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Studying the dynamics of magnetic plasmas in the presence of pressure gradients, gravity, and Lorentz forces is essential for understanding wave generation and propagation in the solar atmosphere and other magnetic environments. Various solar phenomena, including sunspots, spicules, and coronal loops, are explored within these environments. We consider them as waveguides. These waveguides are interpreted as magnetic flux tubes, providing valuable information about wave properties. The dissipation of magnetohydrodynamic waves in hot coronal loops is investigated using a two-dimensional Cartesian model. The findings demonstrate a decrease in pulse amplitude, and dissipation or damping manifests across distinct segments of the magnetic flux tube as time progresses. We find that the considered viscosity in our model can accelerate the wave damping in the coronal loop, which is in agreement with the results reported by Ofman & Wang (2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is presented to investigate the exact solutions to the modified Zakharov- Kuznetsov equation that have a critical role to play in mathematical physics. The tan (φ (ζ) /2)- expansion, (m + G'(ζ)/G(ζ))-expansion and He exponential function methods are used to reveal various analytical solutions of the model. The equation regulates the treatment of weakly nonlinear ion-acoustic waves in a plasma consisting of cold ions and hot isothermal electrons throughout the existence of a uniform magnetic field. Solutions in forms of W-shaped, singular, periodic-bright and bright are constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present rigorous analytical and computational models to study the plasma-waves in a gated-bilayer system present in a double-channel high electron mobility transistor. By analytically deriving the dispersion relations, we have identified the optical and acoustic modes in such systems. We find that the presence of the metal gate selectively modifies the optical plasmons of an ungatedbilayer, while the acoustic plasmons remain largely unchanged. Analysis shows that these modified optical plasmons could be advantageous for resonant and non-resonant plasma-wave devices. The paper further serves to verify our analytical formulae using a full-wave hydrodynamic numerical solver, based on finite difference time domain algorithm. Using the solver, we examine these modes in the gated/ungated bilayers under a plane wave excitation. We observe that, most incident power couples to the optical mode for such an excitation. Nevertheless, acoustic modes can also be excited, if the discontinuity dimensions are optimized accordingly. These observations are also explained using 2D field-plots for the first time, thus providing intuitive understanding of the plasmon excitation in the bilayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direction of developing plasma magnetic control systems in D-shaped tokamaks with its actuality and scientific novelty is presented. Shortly the poloidal systems of ITER and DEMO are characterized. The new imitation computer digital platform for modeling plasma magnetic control systems in real time for application in physical experiments is described. The preliminary results of testing the plasma magnetic control system for the Globus-M2 tokamak (Ioffe Institute, S-Petersburg, Russia) on the target computer of the platform are given. The digital twin of the imitation platform is characterized. The methodology of risk minimization is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanisms of fast electron energy deposition in dense magnetized plasma are studied by hybrid particle-in-cell/fluid simulations. It is found that the energy deposition ratio of Ohmic heating and collisional heating can be enhanced significantly as an Al target is presented in a strongly axial magnetic field, attributed to the fast electrons rotating around the axial field. The weight of Ohmic heating is increased with laser intensity during ultraintense laser-driven fast electrons propagating both in magnetized and unmagnetized solid targets, which is the dominant heating mechanism as the laser intensity is greater than 1018 W/cm2 compared to the collisional heating. The degree of the axial magnetic field effect on the fast electron energy deposition mechanisms is dependent on target materials, which is much weaker for low-Z targets, such as CH2. The results here should be helpful for the target designing of fast electron applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma turbulence is studied via direct numerical simulations in a two-dimensional spatial geometry. Using a hybrid Vlasov-Maxwell model, we investigate the possibility of a velocity-space cascade. A novel theory of space plasma turbulence has been recently proposed by Servidio et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 205101 (2017)], supported by a three-dimensional Hermite decomposition applied to spacecraft measurements, showing that velocity space fluctuations of the ion velocity distribution follow a broad-band, power-law Hermite spectrum P(m), where m is the Hermite index. We numerically explore these mechanisms in a more magnetized regime. We find that (1) the plasma reveals spectral anisotropy in velocity space, due to the presence of an external magnetic field (analogous to spatial anisotropy of fluid and plasma turbulence); (2) the distribution of energy follows the prediction P ( m ) ∼ m − 2 , proposed in the above theoretical-observational work; and (3) the velocity-space activity is intermittent in space, being enhanced close to coherent structures such as the reconnecting current sheets produced by turbulence. These results may be relevant to the nonlinear dynamics weakly collisional plasma in a wide variety of circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rosetta orbiter witnessed several hundred diamagnetic cavity crossings (unmagnetized regions) around comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during its two year survey of the comet. The characteristics of the plasma environment inside these diamagnetic regions are studied using in situ measurements by the Rosetta Plasma Consortium instruments. Although the unmagnetized plasma density has been observed to exhibit little dynamics compared to the very dynamical magnetized cometary plasma, we detected several localized dynamic plasma structures inside those diamagnetic regions. These plasma structures are not related to the direct ionization of local cometary neutrals. The structures are found to be steepened, asymmetric plasma enhancements with typical rising-to-descending slope ratio of ~2.8 (±1.9), skewness ~0.43 (±0.36), mean duration of ~2.7 (±0.9) min and relative density variation ΔN/N of ~0.5 (±0.2), observed close to the electron exobase. Similar steepened plasma density enhancements were detected at the magnetized boundaries of the diamagnetic cavity as well as outside the diamagnetic region. The plausible scalelength and propagation direction of the structures are estimated from simple plasma dynamics considerations. It is suggested that they are large-scale unmagnetized plasma enhancements, transmitted from the very dynamical outer magnetized region to the inner magnetic field-free cavity region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmoids, overdense blobs of plasma containing magnetic fields and high-energy particles, are a self-consistent outcome of the reconnection process in the relativistic regime. Recent two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations have shown that plasmoids can undergo a variety of processes (e.g. mergers, bulk acceleration, growth, and advection) within the reconnection layer. We developed a Monte Carlo code, benchmarked with the recent PIC simulations, to examine the effects of these processes on the steady-state size and momentum distributions of the plasmoid chain. The differential plasmoid size distribution is shown to be a power law, ranging from a few plasma skin depths to ~0.1 of the reconnection layer's length. The power-law slope is shown to be linearly dependent upon the ratio of the plasmoid acceleration and growth rates, which slightly decreases with increasing plasma magnetization. We perform a detailed comparison of our results with those of recent PIC simulations and briefly discuss the astrophysical implications of our findings through the representative case of flaring events from blazar jets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical analysis of magnetic pressure effects in a magnetized liner inertial fusion-like plasma is presented. In previous publications [F. García-Rubio and J. Sanz, Phys. Plasmas 24, 072710 (2017)], the evolution of a hot magnetized plasma in contact with a cold unmagnetized plasma, aiming to represent the hot spot and liner, respectively, was investigated in planar geometry. The analysis was made in a double limit low Mach and high thermal to magnetic pressure ratio β. In this paper, the analysis is extended to an arbitrary pressure ratio. Nernst, Ettingshausen, and Joule effects come into play in the energy balance. The region close to the liner is governed by thermal conduction, while the Joule dissipation becomes predominant far from it when the pressure ratio is low. Mass ablation, thermal energy, and magnetic flux losses are reduced with plasma magnetization, characterized by the electron Hall parameter ω e τ e , until β values of order unity are reached. From this point forward, increasing the electron Hall parameter no longer improves the magnetic flux conservation, and mass ablation is enhanced due to the magnetic pressure gradients. A thoughtful simplification of the problem that allows to reduce the order of the system of governing equations while still retaining the finite β effects is presented and compared to the exact case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the problem of radiation from a traveling-wave antenna in a warm electron plasma which moves along a strong magnetic field at a constant velocity. To describe the electromagnetic properties of the plasma, we use the diagonal tensor of dielectric permittivity, which is calculated for a magnetized plasma with the Maxwellian electron velocity distribution allowing for collisions of electrons with neutral molecules. The dispersion relation is analyzed numerically, and expressions for the field amplitudes in the wave zone are obtained. The radiation resistance of the antenna is calculated. It is shown that as the phase velocity of the traveling current wave in the antenna approaches the average velocity of the plasma motion, the radiation field decreases exponentially with distance from the source as a result of the efficient transfer of the wave energy to the plasma electrons due to collisionless interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We generalize the equations, which describe the backward-wave oscillator regime in the magnetized plasma in the presence of a jump (“step”) in the velocity distribution function of energetic charged particles, to the case of an arbitrary direction of the wave relative to an external magnetic field and an arbitrary wave mode. The dependence of instability threshold on the angle χ between the wave vector k and the external magnetic field B0 for whistler-mode waves and a slow extraordinary wave (Z-mode) is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of time evolution of initial perturbation excited at the development of the Buneman instability (BI) in plasma with dissipation is solved. Developing fields are presented in the form of a wave train with slowly varying amplitude. It is shown that the evolution of the initial pulse in space and time is given by the differential equation of third order. The equation is solved and the expression for the asymptotic pulse shape is obtained. The expression gives the most complete information on the instability: the space-time distribution of the fields, growth rates, velocities of unstable perturbations, the influence of the collisions/dissipation on the instability, its character, (absolute/convective), etc. All these characteristics of the BI are carried out by analyzing the expression for the shape. The obtained results may be applied to any system in which the red-shifted electron stream oscillations resonantly interact with ions. Asymptotic shapes of the BI are presented for various levels of dissipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser pulse compression using magnetized resonance near the upper-hybrid frequency is promising for achieving higher output intensity in regimes previously thought impossible using unmagnetized plasmas. Using one dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we verify that, by partially replacing plasma with an external transverse magnetic field of megagauss scale, the output pulse can be intensified by a factor of a few, due to the increased allowable amplification time despite a decreased growth rate. Further improvement is impeded by the generation of an electromagnetic wakefield, to which the amplified pulse loses more energy than it does in the unmagnetized case. This limitation can however be circumvented by the use of a stronger pump. In contrast to unmagnetized compression, the magnetized amplification remains efficient when the pump intensity is well above the wavebreaking threshold, until a higher phase-mixing threshold is exceeded. This surprising resilience to wavebreaking in magnetized plasma is of great benefit for magnetized compression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of quantum effects on the excitation of two instabilities, namely quantum dustacoustic and quantum dust-lower-hybrid waves due to the free streaming of ion/dust particles in uniformly magnetized dusty plasmas has been investigated using a quantum hydrodynamic model. We have obtained dispersion relations under some particular conditions applied on streaming ions and two contrastreaming dust particle beams at equilibrium and have analyzed the growth rates graphically. We have shown that with the increase of both the electron number density and the streaming speed of ion there is enhancement in the instability due to the fact that the dense plasma particle system with more energetic species having a high speed results in the increase of the growth rate in the electrostatic mode. The application of this work has been pointed out for laboratory as well as for space dusty plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously developed a tri-diagonalized finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm based on the weighted Laguerre polynomials (WLPs) for modeling wave propagation in magnetized plasma. The algorithm demonstrated dramatic CPU time reduction in comparison with the original WLP-FDTD algorithm. However, a splitting error was caused owing to the additional perturbation term. In this paper, an iterative scheme is introduced to the tri-diagonalized WLP-FDTD algorithm to further reduce the splitting error. Numerical example shows the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Raman scattering of circularly polarized laser beams in a magnetized plasma channel is investigated. The scattering is considered as parametric instability. Dispersion relations of backward and forward scattered waves in a magnetized plasma are derived in a weakly relativistic regime. Growth rates of the corresponding instabilities are calculated. The effects of laser intensity and its polarization as well as the strength of the magnetic field and corresponding cyclotron frequency along with plasma density and its inhomogeneity on the growth rate of Raman scattering are examined. The study shows that the left-handed circularly polarized laser beam has different behaviors in comparison to the right-handed beam, and their growth rates are different due to the anisotropic properties of the magnetized plasma. In addition, Raman scattering in an inhomogeneous plasma with a linear density profile is investigated. The comparison between homogeneous and inhomogeneous plasmas has indicated that inhomogeneity reduces the growth rate. The frequency shift of scattered waves, when laser intensity is high, is studied in the magnetized plasma. The findings indicate that the shift depends on laser intensity and its polarization as well as plasma density and dc magnetic field. The frequency shift can be used as a diagnostic tool for density measurement in laser-plasma interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear Brillouin backward scattering of a linearly polarized short laser pulse propagating through a homogenous nonextensive distributed plasma in the presence of a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to both the direction of propagation and electric vector of the radiation field is investigated theoretically when ponderomotive relativistic and nonlinearity effects up to third order are taken into account. The governing equations for nonlinear wave in the context of nonextensive statistics are given, and the nonextensive coupled equations describing the nonlinear Brillouin backward scattering instability are solved by the Fourier transformation method, and the growth rate of the nonlinear Brillouin backward scattering instability is obtained. The results in the case q → 1 are consistent with those in the framework of the Maxwellian distribution. It is found that the instability growth rate increases on increasing plasma density, radiation field amplitude, and nonextensive parameter, while the instability growth rate shows a decrease due to the presence of external magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of magnetized capacitively coupled plasmas (CCPs) driven by combined dc/rf sources in argon have been investigated by a one-dimensional implicit Particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision model. Discharges operating at 13.56 MHz with a fixed rf voltage of 300 V are simulated at the pressure of 50 mTorr in argon. Four cases, i.e., CCP driven by rf source, rf + dc sources, rf source with magnetic field, and rf + dc sources with magnetic field, are presented and compared at the Vdc = -100 V, B = 50 Gs, and γi = 0.2. It is found that, with the influence of dc voltage and magnetic field, the plasma density has been greatly enhanced by over one order of magnitude over the rf-only case. This is due to the fact that the mean free path of electrons decreases by the cyclotron motion and the energetic secondary electrons are trapped by the magnetic field, leading to a significant increase in heating and ionization rates. Moreover, transition of the stochastic to Ohmic electron heating mechanism takes place as the magnetic field increases because electron kinetics can be strongly affected by the magnetic field. In general, we have demonstrated that such a configuration will enhance the discharge and thus enable CCPs work under extremely high energy density stably that can never be operated by any other configurations. We expect that such a configuration can promote many related applications, like etching, sputtering, and deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our understanding of laser-plasma instability (LPI) physics has improved dramatically over the past two decades through advancements in experimental techniques, diagnostics, and theoretical and modeling approaches. We have progressed from single-beam experiments-ns pulses with ∼kJ energy incident on hundred-micron-scale target plasmas with ∼keV electron temperatures-to ones involving nearly 2MJ energy in 192 beams onto multi-mm-scale plasmas with temperatures ∼4 keV. At the same time, we have also been able to use smaller-scale laser facilities to substantially improve our understanding of LPI physics and evaluate novel approaches to their control. These efforts have led to a change in paradigm for LPI research, ushering in an era of engineering LPI to accomplish specific objectives, from tuning capsule implosion symmetry to fixing nonlinear saturation of LPI processes at acceptable levels to enable the exploration of high energy density physics in novel plasma regimes. A tutorial is provided that reviews the progress in the field from the vantage of the foundational LPI experimental results. The pedagogical framework of the simplest models of LPI will be employed, but attention will also be paid to settings where more sophisticated models are needed to understand the observations. Prospects for the application of our improved understanding for inertial fusion (both indirect- and direct-drive) and other applications will also be discussed. Published by AIP Publishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the recent remarkable progress in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability control in the C-2U advanced beam driven field-reversed configuration (FRC), turbulent transport has become one of the foremost obstacles on the path towards an FRC-based fusion reactor. Significant effort has been made to expand kinetic simulation capabilities in FRC magnetic geometry. The recently upgraded Gyrokinetic Toroidal Code (GTC) now accommodates realistic magnetic geometry from the C-2U experiment at Tri Alpha Energy, Inc. and is optimized to efficiently handle the FRC's magnetic field line orientation. Initial electrostatic GTC simulations find that ion-scale instabilities are linearly stable in the FRC core for realistic pressure gradient drives. Estimated instability thresholds from linear GTC simulations are qualitatively consistent with critical gradients determined from experimental Doppler backscattering fluctuation data, which also find ion scale modes to be depressed in the FRC core. Beyond GTC, A New Code (ANC) has been developed to accurately resolve the magnetic field separatrix and address the interaction between the core and scrape-off layer regions, which ultimately determines global plasma confinement in the FRC. The current status of ANC and future development targets are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant improvement of field reversed configuration (FRC) lifetime and plasma confinement times in the C-2 plasma, called High Performance FRC regime, has been observed with neutral beam injection (NBI), improved edge stability, and better wall conditioning [Binderbauer et al., Phys. Plasmas 22, 056110 (2015)]. A Quasi-1D (Q1D) fluid transport code has been developed and employed to carry out transport analysis of such C-2 plasma conditions. The Q1D code is coupled to a Monte-Carlo code to incorporate the effect of fast ions, due to NBI, on the background FRC plasma. Numerically, the Q1D transport behavior with enhanced transport coefficients (but with otherwise classical parametric dependencies) such as 5 times classical resistive diffusion, classical thermal ion conductivity, 20 times classical electron thermal conductivity, and classical fast ion behavior fit with the experimentally measured time evolution of the excluded flux radius, lineintegrated density, and electron/ion temperature. The numerical study shows near sustainment of poloidal flux for nearly 1ms in the presence of NBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dispersion law and the anomalous magnetic moment of a neutrino in a magnetized electron-positron plasma are investigated as functions of the magnetic field strength, the polarization state, energy, direction of motion, and mass of the neutrino, and the parameters of the plasma. The calculation was performed by the method of the time Green's functions at finite temperature. Results for a massive neutrino in the limiting case are compared with the results of other authors, obtained earlier for a massless left-handed neutrino. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend previous analytical calculations of 2D high-β equilibria in order-unity aspect ratio tokamaks with toroidalflow to include pressureanisotropy, assuming guiding-center theory for a bi-Maxwellian plasma and the ideal MHD Ohm's law. Equilibrium solutions are obtained in the core region (which fills most of the plasma volume) and the boundary layer. We find that pressureanisotropy with p∥ > p⊥ (p∥ < p ⊥) reduces (enhances) the plasma diamagnetism relative to the isotropic case whenever an equilibrium solution exists. Sufficiently fast toroidalflows (Ω > Ωmin) were previously found to suppress the field-free region (diamagnetic hole) that exists in static isotropic high-β equilibria. We find that all equilibrium solutions with pressureanisotropy suppress the diamagnetic hole. For the static case with a volume-averaged toroidal beta of 70%, plasmas with max(p∥/p⊥)>α1=1.07max(p∥/p⊥)>α1=1.07 have equilibrium solutions. We find that α1 decreases with increasing toroidalflow speed, and above the flow threshold Ωmin we find α1=1, so that all p∥ > p⊥ plasmas have equilibrium solutions. On the other hand, for p∥ < p⊥ there are no equilibrium solutions below Ωmin. Above Ωmin (where there is no diamagnetic hole in the isotropic case), equilibrium solutions exist for α2 < min(p∥/p⊥) < 1, where α2 decreases from unity with increasing flow speed. The boundary layer width increases and the Shafranov shift decreases for p∥ > p⊥, while the converse is true for p∥ < p⊥. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dispersion properties of surface dust ion-acoustic waves in a self-gravitating magnetized dusty plasma slab are investigated. The dispersion relation is derived by using the low-frequency magnetized dusty dielectric function and the surface wave dispersion integral for the slab geometry. We find that the self-gravitating effect suppresses the frequency of surface dust ion-acoustic wave for the symmetric mode in the long wavelength regime, whereas it hardly changes the frequency for the antisymmetric mode. As the slab thickness and the wave number increase, the surface wave frequency slowly decreases for the symmetric mode but increases significantly for the anti-symmetric mode. The influence of external magnetic field is also investigated in the case of symmetric mode. We find that the strength of the magnetic field enhances the frequency of the symmetric-mode of the surface plasma wave. The increase of magnetic field reduces the self-gravitational effect and thus the selfgravitating collapse may be suppressed and the stability of dusty objects in space is enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dusty plasmas have been studied in argon, radio frequency (rf) glow discharge plasmas at magnetic fields up to 2.5 T where the electrons and ions are strongly magnetized. Plasmas are generated between two parallel plate electrodes where the lower, powered electrode is solid and the upper electrode supports a dual mesh consisting of #24 brass and #30 aluminum wire cloth. In this experiment, we study the formation of imposed ordered structures and particle dynamics as a function of magnetic field. Through observations of trapped particles and the quasi-discrete (i.e., "hopping") motion of particles between the trapping locations, it is possible to make a preliminary estimate of the potential structure that confines the particles to a grid structure in the plasma. This information is used to gain insight into the formation of the imposed grid pattern of the dust particles in the plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmas created by high-intensity lasers are often subject to the formation of kinetic-streaming instabilities, such as the Weibel instability, which lead to the spontaneous generation of high-amplitude, tangled magnetic fields. These fields typically exist on small spatial scales, i.e., "sub-Larmor scales." Radiation from charged particles moving through small-scale electromagnetic (EM) turbulence has spectral characteristics distinct from both synchrotron and cyclotron radiation, and it carries valuable information on the statistical properties of the EM field structure and evolution. Consequently, this radiation from laser-produced plasmas may offer insight into the underlying electromagnetic turbulence. Here, we investigate the prospects for, and demonstrate the feasibility of, such direct radiative diagnostics for mildly relativistic, solid-density laser plasmas produced in lab experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present experimental work, laser induced magnesium plasma has been characterized using plasma parameters. The plasma has been generated by the fundamental (1064 nm) and second harmonics (532nm) of Nd:YAG laser. The plasma parameters such as electron temperature and electron number density have been extracted using Boltzmann plot method and Stark broadened line profile, respectively. The laser irradiance dependence and spatial behavior of electron temperature and number density in laser induced magnesium plasma have been studied. The electron temperature as a function of laser irradiance (0.5 to 6.5GW/cm2) ranges from (9.16-10.37)×10³K and (8.5-10.1) ×10³K, and electron number density from (0.99-1.08)×1016cm-3 and (1.04-1.22)×1016cm-3 for 1064 and 532 nm, respectively. These parameters exhibit fast increase at low laser irradiance and slow increase at high irradiance. The spatial distribution of electron temperature and electron number density shows same decreasing trend up to 2.25mm from the target surface. The electron temperature and number density decrease from (9.5-8.6)×10³K, (1.27-1.15)×1016cm-3 and (10.56-8.85) ×10³K, (1.08-0.99)×1016cm-3 for 532nm and 1064 nm laser ablation wavelengths, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the scaling of asymmetric wall force and toroidal rotation during tokamak disruptions. It is shown by simulations and analysis how these effects depend on the displacement in an asymmetric vertical displacement event (AVDE) and on 3D magnetic field perturbation amplitude. The simulations include a sequence of both upward and downward displacements. It is verified that the asymmetric force is proportional to the vertical current moment, which in turn is proportional to the product of vertical displacement and the magnetic perturbation amplitude. It is verified how the scaling of toroidal rotation in AVDE disruptions depends on magnetic perturbation amplitude, vertical displacement, and βN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A unique sequence of 120 almost identical plasmas in the Joint European Torus (JET) recently provided two orders of magnitude more statistically equivalent data than ever previously available. The purpose was to study movement of eroded plasma-facing material from JET's new Beryllium wall, but it has allowed the statistical detection of otherwise unobservable phenomenon. This includes a sequence of resonant-like waiting times between edge-localised plasma instabilities (ELMs), instabilities that must be mitigated or avoided in large magnetically confined plasmas such as those planned for ITER. Here, we investigate the cause of this phenomenon, using the unprecedented quantity of data to produce a detailed picture of the plasma's behaviour. After combining the data, oscillations are clearly observable in the plasma's vertical position, in edge losses of ions, and in Beryllium II (527 nm) light emissions. The oscillations are unexpected, are not obvious in data from a single pulse alone, and are all clearly correlated with each other. They are likely to be caused by a small vertical oscillation that the plasma control system is not reacting to prevent, but a more complex explanation is possible. The clearly observable but unexpected link between small changes in the plasma's position and changes to edge-plasma transport and stability suggest that these characteristics cannot always be studied in isolation. It also suggests new opportunities for ELM mitigation and control that may exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper formulates a weak turbulence theory in which electromagnetic perturbations are assumed to propagate in directions perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field. By assuming that all wave vectors lie in one direction transverse to the ambient magnetic field, the linear solution and second-order nonlinear solutions to the equation for the perturbed distribution function are obtained. Nonlinear perturbed current from the second-order nonlinearity is derived in general form, but the limiting situation of cold plasma temperature is taken in order to derive an explicit nonlinear wave kinetic equation that describes three-wave decay/coalescence interactions among X and Z modes. A potential application of the present formalism is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent paper, Gaelzer et al. [Phys. Plasmas 22, 032310 (2015)] revisited the second-order nonlinear kinetic theory for turbulence propagating in directions parallel/anti-parallel to the ambient magnetic field. The original work was according to Yoon and Fang [Phys. Plasmas 15, 122312 (2008)], but Gaelzer et al. noted that the terms pertaining to discrete-particle effects in Yoon and Fang's theory did not enjoy proper dimensionality. The purpose of Gaelzer et al. was to restore the dimensional consistency associated with such terms. However, Gaelzer et al. was concerned only with linear wave-particle interaction terms. The present paper completes the analysis by considering the dimensional correction to nonlinear wave-particle interaction terms in the wave kinetic equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The working hypothesis for the origin of edge-localized-mode stabilization is that Resonant Magnetic Perturbations (RMPs) increase transport in the pedestal, thus lowering the pressure gradient below the ideal MHD threshold. Large-scale vortex-flows matching the RMP helicity were observed experimentally [N. Vianello et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 57, 014027 (2015)]. We derive and solve numerically a 1D model for the generation of long-lived vortex-flows in presence of RMPs. We show that, in presence of RMPs, zonal flows are damped and partially transfer their energy to a resonant vortex-flow pattern. The resulting vortex-flow has a multiscale nature with a fast-varying fine-structure set by zonal flows and a slowly-varying radial envelope with a resonant character. The model predicts that the saturated vortex-flow energy E scales with RMP amplitude as ... This novel type of nonlinearly driven non-axisymmetric flow has a radial--streamer like--component, and is therefore a candidate for increased convective transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polarization characteristics of oblique incidence electromagnetic waves in magnetized cold plasma layer are studied using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method based on the trapezoidal recursive convolution (TRC) technology. The TRC-FDTD formulations are derived in detail and are confirmed by computing the reflection and transmission coefficients for the elliptically polarized wave through a magnetized cold plasma slab with arbitrary magnetic direction. Particularly, when the propagation direction of the EM wave is parallel to the magnetic direction, the right-circular-polarized and left-circular-polarized wave should be considered. When the propagation direction of the EM wave is perpendicular to the magnetic direction, the ordinary polarized wave and extraordinary polarized wave should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The characteristics of guided modes in circular waveguides of a uniaxial anisotropic chiral core and a cladding filled with anisotropic plasma are presented. The cladding region is assumed to be infinitely extended with an external applied magnetic field oriented along the direction of propagation in the waveguide. The characteristics equation for the modes in this waveguide are obtained. The variations of the propagation properties with the plasma parameters, chiral parameters, and the cyclotron frequency of plasma have been investigated. Particularly, the effects of the chirality and the cyclotron frequency of plasma on the magnitude and orientation of the energy flux of the guided modes for three kinds of uniaxial anisotropic chiral media have been numerically investigated. Comparisons of the computed results of the presented formulations with published results for some special cases confirm the accuracy of the presented analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The effects of strong electrostatic interaction among highly charged dust on multi-dimensional instability of dust-acoustic (DA) solitary waves in a magnetized strongly coupled dusty plasma by small-k perturbation expansion method have been investigated. We found that a Zakharov- Kuznetsov equation governs the evolution of obliquely propagating small amplitude DA solitary waves in such a strongly coupled dusty plasma. The parametric regimes for which the obliquely propagating DA solitary waves become unstable are identified. The basic properties, viz., amplitude, width, instability criterion, and growth rate, of these obliquely propagating DA solitary structures are found to be significantly modified by the effects of different physical strongly coupled dusty plasma parameters. The implications of our results in some space/astrophysical plasmas and some future laboratory experiments are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a diagnostic method for magnetized and unmagnetized laboratory plasma is proposed, based on impedance measurements of a short matched dipole. The range of the measured electron densities is limited to low density plasmas (1012-1015 m-3), where other diagnostic methods have strong limitations on the magnetic field strength and topology, plasma dimensions, and boundary conditions. The method is designed for use in both large- and small-dimension plasma (<10cm) without or with strong non-homogeneous magnetic field, which can be undefined within the probe size. The design of a matched dipole probe allows to suppress the sheath resonance effects and to reach high sensitivity at relatively small probe dimensions. Validation experiments are conducted in both magnetized (B~170G) and unmagnetized (B=0) low density (7×1012 m-3-7×1013 m-3) low pressure (1 mTorr) 10cm scale plasmas. The experimentally measured data show very good agreement with an analytical theory both for a non-magnetized and a magnetized case. The electron density measured by the matched dipole and Langmuir probes in the range of 7×1012 m-3-7×1013 m-3 show less than 30% difference. An experimentally measured tolerance/uncertainty of the dipole probe method is estimated to ±1% for plasma densities above 2×1013 m-3. A spatial resolution is estimated from the experiments to be about 3d, where d is the dipole diameter. The diagnostic method is also validated by comparing the measured plasma impedance curves with results of analytical modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self-compression of a weak relativistic Gaussian laser pulse propagating in a magnetized plasma is investigated. The nonlinear Schr€odinger equation, which describes the laser pulse amplitude evolution, is deduced and solved numerically. The pulse compression is observed in the cases of both left- and right-hand circular polarized lasers. It is found that the compressed velocity is increased for the left-hand circular polarized laser fields, while decreased for the right-hand ones, which is reinforced as the enhancement of the external magnetic field. We find a 100 fs left-hand circular polarized laser pulse is compressed in a magnetized (1757 T) plasma medium by more than ten times. The results in this paper indicate the possibility of generating particularly intense and short pulses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear Alfven wave dynamics is presented using Lagrangian fluid approach in a compressible collisional magnetized plasma. In the framework of two fluid dynamics, finite electron inertia is shown to serve as a dispersive effect acting against the convective nonlinearity. In a moving frame, the Alfven wave can, therefore, form an arbitrarily strong amplitude solitary wave structure due to the balance between nonlinearity and dispersion. Weak amplitude Alfven waves are shown to be governed by a modified KdV equation, which extends for finite dissipation to a mKdV-Burgers equation. These equations have well known solutions. Next, we have analyzed the fourth order nonlinear Alfven wave system of equations both numerically and by approximation method. The results indicate a collapse of the density and magnetic field irrespective of the presence of dispersion. The wave magnetic field, however, appears to be less singular showing collapse only when the dispersive effects are negligible. These results may contribute to our understanding of the generation of strongly localized magnetic fields (and currents) in plasmas and are expected to be of special importance in the astrophysical context of magnetic star formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new, completely integrable, two dimensional evolution equation is derived for an ion acoustic wave propagating in a magnetized, collisionless plasma. The equation is a multidimensional generalization of a modulated wavepacket with weak transverse propagation, which has resemblance to nonlinear Schr€odinger (NLS) equation and has a connection to Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation through a constraint relation. Higher soliton solutions of the equation are derived through Hirota bilinearization procedure, and an exact lump solution is calculated exhibiting 2D structure. Some mathematical properties demonstrating the completely integrable nature of this equation are described. Modulational instability using nonlinear frequency correction is derived, and the corresponding growth rate is calculated, which shows the directional asymmetry of the system. The discovery of this novel (2þ1) dimensional integrable NLS type equation for a magnetized plasma should pave a new direction of research in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the system of the Klimontovich and Maxwell equations, the general linear fluctuation theory for magnetized plasmas is developed. General expressions for the electromagnetic fluctuation spectra (electric and magnetic fields) from uncorrelated plasma particles in plasmas with a uniform magnetic field are derived, which are covariantly correct within the theory of special relativity. The general fluctuation spectra hold for plasmas of arbitrary composition, arbitrary momentum dependences of the plasma particle distribution functions, and arbitrary orientations of the wave vector with respect to the uniform magnetic field. Moreover, no restrictions on the values of the real and the imaginary parts of the frequency are made. The derived fluctuation spectra apply to both non-collective fluctuations and collective plasma eigenmodes in magnetized plasmas. In the latter case, kinetic equations for the components of fluctuating electric and magnetic fields in magnetized plasmas are derived that include the effect of spontaneous emission and absorption. In the limiting case of an unmagnetized plasmas, the general fluctuation spectra correctly reduce to the unmagnetized fluctuation spectra derived before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) of nonresonant beat mode in the presence of static magnetic field is investigated in a plasma. Two counter-propagating lasers of frequencies (ω1 and ω2) and wave vectors (k1 and k2) drive a nonresonant space charge beat mode at the phase matching condition of frequency ω0≈ω1~ω2 and wave number k0≈k1+k2. The driver wave parametrically excites a pair of ion acoustic wave (ω,k) and a sideband electromagnetic wave (ω3,k3). The beat wave couples with the sideband electromagnetic wave to exert a nonlinear ponderomotive force at the frequency of ion acoustic wave. Density perturbations due to ion acoustic wave and ponderomotive force couple with the oscillatory motion of plasma electron due to velocity of beat wave to give rise to a nonlinear current (by feedback mechanism) responsible for the growth of sideband wave at resonance. The growth rate of SBS was reduced (from ~1012s-1 to 1010s-1) by applying a transverse static magnetic field ~90T. The present study can be useful for the excitation of fast plasma waves (for the purpose of electron acceleration) by two counter-propagating laser beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]