of genotypic differences in NUE, it may be possible to develop genotypes that are efficient even at low N application. Such genotypes may be used for selection of high yielding and N-efficient rice genotypes for DDSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon sequestration potential (CSP) and sustainability of gardenpea-french bean cropping system was assessed with farmyard manure (FYM) application vis-à-vis mineral fertilization as recommended NPK (NPK) and integrated nutrient management practices (INM) after six years’ cropping in Indian Himalayas. Application of 20 tons FYM ha−1provided highest CSP (0.527 Mg C ha−1year−1) in soil and sustainability index. With the help of quadratic equations, it was estimated that maximum profit (optimum yield) and turn over of invested money could be achieved with application of 20.0 and 15.6 t FYM ha−1, respectively. Application of 5.9 and 8.9 tons FYM ha−1would substitute NPK and INM, respectively. Pod number plant−1was the most important yield-contributing attribute as found from principal component analysis. Pod yield could be modelled through multiple linear equation with help of yield attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Intensity distribution in rotational lines of the 0–0 band of the a1Δg → X3Σg- transition in the oxygen molecule at λ = 1270 nm is studied by quadratic response (QR) method in a framework of multiconfiguration self-consisted field (MCSCF) theory. The distance dependence of the transition magnetic moment and the (0–0)/(0–1) bands intensity ratio are calculated. A short review of previous theory of the red and infrared atmospheric oxygen bands and of their enhancement by collisions is presented to analyze and compare the new results. Enhancement of these bands in O2 collisions with Li2 and N2 molecules is calculated by QR method. Diamagnetic species simulate solvent molecules of different optical polarizability. Specific influence of collisions on vibronic bands is stressed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]