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An amide-type local anesthetic drug, bupivacaine hydrochloride (BupiHCl), in the form of racemate is listed in the European and American pharmacopoeias and continues to be used in medicine. Thermal and X-ray analysis of commercial BupiHCl monohydrate was performed by differential scanning calorimetry with thermogravimetry, hot stage microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Endothermic dehydration occurs at the temperature range of 73-130 °C for DSC-TG 111 (Setaram) and at 83-150 °C for DSC 404 (Netzsch). Both curves at 2 and 10 °C min clearly reflect phase transformation of anhydrous Form I into II before reaching the melting point. A well-defined exothermic phase transition of BupiHCl was detected at a lower heating rate. Temperature-resolved X-ray diffraction in conjunction with DSC led to determining a similarity between the obtained thermal events. Microscopic investigation also confirmed the above-mentioned transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard molar enthalpies of solution of glycine, L-α-alanine, L-α-valine and L-α-leucine in aqueous solutions of urea at 298.15 K were determined by calorimetry. The results obtained were used to calculate the heterogeneous enthalpic interaction coefficients between the zwitterions of the L-α-amino acids and a molecule of urea in water. The values of the resultant enthalpic interaction coefficients are interpreted in terms of the effects of the hydrophobic alkyl groups on the interactions between the zwitterions of the L-α-amino acids and a polar molecule of urea in aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enthalpies of solution and dilution of glycine, L-α-alanine, L-valine, L-α-leucine, L-α-serine and L-α-threonine in water were measured at 298.15 K. The results were applied to calculate the enthalpic coefficients of homogeneous interactions between zwitterions of L-α-amino acids in aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]