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Five types of frankfurters were formulated: a control without tamarind (T0) and four samples using 5% tamarind pulp paste (PT5), seeds (ST5), peel (CT5), and a blend of all of them (PSCT5), replacing the same portion of meat. The inclusion of tamarind components led to a reduction in the moisture and protein content of the reformulated frankfurters. In terms of mineral composition, CT5 showed the highest (p < 0.05) calcium content. Additionally, ST5 and CT5 treatments demonstrated the lowest processing loss values. The pH was lower in the PT5 treatment (p < 0.05). Incorporating tamarind components reduced the lightness (L*) of the frankfurters, resulting in darker sausages. However, ST5 exhibited greater redness (a*), while higher yellowness (b*) values were observed in PT5 and CT5 treatments (p < 0.05). Texture analysis revealed no differences (p > 0.05) in hardness and chewiness between T0 and PT5; however, ST5 exhibited the highest values for these parameters (p < 0.05). No variation in the conformational order of the lipid acyl chains due to the incorporation of tamarind compounds was observed related to physical entrapment of these compounds in the frankfurter matrix. Both T0 and PT5 were well accepted by consumers, and scores higher than 7 were observed for overall acceptability and purchase intention. The study demonstrated that incorporating tamarind components, especially pulp paste (PT), is a viable alternative for replacing lean pork meat in frankfurters, improving the sustainable aspects of frankfurter production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Postharvest dehydration affects the metabolism of grapes, impacting odorous secondary metabolites and therefore the features of the corresponding passito wines – high‐quality products with winemaking practices linked to specific territories and related autochthonous grape varieties. Water loss and temperature conditions are the main variables of the dehydration process. This study assessed how they impacted the patterns of free and glycosylated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the exocarp (pulp) and epicarp (skin) in Nebbiolo and Aleatico, a neutral and semi‐aromatic red grape variety, respectively. Dehydration parameters were set in tunnel conditions, and VOCs were quantitatively analyzed by solid phase extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. RESULTS: For Nebbiolo grapes, weight loss had a greater impact on free volatiles than dehydration temperature, with a 20% weight loss increasing total VOCs in both exocarp and epicarp. Low temperature (10 °C) significantly increased (P < 0.05) the glycosylated VOCs' terpene content. In Aleatico grapes, weight loss was key in modulating free volatiles, with 30% weight loss and 15 °C leading to significant increases in VOCs, especially exocarp terpenes, acids and benzenoids. More stressful dehydration (30% weight loss at 25 °C) resulted in higher aroma precursor concentrations. CONCLUSION: These findings can assist passito wine production in preserving varietal aromas of original grapes trough optimized dehydration conditions, preventing sensory homologation occurring because of strong uncontrolled dehydration. They can also promote optimization of energy consumption, thus fostering financial and environmental sustainability. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regenerative therapies are emerging as promising alternatives to traditional dental treatments, aiming to preserve pulp vitality. Identifying an ideal biomaterial is crucial for the success of these therapies. Aims: This study is the first to evaluate and compare the toxicity of nanohydroxyapatite (NHA), NHA-lactoferrin (NHA-LF), calcium-enriched mixture (CEM), and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on dental pulp stem cells. Materials and Methods: Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals were functionalized with LF in a HEPES buffer to create the NHA-LF combination. MTA, CEM, and NHA were prepared under sterile conditions. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Two-way ANOVA was used for data analysis. Games–Howell and Sidak tests were utilized for further analysis post-ANOVA. Results: The highest cytotoxicity was observed with NHA-LF at a 1000% concentration after 48 h, averaging 45.68%. In contrast, the lowest cytotoxicity was noted with MTA at a 10% concentration within 24 h, averaging 229.53%. There was a significant statistical relationship between substance type and cellular viability (P < 0.05), whereas time showed no significant impact (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicate a significant correlation between the type of biomaterial used and its effect on cellular proliferation and viability, with time showing no significant influence. All the tested materials can be categorized as noncytotoxic materials, except NHA-LF in the highest concentration (1000%). The study suggests prioritizing low-dose NHA-LF for use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical fingerprinting that add to the nutritional and nutraceutical value of the fruits during the ripening stages is beneficial for human consumption. Therefore, ripening-dependent changes in phytochemical content and antioxidant activities of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivar Dusehri at various ripening stages were evaluated. Bioassays for phenolic content, flavonoid content, antioxidant activities, and UHPLC/MS for phytochemical profiling was performed at five ripening stages (RSI-RSV). Total phenolic contents significantly increased from 4.25 to 13.08 µg GAE/mg extract upto stage III and non-significant decrease was observed thereafter. Flavonoid contents varied between 1.16 and 1.23 µg QE/mg extract. DPPH based free radical scavenging activity increased (41.07–52.33%) from stage I to stage V while FRSP based analysis showed decrease (53.01–27.61 µg TE/mg extract) in activity from stage I to stage V. Total antioxidant capacity and total reducing power potential of pulp extract gradually increased towards mango ripening stages. A non-significant change in amylase inhibition was observed from stage I to stage III that significantly dropped in stage IV and V. UHPLC analysis depicted that aconitic, methylisocitric, 2,4,6-Hydroxy benzoic acid and beta glucogallin, poly phenols, 1-Methylxanthine, 3-Furicacid, Heptenoic acid and many others are present at different ripening stages of dusehri mango. PCA analysis and hierarchal analysis show Stage I & II clustering while stages III-V make separate cluster. These phytochemiclas are responsible for many health benefits. The study concludes that dusehri mango have significant antioxidative capacity that are due to diverse phytochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The years 1860 to 1960 witnessed the birth and rapid expansion of the modern pulp and paper industry. Its sine qua non was access to enormous volumes of conifer trees that grew in the northern hemisphere's temperate and boreal forests. Predictably, countries in northern Europe with large swaths of these woodlands became home to substantial pulp and paper industries. This article explains why Great Britain represented Europe's glaring exception to this rule. Unique circumstances allowed it to become Europe's largest newsprint producer even though it suffered from a dearth of conifers. Britain's newspaper publishers grew their circulations and created the largest newsprint market in Europe for most of the period under examination. To meet their exploding demand for paper, they gained control over their country's newsprint industry. Like producers in other western European countries, they looked to Scandinavia to address their lack of domestic wood supplies, but they also exploited their imperial connection to access a prodigious supply of fibre and pulps in Canada and Newfoundland. Britain's competitive advantage in this regard was political and not economic because tapping this distant source of raw materials was costly. Nevertheless, British producers were able to absorb the higher costs because their business was vertically integrated. However, British producers could not outrun their resource deficit forever. Changing global industry conditions after World War II caused them to lose their preponderant standing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols are important functional components that have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. Apple fruit is rich in polyphenols and is one of the dietary sources of polyphenols. The polyphenol components and contents of the peel and pulp of 74 Malus sieversii (Led.) Roem. and 26 Chinese Malus germplasm resources were determined using ultra-high-phase chromatography (UPLC) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The results showed that 34 components were detected in the peel and 30 in the flesh, and that the polyphenol components and contents of the different germplasm resources were significantly different; the polyphenol content of Malus sieversii (Led.) Roem. was significantly higher than that of the other local varieties, and the polyphenol content in the peel was also higher than that in the flesh. Rutin, quercetin 3-O-arabopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and peonidin 3-O-galactoside were detected only in the peel. The total polyphenol content in the peel ranged from 949.76 to 5840.06 mg/kg, and the polyphenol content in the pulp ranged from 367.31 to 5123.10 mg/kg. The cluster analysis of polyphenol components and contents in peel and pulp showed that 100 Malus germplasm resources could be grouped into four categories. Principal component analysis of 34 kinds and 30 kinds of polyphenols in peel and pulp of 100 resources was performed. If the eigenvalue is greater than 1, eight and seven principal components are extracted, respectively. Five Malus resources with high polyphenol content in the peel and pulp were selected: 'XY-77' (peel: 5840.06 mg/kg, pulp: 5123.10 mg/kg; 'LF-09' (peel: 4692.63 mg/kg, pulp: 3729.79 mg/kg); '2012-5' (peel: 4377.61 mg/kg, pulp: 3847.54 mg/kg); '29028' (peel: 5088.05 mg/kg, pulp: 3994.61 mg/kg); and '11-01' (peel: 5154.45 mg/kg, pulp: 3616.15 mg/kg). These results provide us with information regarding the polyphenol composition and content of the wild apple resources and local cultivars. The high polyphenol content resources obtained by screening can be used as raw materials for the extraction of polyphenol components and functional fruit juice processing and can also be used as parents for functional fruit creation and variety breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was development of a technology for the extraction of a carbon-rich concentrate suitable for use as an energy fuel from solid products of municipal waste pyrolysis (SPMWP). To do this, the effect of reagents and different flotation conditions on the yield and quality of the carbon-rich concentrate was investigated. The results are presented of the experimental study into the features of the SPMWP flotation process. A relationship has been established between the SPMWP fraction size, the yield of carbon-rich concentrate, and its quality. The fact has been demonstrated that SPMWP flotation characteristics can be improved by ultrasonic dispersion of flotation agents in water and production of concentrates containing, depending on the size distribution of SPMWP particles, from 60 to 67% of combustible matter. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry methods have revealed that the combustible matter of the concentrate consists of 65% carbon and 35% volatile carbon-containing compounds. According to the results of X-ray phase analysis, the main water-soluble salts of SPMWP are chlorides of potassium, sodium, and calcium sulfate. As to its heating value (q = 18.4 MJ/kg), the obtained combined concentrate is comparable to coal and can be considered as a renewable energy source since, according to forecasts, the annual increase in the amount of municipal solid wastes (MSWs) will be from 1 to 7%. A schematic diagram of material flows for processing 100 t of SPMWP has been constructed on the basis on the results of performed studies. An additional economic effect can be obtained by using hydroseparation at the stage of municipal waste sorting to separate crushed glass, as a result of which large SPMWP particles may be sent to flotation after grinding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has highlighted the effectiveness of starter inocula in fermentation processes. In this sense, this study examines the use of an inoculum composed of coffee pulp, mucilage broth, and microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, and S. thermophilus in fermenting Castillo variety coffee. An inoculum was prepared, measuring variables such as the pH, acidity, °Brix, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast viability. Following optimization, the inoculum was evaluated in a fermentation process, evaluating the pH, °Brix, acidity, microbiological analysis, ochratoxin A, and cup quality post-drying and roasting. The findings demonstrated a significant reduction in the pH from 4.47 to 4.05 and in the °Brix from 15.8 to 8.45, indicating efficient organic acid production and sugar degradation. Acidity levels increased from 20.02 mg/g to 42.69 mg/g, while microbial viabilities remained above 107 CFUs/g, suggesting effective biomass production. The process effectively reduced the microbial load without detecting ochratoxin A. Sensory evaluations confirmed the enhanced cup quality, validating the positive impact of inoculum use in coffee fermentation. The results support the use of coffee pulp and mucilage broth as effective substrates for the growth of the evaluated microorganisms, and the application of starter cultures containing lactic acid bacteria and yeast can elevate the coffee to a specialty grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research explores the potential of agricultural waste, specifically flax straw, as a sustainable raw material for eco-friendly packaging materials. This study investigates a three-stage delignification process involving nitric acid, alkaline treatment, and organosolvent solutions. This method effectively removes lignin from the straw, resulting in high-quality technical pulp with 67.7% α-cellulose and a significantly reduced ash content (8.5%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to characterize the treated flax straw. XRD analysis revealed changes in the cellulose structure, while TGA indicated enhanced thermal stability compared to untreated straw. Microscopic analysis of the pulp fibers shows a parallel and aligned arrangement, suggesting a high fiber content and a strong paper lattice. The particle size distribution of the ground pulp, influenced by fiber size, has implications for the packing density and mechanical properties of the final product. This study demonstrates the potential of agricultural waste as a sustainable source for packaging materials, contributing to the circular economy and waste reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental pulp inflammation, often initiated by Gram-negative microorganisms and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), can lead to pulpitis and, subsequently, dental pulp necrosis, compromising tooth structure and increasing susceptibility to fracture. Asiatic acid, derived from Centella asiatica, has demonstrated pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, making it a potential candidate for mitigating LPS-induced pulp inflammation. This in vivo study aims to investigate the impact of Asiatic acid on the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in Rattus norvegicus with LPS-induced pulp inflammation. Methods: This quasi-laboratory experimental in vivo study employed a post-test-only control group design to investigate the effects of Asiatic acid on LPS-induced pulp inflammation in Wistar rats. Thirty rats were randomly divided into six groups subjected to various interventions. LPS was administered to all groups for 6 h except the standard control group (CG, n = 5). The negative control group (NCG, n = 5) received only glass ionomer cement. The positive control group (PCG, n = 5) received Eugenol with glass ionomer cement. Intervention groups 1, 2, and 3 (IG1, IG2, IG3; n = 5 each) received Asiatic acid at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, respectively, with glass ionomer cement. Dental pulp inflammation was confirmed through immunological (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels), histopathological (inflammatory parameters), and physiological (pain assessment using the rat grimace scale) analyses. Additionally, Nrf2 levels were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Asiatic acid administration significantly influenced Nrf2 levels in rats with LPS-induced pulp inflammation. Nrf2 levels were significantly higher in groups treated with 0.5% (IG1) (8.810 ± 1.092 ng/mL; p = 0.047), 1.0% (IG2) (9.132 ± 1.285 ng/mL; p = 0.020), and 2.0% (IG3) (11.972 ± 1.888 ng/mL; p = 0.000) Asiatic acid compared to NCG (7.146 ± 0.706). Notably, Nrf2 levels were also significantly higher in the 2.0% Asiatic acid group (IG3) compared to the PCG treated with Eugenol (8.846 ± 0.888 ng/mL; p = 0.001), as well as IG1 (p = 0.001) and IG2 (p = 0.002). However, no significant difference was observed between administering 0.5% Asiatic acid (IG1), 1.0% Asiatic acid (IG2), and Eugenol (PCG). Conclusion: This research showed that Asiatic acid significantly impacted the Nrf2 levels in rats with LPS-induced pulp inflammation. This suggests that it has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent for reducing dental pulp inflammation. These findings support the need to further explore Asiatic acid as a promising intervention for maintaining dental pulp health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Childhood experiences of pain associated with dental treatment can induce dental anxiety. Inferior alveolar nerve blocks are eight times more likely to fail in patients with irreversible pulpitis. The objective was to compare the effectiveness of lignocaine with and without pre-operative oral ibuprofen for controlling pain in primary mandibular molars scheduled for pulpectomy procedures in 5 to 9-year-old children. Methods: One hundred and twenty-two children diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis in mandibular posterior teeth and scheduled for pulpectomy procedures were included. The children were assigned to one of the two groups, Treatment group A: Pre-operative with oral ibuprofen and local anaesthesia with 2% lignocaine (with adrenaline 1:80000); Treatment group B: Pre-operative with oral placebo and local anaesthesia with 2% lignocaine (with 1:80000 adrenaline). Pain and pulse rate were recorded at baseline, one hour after administration of oral medication, fifteen minutes following administration of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB), and also during the course pulpectomy. The results were statistically analysed using chi square test and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: In treatment group A, 90.16% children had IANB success compared to 9.83% in group B.. The difference in the success rate between two groups was statistically significant (p<0.001) with an odds ratio of 84. Conclusion: Oral medication with ibuprofen is effective in increasing the success rate of IANB with lignocaine for the treatment of irreversible pulpitis of 5 to 9-year-old children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for grapes and wine to be tainted following vineyard exposure to wildfire smoke is well established, with recent studies suggesting hops and apples (and thus beer and cider) can be similarly affected. However, the susceptibility of other crops to 'smoke taint' has not yet been investigated. Smoke was applied to a selection of fruits and vegetables, as well as potted lavender plants, and their volatile phenol composition determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to evaluate their susceptibility to contamination by smoke. Volatile phenols were observed in control (unsmoked) capsicum, cherry, lavender, lemon, spinach and tomato samples, typically at ≤18 µg/kg, but 52 µg/kg of guaiacol and 83–416 µg/kg of o- and m-cresol and 4-methylsyringol were detected in tomato and lavender samples, respectively. However, significant increases in volatile phenol concentrations were observed as a consequence of smoke exposure; with the highest volatile phenol levels occurring in smoke-exposed strawberry and lavender samples. Variation in the uptake of volatile phenols by different crops was attributed to differences in their physical properties, i.e., their surface area, texture and/or cuticle composition, while the peel of banana, lemon, and to a lesser extent apple samples, mitigated the permeation of smoke-derived volatile phenols into pulp. Results provide valuable insight into the susceptibility of different crops to smoke contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentin pulp has a complex function as a major unit in maintaining the vitality of teeth. In this sense, the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway has a vital part in tooth development, maintenance, repair, and regeneration by controlling physiological activities such as growth, differentiation, and migration. This pathway consists of a network of proteins, such as Wnt signaling molecules, which interact with receptors of targeted cells and play a role in development and adult tissue homeostasis. The Wnt signals are specific spatiotemporally, suggesting its intricate mechanism in development, regulation, repair, and regeneration by the formation of tertiary dentin. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in dentin and pulp regeneration, how different proteins, molecules, and ligands influence this pathway, either upregulating or silencing it, and how it may be used in the future for clinical dentistry, in vital pulp therapy as an effective treatment for dental caries, as an alternative approach for root canal therapy, and to provide a path for therapeutic and regenerative dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango (Mangifera indica) is a renowned fruit cherished for its delightful taste and nutritional value. Belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, mangoes exhibit a climacteric trait marked by heightened respiration and ethylene production, resulting in a limited shelf life. To counter this, mangoes are often processed into pulp for extended storage. However, improper processing techniques can drastically reduce the pulp's shelf life. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of food additives (potassium metabisulphite and sodium benzoate) and thermal treatments (at 70 and 80 °C), individually and in combination, on the quality of Chaunsa mango pulp during a six-month period at room temperature. Quality was evaluated through physicochemical tests (titratable acidity, TSS, pH, and color) and microbiological analysis (total plate count). During storage, titratable acidity, TSS and total plate count increased whereas pH decreased for all treatments. In case of color, L* values increased initially before declining whereas a* values increased and b* values decreased for all treatments throughout the storage. The results indicated that the treatment with potassium metabisulphite alone (MCP) or combined with a 70 °C heat treatment (M70CP) yielded the best outcomes, surpassing the control and other treatments, and maintained quality throughout the storage period. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the organic acid content of these two most effective treatments. The highest concentration was of malic acid followed by citric acid and oxalic acid respectively. This study suggests that the use of food additives, alone or in combination with thermal treatments, significantly prolongs the shelf life of mango pulp to six months, ensuring availability during off-seasons and facilitating its industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce energy consumption, a new pulping process called A-D-E-RC (acidification/desalination/electrolysis/recycle-cooking) was developed by a research group in Guangxi University of China. The present work focuses on the step of recycle cooking (RC) to further investigate the technical feasibility of A-D-E-RC methods. Golden bamboo grass was considered as fiber source material for pulp, and it was cooked with the acidic treating of wastewater from black liquor. Then, the pulp obtained from each cooking was made into paper to test the changes in its physical properties. As a result, the pulp yield increased from 43.9% to 50.2%, after re-using acidified black liquor, and the paper's tear index and tensile index were improved. Therefore, this study demonstrated the feasibility of recycle cooking (RC) fiber materials for pulp applied the acidic treating wastewater from black liquor, and thereby, it further identifies the technical feasibility of A-D-E-RC pulping methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. In this study, the biological effect of MTA Repair HP (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Repair High Plasticity) and Biodentine have been tested on a stabilized fibroblast cell line NCTC clone 929. Materials and Methods. We assessed quantitative and qualitative parameters related to cytotoxic effect of the investigated products. The experimental period was 96 hours. Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests. Results. The detached cells test showed no statistically significant difference on cell culture for Biodentine and MTA Repair HP, while for the cellular density assay we found the same biological effect on the tested fibroblasts in the first 24 and 48 hours, but a significant different cellular response for the investigated pulp capping materials for the next 48 hours of the experiment. Conclusions. The results demonstrated that the materials presented a very low level of cytotoxicity. Biodentine showed in all parameters better biological effects than MTA Repair HP, expressed by lower and limited cellular damage and a higher cell density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epigenetics refers to the mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modification that influence gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. These epigenetic modifications can regulate gene transcription, splicing, and stability, thereby impacting cell differentiation, development, and disease occurrence. The formation of dentin is intrinsically linked to the odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), which are recognized as the optimal cell source for dentin-pulp regeneration due to their varied odontogenic potential, strong proliferative and angiogenic characteristics, and ready accessibility Numerous studies have demonstrated the critical role of epigenetic regulation in DPSCs differentiation into specific cell types. This review thus provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms by which epigenetic regulation controls the odontogenesis fate of DPSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids are common cellulose solvents and biomass pretreatment agents, while beta-irradiation ("e-beaming") is often used to decrease the recalcitrance of biomass towards hydrolysis or saccharification. Aiming at the general goal of elucidating the interaction between lignocellulosics, imidazolium-based ionic liquids, and beta-irradiation, we studied the effect of beta-irradiation on the pure ILs 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, both as chloride and acetate. Contrary to the expectation of inertness, irradiation caused degradation of the ILs, which was proportional to irradiation dosage, i.e., to irradiation time and intensity. At a dosage of 2400 kGy, 0.2% (2000 ppm) of the IL were chemically altered. The main degradation pathway is the formation of imidazole and N-methylimidazole with concomitant dealkylation. The cleaved-off alkyl groups, apparently in cationic form, react with the anions present, accounting for the formation of alkyl chlorides and alkyl acetates from the chloride ILs and acetate ILs, respectively. A second, minor pathway comprises the degradation of the imidazole ring under conversion of the C2-unit from the former C4-C5 moiety into ethylenediamine and reaction of the C1-unit from the former C2 with the IL anions. Because of the non-neglible byproduct formation, the degradation of the ILs upon beta-irradiation and possible side reactions of the resulting byproducts need to be kept in mind for all setups that involve beta-irradiation and imidazolium ILs simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and objectives: In many African countries, especially Nigeria, the fight against malnutrition and undernourishment continues to be a primary goal of development. In this regard, various strategies including the consumption of plants and vegetables are being applied. The kernel of Bush mango, which is widely consumed in Nigeria, has been broadly investigated in the literatures, while there is little information about the nutritional composition of the pulp. This study examined the nutritional composition of both kernel and pulp of the Irvingia gabonesis. Materials and methods: The Bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis) fruits were purchased from Ogbadibo, local government of Benue state, Nigeria, followed by sorting and washing to remove any dirt. The pulp was separated from the kernel, sun-dried for seven days, and oven-dried at 350 °C for 1 h to eliminate the moisture. The dried samples were milled separately with an electric food blender, and packed in a separate clean polythene bag before analysis. The phytochemicals, antioxidants, proximate composition, and amino acids were determined in the samples according to the standard analytical techniques. Results and conclusion: Amounts of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cyanide, and phytate were higher in the kernel, while oxalate and total phenols were higher in the pulp. The results of antioxidants composition revealed that carotenoids were the highest antioxidant in the kernel (4.12 g/100 g) and pulp (1.73 g/100 g) of Irvingia gabonesis fruit. Study of proximate composition revealed that carbohydrate was the most abundant macronutrient in the kernel (56.96 %) and pulp (61.02 %) of Bush mango. Fatty acids and energy were accounted as 19.19% and 1977.16 kJ/100 g of the kernel, and 16.29% and 1855.80 kJ/100 g of the pulp. Amino acid profile of the samples revealed that leucine (5.49 and 3.52 g/100 g of crude protein of kernel and pulp, respectively) and tryptophan (0.58 and 0.39 g/100 g of crude protein of kernel and pulp, respectively) were the most abundant and the lowest concentrated essential amino acids. In conclusion, the pulp and kernel of Bush mango contained low concentrations of anti-nutrients, and were found to be a good source of fat, carbohydrates, and antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine the impact of pretreatment on empty fruit bunches (EFB) of palm oil fibers before the pulping process on the quality of the molded pulp produced. The study includes EFB fiber pretreatment processes, pulp production, pulp molding, physical characteristic analysis, and molded pulp performance evaluation. The pulp production process involves acid-base hydrolysis reactions. The produced molded pulp is done manually. Characterization of the molded pulp includes measurements of paper grammage, thickness, density, and moisture content. The characteristics of pulp produced from pretreated EFB fibers are as follows: an average grammage value of 415.48 g/m², paper thickness of 1.53 mm, water absorption capacity of 13.33-33.33%, density of paper of 0,026 x 106 - 0,027 x 106 g/m³, and a smooth surface morphology. Meanwhile, the characteristics of pulp produced from without pretreatment EFB fibers include an average grammage value of 372.18 g/m², paper thickness of 0.77 mm, water absorption capacity of 20.34-43.21%, density of paper of 0,004 x 106 - 0,008 x 106 g/m³, and a rough surface morphology due to pores on the fiber surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pines play a significant role in forest biodiversity globally and generate huge forest litter. Dry pine needles due to low ignition temperature and high frictional force with the ground catch fire quickly. Annual forest fires in the northern states of India greatly impact the Indian economy besides causing huge loss to biodiversity, livelihood, and environment. Pine needles are also considered unfit for fodder consumption due to presence of tannins. Although the presence of softwood lignin in pine needles makes it difficult to degrade easily, the presence of holocellulose (68.5%) containing 45–51% cellulose makes this biomass a potential substrate to be used in pulp-making industries for low-grade paper sheets. The good fiber length of pine needles (1.3–1.4 mm) with a diameter of 30–32 μm, maybe considered important property for paper making. The use of pine needles in the pharmaceutical and food industries are due to the presence of secondary metabolites (α-pinene, β-pinene, caryophyllene etc.). The various other potential applications of pine needles are for producing bio-ethanol (yield, 3.98%; purity, 94%), biogas (yield, 23.1 L kg−1), smokeless briquettes (calorific value, 18.77 MJ kg−1), biochar (calorific value, 25.6 MJ kg−1), bio-composites (tensile strength, 21–60 MPa), and bio-pesticides. This paper comprehensively reviews the current applications of pine needles along with its future prospective applications that can have the dual advantage of providing employment opportunities to the people along with environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica are the three main coffee species cultivated globally. Liberica coffee is a minor species, accounting for less than 1% of global cultivation. Due to favorable climatic conditions in Malaysia, Liberica coffee dominates coffee production, accounting for 73%, while Robusta makes up the remaining 27%. Nevertheless, the substantial coffee production resulted in approximately 15 million tons of discarded skin and pulp, contributing to environmental pollution. This study was conducted due to insufficient information and research on the proximate composition and phytochemical compounds of the coffee bean and pulp from Liberica sp. This study aims to determine the proximate composition of coffee beans and pulp extracts from Liberica sp. and to identify the phytochemical composition using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The nutritional values of carbohydrates, protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and ash were obtained using proximate analysis. Coffee beans exhibited the highest value for crude protein (11.96%) and crude fiber (11.83%), whereas coffee pulp has the highest significant value for moisture content (68.81%) and ash (7.31%). LC-MS analysis shows emmotin A and deoxymiroestrol were the major phytochemical compounds. These findings contribute to understanding the nutritional value and phytochemical compounds of coffee beans and pulp from Liberica sp. that may contribute to sustainable waste management and other applications in the food and beverage industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypochlorous acid bleaching under amine catalysis (Hcat bleaching stage) is an optimized bleaching stage variant that is characterized by working at weakly acidic, near-neutral pH, having high bleaching efficiency, and discharging only very small amounts of chloro-organics. This study addressed the chemical fate of the used 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) catalyst. While literature proposed either homolytic or heterolytic breakage of one ethylene bridge and subsequent release of the resulting fragments as two molecules of formaldehyde, we demonstrated the degradation to proceed by ionic elimination of one ethylene bridge starting from mono-N-chlorinated DABCO. The resulting N-vinyl (enamine) derivative adds water under the release of acetaldehyde and formation of piperazine. The generation of acetaldehyde was experimentally confirmed by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine trapping, directly from the processing liquid. The experimental findings agreed superbly with computations which showed the "acetaldehyde mechanism" to be much favored over the previously proposed pathways under C–C bond cleavage and release of formaldehyde. The results of this study add to a better understanding of the novel Hcat bleaching system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Improper disposal of palm biomass wastes resulting from industrial palm oil production may contribute to the environmental issues in Indonesia. However, given their abundance and availability, empty fruit bunches (EFB) can be potentially considered as a raw material for unbleached pulp. In this study, unbleached pulp was produced from oil palm EFB by a pulping process with alkaline pretreatment. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of cellulose in the pulp, with absorption peaks at 3332 cm-1 corresponding to the O-H stretching and at 1029 cm-1 assigned to the stretching of the C-O-C bond, respectively. SEM images revealed the aspect of individual fibers, with a rigid appearance, in the pulp obtained from EFB biomass. The major crystalline peak was observed at 2θ of 22.41°, indicating the presence of cellulose. Brown paper was made from the unbleached pulp (A4 size, with a grammage of 134 g/m² and a thickness of 219.3 μm) and proved to have excellent mechanical strength. Therefore, unbleached pulp from oil palm EFB can be recommended to be used in the manufacture of brown paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the lipophilic component that affects the quality of pulp and paper products in wood of 10-year-old Anthocephalus cadamba (families 23, 11 and 6) and 5-year-old Anthocepalus macrophyllus (families 75, 85 and 2). The results showed that the main group of compounds that appeared frequently and were identified in the lipophilic fraction were fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic and stearic acids), fatty alcohols (eicosanol, heneicosanol and tetracosanol), sterols (β-sitosterol and campasterol), hydrocarbons (hexadecane, tricosene and cyclotetracosane), aldehydes, alongside minor amounts of triterpenoid. F11 and F2 can be promoted as raw materials for pulp and paper, while F6 and F75 are not recommended because of the high levels of lipids such as sterols, triterpenoids, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and fatty alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of boron compounds on cellulose fibers during recycling. Three recycling stages were conducted, applying boric acid and borax to bleached papers. Physical, mechanical, and optical properties were measured after each process. The highest water absorption (218 g/m2) was observed in test papers from the second recycling stage using 10% borax-treated pulps (10Bx2). Boric acid treatment notably improved burst strength, with the highest value (3.94 kPa m2/g) in the first recycling stage with 5.0% boric acid treatment (5Ba1). The highest tensile strength (49.48 Nm/g) occurred in the first recycling stage with 5.0% boric acid treatment, while the lowest (17.41 Nm/g) was in the second recycling stage (5Bx2) with 5.0% borax treatment. Tear strength exhibited different trends from burst and tensile strength, with notable improvements using 5.0% and 10% boric acid and 10% borax treatments on recovered cellulose fibers. The highest tear strength (9.20 Nm2/g) was achieved with 5.0% boric acid treatment (5Ba2) in the second recycling stage, followed by 8.21 Nm2/g with 10% boric acid treatment (10Ba1) in the first recycling stage. Tear strength trends differed from burst and tensile strength properties, regardless of treatment conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the organic tissue dissolution capacities of 3 different irrigation agitation techniques (IATs) in artificial internal root resorption cavities (IRCs). Materials and Methods Ninety freshly extracted maxillary human incisors were selected. After decoronation procedure, the roots were split longitudinally, and a standard IRC were prepared in the canals on each half of the roots. Then, the bovine pulp samples (~2,3 mg) were previously weighed and placed into the cavities. The root fragments were reassembled and cemented to create a circular IRC within the canal. Teeth samples were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=15); sodium chlorur (NaCl) and sonic irrigation (SI), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and SI, NaCl and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), NaOCl and PUI, NaCl and laser activated irrigation (LAI), NaOCl and LAI. After that, the teeth were decemented and the tissue samples inside the cavities were weighed again. The percentage of weight loss was calculated and statistically analyzed. Results SI has significantly more successful results than PUI and LAI in groups which the irrigant was NaCl. There was also a significant difference between LAI and PUI in groups which the irrigant was NaOCl (Group 6 Group 4, p=0.003). There was no significant difference between LAI and SI with NaOCl. Conclusion Complete dissolution of bovine pulp tissue from IRCs was not achieved by any tested techniques. However, the LAI with NaOCl was more effective than other IATs. In addition, there is no significant difference between the LAI and SI with NaOCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ascertain their potential applications in the food industry, dragon fruit varieties, namely H. undatus and H. polyrhizus, were thoroughly analyzed for their physical, nutritional, and phytochemical properties. The focus was on pulp and juice, emphasizing color, mineral content, proximate analysis, and phytochemical constituents. Red flesh dragon fruit displayed a bright pink color, a slightly smaller length (9.1 cm), and a larger diameter (8.3 cm) compared to white flesh dragon fruit (9.9 cm length, 7.53 cm diameter). Red flesh dragon fruit also exhibited higher circumference and weight. White flesh dragon fruit demonstrated superior juice yield (36.23 %) compared to red flesh dragon fruit (35.28 %). Red flesh dragon fruit had higher levels of total sugar (8.45 %), protein (1.36 %), and ascorbic acid (19.83 mg/100g) in its pulp. It also showed elevated mineral content of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Conversely, white flesh dragon fruit had higher fat content (0.65 %) and carbohydrate content (9.76 %) in its pulp. White flesh dragon fruit displayed brighter color characteristics with higher L*, a*, and b* values. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of betacyanin in red flesh dragon fruit (30.87 mg/100g) but not in white flesh dragon fruit. Red flesh dragon fruit exhibited significantly higher total phenolic content in pulp (49.67 mg GA/100g) and juice (41.25 mg GA/100g) than white flesh dragon fruit. These findings highlight substantial differences (P < 0.05) between red and white flesh dragon fruit in physical, nutritional, and phytochemical aspects, offering valuable insights for their incorporation into diverse food products, such as beverages and ice cream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-performance computing (HPC) processors are nowadays integrated cyber-physical systems demanding complex and high-bandwidth closed-loop power and thermal control strategies. To efficiently satisfy real-time multi-input multi-output (MIMO) optimal power requirements, high-end processors integrate an on-die power controller system (PCS). While traditional PCSs are based on a simple microcontroller (MCU)-class core, more scalable and flexible PCS architectures are required to support advanced MIMO control algorithms for managing the ever-increasing number of cores, power states, and process, voltage, and temperature variability. This paper presents ControlPULP, an open-source, HW/SW RISC-V parallel PCS platform consisting of a single-core MCU with fast interrupt handling coupled with a scalable multi-core programmable cluster accelerator and a specialized DMA engine for the parallel acceleration of real-time power management policies. ControlPULP relies on FreeRTOS to schedule a reactive power control firmware (PCF) application layer. We demonstrate ControlPULP in a power management use-case targeting a next-generation 72-core HPC processor. We first show that the multi-core cluster accelerates the PCF, achieving 4.9x speedup compared to single-core execution, enabling more advanced power management algorithms within the control hyper-period at a shallow area overhead, about 0.1% the area of a modern HPC CPU die. We then assess the PCS and PCF by designing an FPGA-based, closed-loop emulation framework that leverages the heterogeneous SoCs paradigm, achieving DVFS tracking with a mean deviation within 3% the plant's thermal design power (TDP) against a software-equivalent model-in-the-loop approach. Finally, we show that the proposed PCF compares favorably with an industry-grade control algorithm under computational-intensive workloads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given its very important economic and environmental interests, the cultivation of carob tree in Algeria has experienced remarkable development, which is reflected in the methods of plant multiplication, the increase in the surface area of its cultivation, and in particular, the growing number of carob fruit processing industries (first and second transformation). In this context, the present study focused on the evaluation of the food quality of whole pod powders and carob pulps from three different regions of Algeria (Boumerdes, Relizane, and Tissemsilt). The experimental part presents a morphobiometric characterisation of carob pods carried out during the 2020–2021 production campaign — length, width, mass, volume, thickness, size index (length/width), the number and mass of seeds, analysis of the food quality of carob powders from whole pods and their pulps and determining their physicochemical properties (particle size, pH and dry matter), nutritional properties (ash, crude proteins, total sugars, crude fibres, fats) and sensory (colour, taste, texture, and smell). The results showed that the morphobiometric characteristics of the carob pods studied (physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory properties of the powders) strongly depend on the biogeographical site of the carob tree and the conditions of its production. Compared to the other carob fruit powders analysed, Relizane carob pulps powder showed a better sensory appreciation; this powder was characterised by a colour (100% light brown), taste (50% sweet, 50% very sweet), texture (100% fine), and odour (100% carob with strong intensity). Indeed, the study of the food quality of the two types of powders obtained separately from whole pods (seeds and pulps) and from the pulps is very valuable and opens possible ways of food valorisation of carob tree fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laminate biocomposites of wood pulp/polylactic acid (PLA) are produced using four types of adhesives as compatibilizers: PVA, PVA modified with 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (modified PVA), PVA with microfibrillated cellulose (PVA-MFC), and the modified PVA with MFC (modified PVA-MFC). Sheets of wood pulp were spray-coated with the compatibilizers and then laminated with PLA film. The lamination of PLA film and pulp sheet via spray coating of modified PVA was successful due to the improved compatibility of the components. Modified PVA could increase the tensile strength of the laminate biocomposite by up to 25% compared with unmodified PVA. Additionally, the incorporation of 5 wt% of modified PVA-MFC improved the impact resistance of the laminate biocomposite by 195% while surface polarity was reduced by almost 85%. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) of viscoelastic properties revealed the plasticizing effect of MFC in modified PVA. Modified PVA-MFC best promoted the damping factor of the laminate biocomposite. A soil burial test showed that modified PVA-MFC also had the greatest effect on the biodegradation of the laminate biocomposite with a weight loss of 50% after six months. Our study indicated that the laminate biocomposite compatibilized with modified PVA-MFC (5 wt% dry mass of MFC in modified PVA) exhibited better mechanical properties and biodegradation than the other studied biocomposites and was more suitable for use as degradable food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pretreatment of pulp is a critical step in the fibrillation process to improve the quality and efficiency for cellulose nanofibril (CNF) production. This work employed a straightforward and entirely aqueous methacrylation and subsequent grafting-through polymerization technique to modify bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP). Specifically, methacrylate groups, poly(acrylamide) (PAM), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were chemically affixed to the surface of BSKP fibers, which was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy. Bench-scale experiments were scaled up to pilot scale to prepare the modified BSKP samples, these were subjected to fibrillation using a Supermasscolloider (SMC), and the net cumulative energy (NCE) expended was monitored during the fibrillation process. Notably, the modified BSKP samples exhibited a substantial reduction in NCE, with the methacrylate modified BSKP sample achieving a 68% reduction in NCE expenditure to attain 90% fines as compared to the fibrillation of unmodified BSKP and producing methacrylate modified cellulose nanofibrils (Met-CNFs). Furthermore, we delved into the impact of polymeric surface modifications, both pre-and post-fibrillation, on fiber and fibril behavior, including the water retention value (WRV), hard-to-remove water (HR-Water), and rheological behavior. The attached polymer's hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity influenced the physical properties of the CNFs. Additionally, we executed a post-grafting polymerization process on the produced Met-CNFs. This additional step allowed us to modify nanofibril surfaces, yielding increased surface functionalization and producing modified CNFs that could be used for composite applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this work was to study the role of the acetylation process of wheat straw pulp on its ability to rheologically modify two of the most important non-polar engineering fluid: bitumen and oil. Pulp was produced by a pilot-scale kraft pulping process from local wheat straw. Pulp was functionalized with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid as a catalyst by modifying (temperature, pulp/acetic anhydride mass ratio, and reaction time. Further, chemical, morphological and thermal changes induced by the acetylation process were properly assessed. Acetylated wheat straw pulp dispersions in oil showed gel-like behaviour, with a mechanical spectrum characterized by higher values of the storage modulus (G′) and a minimum in the loss modulus (G″) at intermediate frequencies. The complex modulus (G*) for bitumen dispersions formulated with acetylated samples was up to 4 times higher than neat bitumen, and the phase angle (δ) indicated an enhancement in the elastic behavior parameters. The rheological response of these systems was associated with the microstructural network formed by pulp fibers and the balance between the physical and chemical changes of wheat straw fibers. According to the experimental results obtained, it can be concluded that acetylation is a relevant chemical treatment to modulate the rheological properties of wheat straw pulp dispersions in non-polar fluids, improving the compatibility between pulp fibers and these engineering fluids. Accordingly, this study provides valuable insights into the development of sustainable multiphasic materials (bitumen binders and semi-solid lubricants) for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stone fruits, such as the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), are frequently consumed. As such, a substantial volume of apricot waste is generated at each stage of the food supply chain, including harvesting, processing, packaging, warehousing, transportation, retailing, and eventual consumption. This generates tons of waste annually on a global scale. The significant amounts of phenolics present in these wastes are primarily responsible for their antioxidant capacity and the subsequent health advantages they provide. As such, apricot pulp by-products could be a valuable reservoir of bioactive compounds, such as tocopherols, polyphenolic compounds, proteins, dietary fibers, etc. Moreover, apricot kernels are also recognized for their abundance of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols and tocopherols, which find utility in diverse sectors including cosmetology and the food industry. Both conventional and green methods are employed, and generally, green methods lead to higher extraction efficiency. The antimicrobial properties of apricot kernel essential oil have been widely recognized, leading to its extensive historical usage in the treatment of diverse ailments. In addition, apricot kernel oil possesses the capacity to serve as a viable resource for renewable fuels and chemicals. This review examines the potential of apricot waste as a source of bioactive compounds, as well as its utilization in diverse applications, with an emphasis on its contribution to health improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotechnology and artificial intelligence have sparked a revolution in dentistry, with a focus on restoring natural tissue functions. This transformation has given rise to bioactive materials, inspired by biomimetics, aimed at replicating the processes found in nature. As synthetic biology advances, there is a heightened focus on signaling systems crucial for bio-based diagnostics and therapeutics. Dentistry now harnesses synthetic proteins for tissue regeneration and dental material enhancement. A current research priority is bacterial biofilm inhibition, vital for dental health. Given the role of Streptococcus mutans in dental caries, the development of synthetic antimicrobial peptides targeting this bacterium is underway. The balance of dental enamel between demineralization and remineralization impacts caries formation. Factors such as the presence of hydroxyapatite and salivary peptides influence enamel health. Recent studies have spotlighted salivary protein-inspired peptides for enhanced remineralization. In the realm of bone regeneration, synthetic proteins like bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) have been spotlighted, earning FDA approval. Research is currently delving into peptides such as cementum protein 1 peptide (CEMP-1-p1) and parathyroid hormone variants like PTH (1-34), underscoring their potential in advancing dental and bone health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of enzymes in purifying and reducing the degree of polymerization of cellulose for the production of dissolving pulp. Our goal was to determine the contributions of xylanase (X) and endoglucanase (EG) in the treatment of pulp, specifically by quantifying the formation of soluble and insoluble reducing sugars using the dinitrosalycilic acid (DNS) test. Predominantly, the release of soluble reducing sugars (RSSol) was enhanced after xylanase treatment, while endoglucanase (EG) treatment led to changes in insoluble reducing sugars (RSIns). The maximum synergism was observed for RSIns when a high ratio of endoglucanase to xylanase (320EG:5X/g pulp) was used. The relative contribution of endoglucanase to RSins was determined to be 15.6% of the total reducing sugar. The viscosity of pulps treated with xylanase decreased only by 7%, whereas endoglucanase treatment significantly reduced viscosity by 45%. Modifications in the particle size were observed after pulp treatment with the combination of endoglucanase and xylanase. In summary, the DNS test is a rapid and effective method for evaluating the efficiency of enzyme treatments on pulps. The measurement of RSIns correlates with changes in pulp viscosity to different extents, providing valuable insights into the effectiveness of enzyme treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp revascularization is an emerging treatment modality in endodontics aimed at preserving the vitality and function of immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the current state of pulp revascularization, encompassing its rationale, clinical procedures, indications, contraindications, advantages, limitations, and potential future prospects. By critically analyzing the existing literature and clinical experiences, this review aims to offer insights into the efficacy, challenges, and potential advancements in the field of pulp revascularization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kraft pulp is the most common and economically advantageous raw material for making cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). However, it is revealed that high temperatures and pressures during kraft cooking cause the aggregation of cellulose microfibrils, which reduces the nanofibrillation capability of kraft pulp. Herein, we studied the optimum kraft cooking conditions required to obtain uniform CNFs by preventing aggregation. The fibrillation ability was compared with that of undried pulp treated with purification method only. Suspensions of undried pulps were mechanically fibrillated for various durations. The degree of fibrillation was evaluated by sedimentation, morphology, and water retention values. Kraft pulp cooking at a H-factor of approximately 650 for 140 °C, 160 °C and 170 °C resulted in less fibrillation than in the Wise-based pulp, even at low temperatures such as 140 °C. In contrast to expectations, high matrix substances with lignin contents of 30% did not prevent aggregation of the cellulose microfibrils. The production of CNFs requires a pulping technique for extracting cellulose without aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of mass transfer intensity on kinetics of catalytic oxidation of flax shives with oxygen to aromatic aldehydes and pulp was studied. The process was carried out in an autoclave in an aqueous-alkaline medium in the presence of CuO as the catalyst. Oxidation of flax shives into vanillin, syringaldehyde, and pulp was shown to proceed as a completely diffusion-controlled process under the studied conditions. Depending on the process conditions, it can be limited by stages of oxygen transfer through the gas–liquid interface as well as by oxygen transfer through the bulk of a Newtonian liquid phase and non-Newtonian suspension of the reaction mass. The results obtained on the influence of stirring speed and volume of the reaction mass on the rates of oxygen consumption and vanillin accumulation were described by a simple well-known model connecting the intensity of mass transfer and the stirring power density in the bulk of the liquid phase. It was shown that, despite the distinctly diffusion-controlled conditions of flax shives oxidation with oxygen, the vanillin yield was very close (70–83%) to the theoretical maximum of vanillin yield in the processes of lignin oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Pulp revascularization can be a favourable treatment option for permanent teeth with damaged pulp since it allows the continuous development of root and thicker walls which is in contrast with other treatment options. It requires minimum instrumentation and since the blood clot acts as a biological scaffold the formation of a good quality of blood clot is important. The three important components which are essential for pulp revascularization are stem cells, scaffolds and growth factors. Stem cells help in pulp revascularization due to their various unique properties/advantages like tissue specificity, antiinflammatory potential. Objectives: This review concentrates not only on the beneficial effects of pulp revascularization but also on the role of various other factors that influence and makes it a success like stem cells, growthfactors, scaffolds. Materials and Methods: This review paper was written using original research articles, reviews, and case studies that were published in online databases like PubMed, Google Scholar and books like Cohen’s Pathways of the Pulp 12th Edition. Results: This review gives an acknowledgement of pulp revascularization in terms of its basic principle, process, role of stem cells and scaffolds and its comparison with other treatment options along with its disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution of the environment is one of the most significant problems of our generation and the future as our living spaces shrink. Waste materials is the first of many sources of environmental pollution. Waste must be evaluated and reused in recycling facilities to ensure environmental order and balance. This study evaluated the pulp of the Nigella sativa L., seed plant, whose oil was removed by a cold pressing method and turned it into value-added products. Particularly, pulp and Nigella sativa L., seeds have healing and nutritionally rich qualities. Nigella sativa L., pulp was made into a skin mask and used as an added value product in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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