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Kelp forests have deteriorated globally due to anthropogenic stressors. There is an urgent need to extend baselines, to understand the processes that underlie the persistence and recovery of kelp forests, and to distinguish the normal range of ecosystem variability from more extreme changes. Using a mixed-method, historical ecology approach, we integrate archival data, oral histories, and contemporary ecological data to examine the dynamics of kelp forests over a multi-decadal to multi-century time-period in central California. We focus on sea otters, sunflower seastars, sea urchins, kelp cover, kelp species dynamics, and climate. From 1826 to 2020, kelp was highly variable. There were seven periods of low kelp cover and two periods of exceptionally low kelp cover (1897–1899; 2014–2016) following El Niño-Southern Oscillations (ENSOs). Exceptionally low kelp cover did not occur when two predators—seastars and sea otters—were both present. In all cases, kelp recovered following times of extremely low cover, with a lag, which was extended by the duration of warm water anomalies (ENSO Recovery Lag). Kelp remained low for approximately 2 years following 80% of ENSOs. The greatest kelp decline (12-fold) was in Santa Cruz (northern Monterey Bay). Herbivore populations (sea urchins) were highly variable over the past century and exhibited short- and long-term changes in abundance. Sunflower seastars were present in low, stable abundances prior to seastar wasting disease (1938–2013, mean density = 0.02/m2) when they declined by 97.5%. Insights from this reconstruction indicate that kelp recovery following extended warm water anomalies exhibits a lag and occurs over multiple years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are ubiquitous tools in research, yet their endogenous functions in nature are poorly understood. In this work, we describe a combination of functions for FPs in a clade of intertidal sea anemones whose FPs control a genetic color polymorphism together with the ability to combat oxidative stress. Focusing on the underlying genetics of a fluorescent green "Neon" color morph, we show that allelic differences in a single FP gene generate its strong and vibrant color, by increasing both molecular brightness and FP gene expression level. Natural variation in FP sequences also produces differences in antioxidant capacity. We demonstrate that these FPs are strong antioxidants that can protect live cells against oxidative stress. Finally, based on structural modeling of the responsible amino acids, we propose a model for FP antioxidant function that is driven by molecular surface charge. Together, our findings shed light on the multifaceted functions that can co-occur within a single FP and provide a framework for studying the evolution of fluorescence as it balances spectral and physiological functions in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing industry normally arise as a result of product innovations. Transiting and growing into large organizations is a critical process for the sustainable growth of SMEs, and this requires developing appropriate production systems. Such development focuses on production economics and the optimization of facility layout, production capacity, and machine utilization. These optimizations are usually achieved using discrete event simulation (DES). However, the DES primarily focuses on production optimization and is not formulated to give concurrent attention to occupational health and safety risks, where the workers' occupational health and safety are also important to production systems; hence, sustainability issues arise. Until now, the production economics and workers' health and safety are usually treated separately, and the health and safety aspects are often managed after the system has been developed. This brings increasing hazards in the production environment since adding new facilities to the system may introduce new hazards and cause further safety issues. The present paper proposes a methodology to solve the above concerns. Its key features are the use of a quality-of-life metric for determining the occupational health and safety risks of a particular work activity and the embedding thereof as a routine in DES for manufacturing plant simulation. One of the contributions of the proposed integration method is that it helps to enhance the development of production systems that support financial due diligence, as well as occupational health and safety (OHS) due diligence. This is particularly important to SMEs in the manufacturing industries, where growth comes with particular sustainability challenges related to the need to develop more systematic operational and safety management systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most organisms reproduce seasonally, including most species of marine invertebrates that live across wide ranges in habitat, depth and environmental conditions. We asked: What ultimately selects for seasonal reproduction in benthic marine invertebrates with planktotrophic larvae (characteristic of ≥70% of marine invertebrates)? We hypothesized that seasonal variation in food available for the larvae ultimately selects for timing of adult reproduction. Testing this hypothesis requires a whole life cycle perspective and approach. Using a known proximate cue, daylength, we shifted gametogenesis in the laboratory by six months in a seasonally breeding temperate sea star, the Ochre Star Pisaster ochraceus (Brandt 1835). We were then able to induce spawning, fertilize gametes and culture resulting embryos in vitro to produce feeding larvae six months out of phase with natural photoperiod. We field‐reared these out‐of‐season larvae, similarly produced in‐season conspecifics and similar larvae of an aseasonally breeding asteroid, the Bat Star Patiria miniata (Brandt 1835) in mesh‐covered flow‐through containers that were deployed in seasonally contrasting oceanographic conditions reflecting different productivity regimes and larval food availability in spring and fall. Larval development and survival were similar between seasons: for example, planktonic larval duration was 48 d to first metamorphosis in spring vs. 45 d in fall for P. ochraceus. Hence, temporal variation in available phytoplankton may not be an ultimate selection factor acting on these larvae to regulate timing of seasonal reproduction in the adults. Alternatively, in this and other species of marine invertebrates, selection acting on early benthic juveniles or other life stages may determine the timing of adult reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sound insulation and directivity of the radiated sound from double glazed windows have been measured by different researchers. Previously, airborne sound insulation models have been used to predict the associated measurement results with limited success. In this paper, the importance of accounting for the structure borne sound transmission between two glazing elements via the window frame on the prediction results is demonstrated. The decreased stiffness of the wall cavity as the depth is increased is the reason why sound transmission via the window frame needs to be considered. The reciprocity argument provided by Davy for the prediction of the directivity of sound radiating into a room is validated and it is shown that once the structure borne transmission is considered, an additional weighting term is not needed to compensate for the extra wall collisions which the sound experiences when radiated at grazing incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the focus of industrial health and safety (H&S) has been on safety and accident avoidance with relatively less attention to long-term occupational health other than via health monitoring and surveillance. The difficulty is the multiple overlapping health consequences that are difficult to separate, measure, and attribute to a source. Furthermore, many health problems occur later, not immediately on exposure, and may be cumulative. Consequently, it is difficult to conclusively identify the cause. Workers may lack knowledge of long-term consequences, and thus not use protective systems effectively. Compounding this is the lack of instruments and methodologies to measure exposure to harm. Historically, the existing risk methodologies for calculating safety risk are based on the construct of consequence and likelihood. However, this may not be appropriate for health, especially for the long-term harm, as both the consequence and likelihood may be indeterminate. This paper develops an instrument to measure the health component of workplace H&S. This is achieved by adapting the established World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) quality of life score to workplace health. Specifically, the method is to identify the likelihood of an exposure incident arising (as estimated by engineering technologists and H&S officers), followed by evaluation of the biological harm consequences. Those consequences are then scored by using the WHODAS 12-item inventory. The result is an assessment of the Diminished Quality of Life (DQL) associated with a workplace hazard. This may then be used to manage the minimization of harm, exposure monitoring, and the design of safe systems of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to chronic harm is difficult to manage and prevent in industry. There is a need to better understand the state of mind when workers disregard safety processes and expose themselves to this type of risk. This paper develops a theoretical model of the reason why workers voluntarily expose themselves to occupational health and safety (OHS) hazards. This Risk, Agency, and Safety & Health (RASH) model proposes that people willingly expose themselves to chronic injuries via a series of risk-taking processes. This causal chain starts with personal motivation and over-alignment with organisational purpose (including impression management). Ideally, that motivation would be moderated by an ability to predict future harm consequences from the task at hand, but that mechanism is weak because it is difficult to predict cause and effect, the consequences are too far in the future, and the opportunities for vicarious learning are few. The motivation then causes misdirected creativity, hence the development of personally novel ways of solving the problem, albeit with greater risk of harm. Perverse agency then sustains actions that exposure the person to harm. Original contributions are the provision of a detailed explanation for risk-taking, and the integration of multiple well-established psychological constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories used to predict the sound insulation of double-leaf cavity wall systems are usually based on the assumption that the wall is of an infinite extent. To account for the effect of the finite extent of the wall, limiting the angle of incidence, a finite radiation efficiency model or the spatial windowing method is used in order to obtain realistic predictions. However, the effects of the finite extent of the cavity are often not included. This paper presents an extension of a finite two-dimensional cavity theory to include limp panels on each side of the cavity. It is shown that the oblique incidence mass-air-mass resonance can only occur for certain frequencies and certain angles of incidence. This is the reason why the infinite extent theories under-predict the sound insulation. The results of the predicted sound insulation agree with measurements when the wall cavity is empty. To obtain agreement when the cavity is full of a porous sound absorbing material, a flow resistivity of about one-fifth of the measured value has to be used. Use of the actual flow resistivity gives sound insulation values that are 10 dB too high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial decanter centrifuges are used in a wide range of industries to separate mixtures of solids and liquids. One of the main elements of these devices is the feed accelerator, which accelerates the incoming mixture to the high rotational speed required for separation. A well-designed feed accelerator can increase product throughput, solids recovery, and liquid clarity, while a poorly designed accelerator can increase wear and reduce the overall efficiency of the machine. This article presents experimental and computational quantification of the performance of six feed accelerator designs that are currently used in decanter centrifuges. The experimental method allowed for the measurement of accelerator and pool speed efficiencies, and high-speed photography of the flow in the annular space between the accelerator and the rotating pool. The computational model allowed for prediction of the flow path in the annular space and the torque imparted on the fluid by the accelerator. A parametric study was conducted using the aforementioned computational model for drum and disk accelerators. It was found that several of the accelerator design parameters were critical to the overall performance, reinforcing the need for an optimised design. It was found that increasing the surface area of the port faces of the drum accelerator and increasing the discharge angle and discharge radius for the disk accelerator improved the performance of the accelerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current theories for predicting the sound insulation of orthotropic materials are limited to a small range of infinite panels. This paper presents a method that allows for the prediction of the sound insulation of a finite size orthotropic panel. This method uses an equation for the forced radiation impedance of a finite size rectangular panel. This approach produces an equation that has three nested integrals. The long numerical calculation times were reduced by using approximate formulas for the azimuthally averaged forced radiation impedance. This reduced the number of nested integrals from three to two. The resulting predictions are compared to results measured using two sample sizes of four different thicknesses of plywood and one sample size of another three different thicknesses of plywood. Plywood was used for all the tests because it is somewhat orthotropic. It was found during testing that the Young's moduli of the plywood were dependent on the frequency of excitation. The influence of the frequency dependent Young's moduli was then included in the prediction method. The experimental results were also compared with a simple isotropic prediction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The average specific forced radiation wave impedance of a finite rectangular panel is of importance for the prediction of both sound insulation and sound absorption. In 1982, Thomasson published numerical calculations of the average specific forced radiation wave impedance of a square of side length 2e for wave number k in half octave steps of ke from 0.25 to 64. Thomasson's calculations were for the case when the forced bending wave number kb was less than or equal to k. Thomasson also published approximate formulas for values of ke above and below the published results. This paper combines Thomasson's high and low frequency formulas and compares this combined formula with Thomasson's numerical calculations. The real part of the approximate formula is between 0.7 dB higher and -1 dB lower than the numerical calculations. The imaginary part of the approximate formula is between 2.3 dB higher and -2.6dB lower than the numerical calculations. This paper also gives approximate formulas for the case when kb is greater than or equal to k. The differences are between 0.8 and -1.2 dB for the imaginary part and between 6.2 and - 2.4 dB for the real part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sound insulation of three sandwich panels was modelled using simple sound insulation prediction methods, but the agreement between theory and experiment was not very good. The effective Young's modulus was determined over a wide frequency from the resonant frequencies of three beams of different lengths. The effective Young's modulus was found to reduce with increasing frequency as has been predicted in the literature. This decrease is due to the core starting to shear rather than bend because its Young's modulus is much less than the Young's moduli of the skins. Unfortunately the agreement between theory and experiment was still not very good. This is because many of the prediction frequencies occur in the critical frequency dip because of the variation of the Young's modulus with frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous experimental investigations have been conducted into the sound transmission loss of double leaf wall systems. From these investigations, it has been observed that the properties of the wall panels, material placed within the wall cavity as well as the type of wall connections used, greatly influence the sound transmission through the wall system. In all of these cases the wall cavity greatly affects the extent of this influence and in some cases it can even nullify their effect when changes are made. In this paper the influence of the wall cavity based on experimental trends is investigated. The investigation revealed that a wide variety of conclusions were obtained by different researchers concerning the role of the cavity and the properties of any associated sound absorption material on the sound transmission loss through double leaf wall systems. Consequently recommendations about the ways in which sound transmission through cavity systems can be improved should always be qualified with regard to the specific frequency range of interest, type of sound absorption material, wall panel and stud characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intertidal zone of tropical islands is particularly poorly known. In contrast, temperate locations such as California's Monterey Bay are fairly well studied. However, even in these locations, studies have tended to focus on a few species or locations. Here we present the results of the first broadscale surveys of invertebrate, fish and algal species richness from a tropical island, Oahu, Hawaii, and a temperate mainland coast, Central California. Data were gathered through surveys of 10 sites in the early 1970s and again in the mid-1990s in San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties, California, and of nine sites in 2001-2005 on Oahu. Surveys were conducted in a similar manner allowing for a comparison between Oahu and Central California and, for California, a comparison between time periods 24 years apart. We report a previously undocumented richness of intertidal species in both locations: 516 for Oahu and 801 for Central California. Surprisingly, when differences in search efforts are controlled, overall (alpha) diversity appears to be similar between locations, although site level (beta) diversity is much higher in California. Species richness in California generally increased along a wave exposure gradient and distance from an urban area. Much higher numbers of both invasive and endemic species were found on Oahu. In California, more invertebrate species were found in the 1990s, likely due to an improvement in taxonomic resources since the 1970s, and species composition was different in the two surveys due to the high incidence of rare species. Although some southern species increased in number between the two time periods and some northern species decreased, we detected little evidence of change favoring southern or northern species. These results are in line with recent findings that water temperatures in the Monterey Bay have been in a cooling trend since the 1980s, in contrast to many locations elsewhere in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A replacement of the ISO 717-1 standard for the calculation of the single number ratings for airborne sound insulation has been proposed. The proposed replacement, ISO 16717-1 introduces new single number ratings for airborne sound insulation. The weighted sound reduction index which has traditionally been calculated from the sound reduction index measured in the 1/3 octave bands from 100 Hz to 3150 Hz will be replaced by a new single number rating Rliving which is calculated from the 1/3 octave bands between 50 Hz and 5000 Hz. The uncertainty of the proposed single number ratings has been estimated using the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and validated using Monte Carlo simulations. The uncertainty of the single number ratings of 200 building elements was evaluated. It was found that the uncertainty of the single number ratings is highly dependent on the shape of the sound reduction index curve. The uncertainty of the new single number rating Rliving was found to be greater than the uncertainty of the traditional weighted sound reduction index for 98% of the 200 lightweight building elements included in the evaluation. It is recommended that the current weighted sound reduction index be maintained in the replacement standard until the uncertainty of the calculation of the sound reduction index at the low frequencies can be reduced through a redefinition of the measurand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1977, Phidiana hiltoni (O'Donoghue in J. Entomol Zool (Pomona College, Claremont, California) 19:77-119, ) began spreading northward from Monterey, California. By 1992, it had reached Duxbury Reef (37° 53′ 23″ N, 122° 41′ 59″ W), 100 km to the north, where other nudibranchs subsequently appeared to decline. The role of P. hiltoni in this decline was investigated through diet analysis, feeding trials, and comparison of historical and recent abundance data. In the wild, P. hiltoni preyed largely on hydroids, but also showed evidence of predation on nudibranchs. In the laboratory, P. hiltoni attacked most of the dendronotid and aeolid nudibranchs presented to it, ingesting small individuals whole. The pooled abundance of nudibranchs vulnerable to attack by P. hiltoni declined an average of two-thirds at Duxbury Reef since its arrival, compared to (1) no change in the non-vulnerable species and (2) no change in either group at two other sites where P. hiltoni was one to two orders of magnitude less abundant. Phidiana hiltoni therefore appears to have caused this decline, likely through a combination of direct predation and competition for prey. A brief larval period, combined with cyclonic re-circulation in the lee of Point Reyes, may be driving self-recruitment of P. hiltoni at Duxbury Reef, as well as hindering further northward spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equations to calculate the uncertainty of the EN12354-1 estimate of the flanking sound reduction index due to the uncertainty of the input data are derived using the method of the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). The uncertainty equations have been validated using Monte Carlo simulations. It is shown that the magnitude of the uncertainty depends on the uncertainty of the resonant sound reduction indices of the elements, the uncertainty of the vibration reduction index and the uncertainty of the equivalent absorption lengths and areas of the elements. However, equations could not be derived to calculate the uncertainty of the EN12354 estimate of the apparent sound reduction index which has a log-normal probability density function and is therefore outside of the scope of the method of GUM. Monte Carlo simulations must be used to calculate the uncertainty of the apparent sound reduction index. It is recommended that guidance for calculating and declaring the uncertainty is included in future versions of EN12354, ISO10848 and ISO15712. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of organismal biology. The aim of the field is to describe and foster an understanding of responses of complex biological systems to environmental challenges. In the authors' view, the opportunity to originate or initiate new avenues of integrative biology should be boosted to benefit the field. They also recommend returning comparative biology to the same level of importance as research on a modern model organism.

The probability density functions of each of the terms described in the standards, EN12354-1 and ISO10848-1 are identified in this study using experimental data and data from Monte Carlo simulations. Identification of the probability density functions is essential if the uncertainty of the prediction methods described in the standards is to be determined. It is concluded that the uncertainty of most of the logarithmic terms of the standards may be calculated using the guidelines of the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. However, Monte Carlo simulations will need to be used to calculate the uncertainty of the apparent transmission loss, the apparent sound reduction index and all of the linear terms of the standards. As a result of this study, alternative calculations for the direction averaged velocity level difference and the flanking transmission loss are proposed for lightweight building elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is much interest in applying EN12354-1 to lightweight buildings elements which may have critical frequencies above the frequency range of interest. The standard requires that only the resonant component of the sound reduction index be used in the predictions and therefore a reliable method of calculating the resonant component is needed for these elements. Several methods of calculating the resonant component are examined in this study. It was found that the various predictions of the resonant component can differ by as much as 18 dB. Calculation of the resonant component by subtracting the theoretical non-resonant component from the measured value was unreliable due to measurement uncertainty. Calculation of the resonant component using correction factors based on the components of the mean square velocity may be possible but may also be susceptible to measurement uncertainty. Definitive guidance for calculating the resonant component is needed in future revisions of EN12354-1 if it is to be applied to lightweight constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a follow-up study on trampling in the rocky intertidal of central California. The section examines two previous studies performed 14 years apart on the same rocky intertidal platform off Santa Cruz, California, with areas differing in the intensity of human trampling. The first study observed little impact by human trampling, while the second similarly found little evidence of impact or change. In this study, a different, stratified sampling regime, and trampling effects were demonstrated. The study, synonymous to the two previous studies, found two rockweed species that were abundant on the less trampled sites were completely absent at the most trampled.

Ambient salinities drop dramatically during monsoon season in Hoag Kong coastal waters, posing a number of problems for externally fertilizing species like the polychaete Hydroides elegans. In this study, we investigated (1) whether adults would retain their gametes when external salinity dropped to levels too low to support fertilization and development, and (2) whether failure of development at low salinity reflects a failure of fertilization or a failure of fertilized eggs to cleave. Adults released eggs and sperm in the laboratory even at the lowest salinity tested, a practical salinity (S) of 5, and yet very few eggs cleaved at salinities below about 22. By mixing gametes at high salinity and then transferring the fertilized eggs to low-salinity seawater, we found that salinities below about 22 reduced the percentage of fertilized eggs that cleaved. Similarly, mixing gametes at salinities as low as 15 and then transferring the eggs to full-strength seawater (S = 30) rescued a substantial number of eggs, many more of which cleaved after their transfer to the higher salinity. The results suggest that failure of early development at low salinity in this species in large part reflects an inability of newly fertilized eggs to complete meiosis and cleave, rather than simply a failure of fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In stark contrast to the rapid morphological radiation of eumetazoans during the Cambrian explosion, the simple body plan of sponges (Phylum Porifera) emerged from the Cambrian relatively unchanged. Although the genetic and developmental underpinnings of these disparate evolutionary outcomes are unknown. comparisons between modern sponges and eumetazoans promise to reveal the extent to which critical genetic factors were present in their common ancestors. Two particularly interesting classes of genes in this respect are those involved in cell signaling and adhesion. These genes help guide development and morphogenesis in modern eumetazoans, but the timing and sequence of their origins is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the sponge OscarelIa carmela, one of the earliest branching animals, expresses core components of the Wnt, transforming growth factor β, receptor tyrosine kinase, Notch, Hedgehog, and Jak/Stat signaling pathways. Furthermore, we identify sponge homologs of nearly every major eumetazoan cell-adhesion gene family, including those that encode cell-surface receptors, cytoplasmic linkers, and extracellular-matrix proteins. From these data, we infer that key signaling and adhesion genes were in place early in animal evolution, before the divergence of sponge and eumetazoan lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The main aim of the study was to examine the efficacy of the appropriate adult (AA) safeguard for vulnerable adult and juvenile suspects undergoing police interviews. Method. We examined the records of suspects held in custody by the London Metropolitan Police at 74 charging stations during February 1997 (Medford, Gudjonsson, & Pearse, 2000). Adult suspects whose custody record indicated psychological vulnerability were included in the study, as well as juvenile suspects. Audiotaped interviews of suspects were analysed using a special coding frame. The contribution (or lack of contribution) made by the AA, the extent to which they fulfilled their role, and the effect of their presence on other persons and interview outcome were examined and analysed. Results. Of the 501 interviews available for analysis, 365 (73%) were with adult suspects and 136 (27%) with juveniles. An AA was present during 212 (58%) adult interviews and 135 (99%) juvenile interviews. The AAs of juveniles, who were mainly family members and friends, contributed more in interview, both appropriately and inappropriately, than did social workers and volunteers, although overall there was little direct intervention by the AA. Conclusions. Although AAs contribute little to the police interview in terms of verbal interactions, their mere presence during the police interview has three important effects. First, in the case of adults, but not juveniles, it increases the likelihood that a legal representative will be present. Second, it appears to be associated with less interrogative pressure in interview. Third, in the presence of an AA, the legal representative takes on a more active role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on a study which examined the occurrence of ultra violet-absorbing, mycosporine-like amino acids in four sympatric species of sea anemones in the genus Anthopleura. Features of the amino acids; Cause of structural diversity among the 20-plus known mycosporine-like amino acids and their precursors; Species that synthesize the acids.

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Discusses a cross-fertilization experimental study of two unnamed, sympatric species of sea urchins in the Echinometra mathaei species complex, Echinometra species A (Ea) and C (Ec). Sympatric biological species of sea urchins; Materials and methods; Comparisons of laboratory-reared adult Ea and Ec and their reciprocal hybrids; Existence of natural hybrids; Discussion.

This article discusses a study which investigated the types of tactics applied by police officers to overcome a resistant suspect and obtain a criminal confession. The study used a specially constructed coding frame to analyze interview data from several criminal cases. It identified a total of 39 tactics employed by police officers in questioning suspects. It revealed six factors using the varimax procedure: Intimidation, Robust Challenge, Manipulation, Question Style, Appeal and Soft Challenge.

Failure to identify potential psychological vulnerabilities of people entering the Criminal Justice System continues to present a serious problem for the police and other agencies. This paper reviews some of the problems involved which include: the nature of the handicap itself, current guidelines and definitions, and somewhat arbitrary legal interpretations by the courts. An experiments is described in which police officers chose not to identify someone as vulnerable or 'at risk', desire information in all conditions having been biased towards eliciting a positive judgement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SYNOPSIS. Marine invertebrates develop in waters that extend from the poles to the equator, experiencing the full range of environmental temperature and food conditions. How selection has modified their development under the influence of these two factors has been a matter of debate. In this paper we argue that the primary influence on developmental rate is temperature, while other factors such as food availability are much less important. From existing literature we demonstrate that (1) developmental rates of both lecithotrophic and planktotrophic asteroids decrease in a similar way from the tropics to the poles, as they do also in other groups of invertebrates (echinoids, molluscs, crustaceans), and (2) rates of development at any one temperature cluster around the function describing the effect of temperature, without any relationship to egg size, suggesting that developmental rates are near the maximum for a given temperature regardless of other variables such as nutrition. We also investigated the response of development to temperature in four species of planktotrophic asteroids, one tropical, one temperate, two polar. There was limited temperature compensation among these four species, but little or no apparent ability to compensate for the retarding effects of reduced temperature within species. Arrhenius analysis of the data suggests that Q values for the upper region of each species' tolerance range are approximately 2, indicating that enzyme-based reactions have evolved to be closely integrated with uncatalyzed, temperature-dependent, physicalchemical processes. Values of Q at lower regions of the tolerance range, on the other hand, range between 9.5 and 14.7, indicative of abrupt temperature-dependent shifts in reaction equilibria, or in the organization of macromolecules and membranes. We conclude that temperature itself, rather than egg size, food, or other variables, best explains observed latitudinal differences in developmental rates in marine invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Work on the life histories of common antarctic benthic marine invertebrates over the past several decades demands a revision of several widely held paradigms. First, contrary to expectations derived from work on temperate species, there is little or no evidence for temperature adaptation with respect to reproduction (gametogenesis), development, and growth. It remains to be determined whether the slow rates of these processes reflect some inherent inability to adapt to low temperatures, or are a response to features of the antarctic marine environment not directly related to low temperature, such as low food resources. Secondly, contrary to the widely accepted opinion designated as “Thorson's rule,” pelagic development is common in many groups of shallow-water marine invertebrates. In fact in some groups, such as asteroids,pelagic development is as prevalent in McMurdo Sound, the southern-most open-water marine environment in the world, as in central California. In other taxonomic groups, especially gastropods, there does seem to be a genuine trend toward non-pelagic development from tropical to antarctic latitudes. Although this trend has been predicted by theoretical models, its underlying causes appear to be group specific rather than general. Thirdly, pelagic lecithotrophic development, often considered to be of negligible importance, occurs in many shallow-water antarctic marine macroinvertebrates. Pelagic lecithotrophy may be an adaptation to a combination of poor food conditions in antarctic waters most of the year and slow rates of development. Nevertheless, some of the most abundant and widespread antarctic marine invertebrates have pelagic planktotrophic larvae that take very long times to complete development to metamorphosis. These species areparticularly prevalent in productive regions of shallow water (<30 m), which are frequently disturbed by anchor ice formation, and the production of numerous pelagic planktotrophic larvaemay represent a strategy for colonization. Although planktotrophic larvae tend to be seasonal in occurrence, their production is not linked particularly closely to the mid-summer pulse of phytoplankton production. These larvae show no evidence of starvation, even during times when phytoplankton abundance is very low, and they may depend on unusual sources of food, such as bacteria. How they escape the selective conditions that apparently led to a predominance of non-feeding modes of development in antarctic marine invertebrates remains as a major challenge for antarctic marine biology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Three species of benthic marine macroalgae comprise the chief components of the seaweed flora of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Quantitative studies at Cape Evans demonstrate a depth-related distribution pattern, with (Turner) Bory in shallow water, A. and E. S. Gepp abundant and fertile at intermediate depths, and (Foslie) Adey dominant below 20 m. The vertical distribution of species is correlated with irradiance levels. At sites with thinner annual sea ice and less snow accumulation (, Cape Evans, Cape Royds, and Granite Harbor), vertical distributions are shifted downward relative to those at sites that remain covered most of the year with thick or snow-covered fast ice (, Cape Armitage and New Harbor). Disturbance caused by ice scour and anchor ice probably determines the upper limit of algal distribution; herbivory is apparently absent. There is a disproportionate representation of cystocarpic female gametophytes in populations of and . Perennation via persistent basal crusts and apogamic recycling of gametophytes are suggested as factors structuring phase distribution. Although the overall size of blades is greater (and cystocarpic plants more abundant) at Cape Royds than at Cape Evans, cystocarpic blades are similar in minimum size at both sites, indicating a threshhold size or age for the onset of reproduction in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

SYNOPSIS. Gametogenesis and gonadal growth in the west coast sea star normally begins in the fall and leads to large gonads full of gametes in the spring, when spawning occurs. The timing of gametogenesis can be shifted simply by maintaining the animals on a seasonally changing photoperiodic regime out of phase with ambient. When they are kept on a spring-summer photoperiodic regime during the fall and winter, gametogenesis proceeds 6 mo ahead of schedule in the following spring and summer. Gametogenesis can be shifted out of phase even when the eyespots are removed. Short daylengths that normally occur during the fall and winter are not required for gametogenesis to proceed, nor are even the long daylengths of spring and summer that precede the initiation of gametogenesis in the fall. The temporal program is insensitive to fixed daylengths (LD 15:9, 13:11, 12:12, 9:15) and appears to involve an endogenous calendar. Shifting the photoperiodic regime 6 mo out of phase also leads to a shift of the gametogenic temporal program in the sea stars sp. (a brooder) and (from the New England coast), but not in the sea star . Gametogenic timing also can be switched in the sea urchin but the mechanism of the photoperiodic response is fundamentally different; gametogenesis requires short daylengths; continues indefinitely under a repeated short day, fall-winter photoperiod regime, and apparently does not involve an endogenous calendar. As photoperiodic responses are investigated further in these and other marine invertebrates, the models developed primarily from studies on terrestrial organisms may need to be extensively modified or additional new models required. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper outlines the findings of an analysis of 161 audio-taped police interviews with suspects detained at two London police stations. In particular it examines the extent to which suspects exercise their right to silence, the role of the solicitor within the interview and whether or not a confession was made. A legal adviser was present in 56% of the cases, the highest recorded figure to date. Qualified solicitors accounted for 24% of this figure with legal representatives making up the remaining 32%. Whilst the majority of suspects chose to answer all police questions highly significant relationships were found between the presence of a legal adviser and (1) a suspect's decision to exercise the right to silence and (2) a suspect's decision not to confess. A confession or admission was made in 58% of the cases. The finding that the number of confessions made in interview has remained relatively stable over the last decade (despite an increase in legal advice and a decrease in manipulative police tactics) is discussed. This study encountered considerable difficulty in determining the actual status of the legal adviser. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the ambiguous role of the ‘appropriate adult’ within the criminal justice system and questions whether it actually represents a safeguard that protects vulnerable suspects. The paper will focus on the many problems associated with carrying out the role in accordance with current guidelines in relation to both juvenile and mentally vulnerable adult suspects. The main problems include the vagueness of the role, the lack of identification, and the absence of any formal system to implement the safeguard, together with crucial difficulties in relation to issues of confidentiality and independence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Growth zones in echinoid skeletal ossicles are mainly the result of differences in structural characteristics. In the test plates, opaque zones, which appear light in reflected light, dark in transmitted light, and are X-ray dense, have relatively larger trabecules and smaller intertrabecular channels. Translucent zones, which appear dark in reflected light, light in transmitted light, and are less X-ray dense, have relatively smaller trabecules and larger intertrabecular channels. Organic material in the plates, especially when pigmented or charred, enhances the appearance of the growth zones. Opaque zones result from relatively fast plate growth while translucent zones result from relatively slow plate growth; food deprivation leads to the formation of translucent zones. The growth zones appear to be formed seasonally, at least in some cases, probably in relation to seasonal changes in growth rates, and perhaps in relation to seasonal reproductive activity [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper analyses the techniques used by police officers at two South London Police Stations: Orpington and Peckham. Audio tapes of 161 police interviews were analysed with regard to their duration, type of techniques employed, suspects' reactions, and the number of confessions obtained. The findings reveal that the great majority of the interviews are short, non-confrontational, and that exchanges are conducted with polite and compliant suspects. The Orpington suspects were significantly more ‘co-operative’ than their Peckham counterparts which may reflect quite different social and demographic conditions. In only a fifth of the cases did the police employ any challenging tactics to question the suspect's version of events. Overall, there were fewer coercive or manipulative tactics employed compared with earlier studies although the number of confessions or admissions obtained has remained relatively constant. Recommendations are made for police interview training to reflect these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on changes in format and system for handling manuscripts of "Integrative and Comparative Biology."

More non-native species (NNS) are reported from harbors, estuaries and protected embayments than in wave-exposed, open-coast habitats. In California (USA), hundreds of NNS have become established in international ports, and dozens are known from smaller estuaries. In contrast, only 22 NNS are reported from the state’s 1350 km of open coast. As a result, the perception that open-coast habitats are not vulnerable to invasions has persisted. Management and monitoring focuses on ports and estuaries; the last major monitoring effort on the open coast occurred in 2004. Much of the species-rich Central California coast is now part of a network of marine protected areas (MPAs). We surveyed 12 wave-swept rocky intertidal and eight subtidal sites (from 37°53′40N 122°42′30W to 36°31′16N 121°56′22W) for NNS. At least one NNS was detected at half of the sites surveyed, but most were not widespread or abundant. One exception, a bryozoan in the Watersipora spp. complex, known primarily from ports and estuaries, was found at multiple sites, and was abundant at some. Another non-native, the alga Caulacanthus ustulatus, was abundant at a single site. MPAs were just as likely as sites outside of MPAs to have NNS. For subtidal sites, proximity to a harbor was correlated with the abundance of non-natives. Our findings suggest that our study area is still relatively uninvaded, but the success of Watersipora within some of these highly diverse rocky shore sites underscores the potential vulnerability of high-value open-coast systems to invasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the growth of integrative biology. Lists of integrative biologists or naturalists in the history of biology; Practice of integrative biology; Characteristics of naturalists that biologists should possess.