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The effect of Alstonia boonei fractions on glucose homeostasis was investigated via in vitro enzyme inhibition activity, ex vivo glucose uptake assay, and in vivo methods in diabetic rats. A. boonei fractions were subjected to in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory assay and then ex vivo glucose uptake activity. The butanol fraction of the leaves (ABBF) was picked for the in vivo assay since it showed more activity in the initial tests conducted. ABBF was administrated via oral dosing to six-weeks old fructose-fed STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats over a 5-week experimental period. ABBF treatment at a low dose of 150 mg/kg bw, significantly (p <.05) reduced blood glucose level, enhanced oral glucose tolerance ability, restored insulin secretion and hepatic glycogen synthesis as well as promoted islet regeneration than the high dose (300 mg/kg bw). These results suggest that ABBF could be exploited as a therapeutic potential for treating T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antidiabetic potentials of the dichloromethene, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions of Bridelia ferruginea leaves were investigated using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. In vitro and ex vivo antidiabetic activities revealed the butanol (BFBF) to be the most active of the fractions, and thus selected for in vivo study. Diabetes was induced using the fructose-streptozotocin model. Treatments with BFBF significantly reduced blood glucose level and improved glucose tolerance, serum insulin level and sensitivity as well as suppressed hyperlipidaemia and serum nephropathy markers. Histopathological analysis revealed the ability of BFBF to protect and regenerate pancreatic β-cells. BFBF significantly elevated glutathione level, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, while depleting MDA level in serums and kidney of diabetic rats. Phenols, steroids, terpenoids, aliphatic and aromatic compounds were identified in the fractions following GC-MS analysis. Overall, results from this study propose that BFBF possess potent antidiabetic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impaired wound healing is common in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Different therapeutic modalities including wound debridement and dressing, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), nanomedicine, shockwave therapy, hyperbaric (HBOT) and topical (TOT) oxygen therapy, and photobiomodulation (PBM) have been used in the management of chronic diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). The selection of a suitable treatment method for DFUs depends on the hosts' physiological status including the intricacy and wound type. Effective wound care is considered a critical component of chronic diabetic wound management. This review discusses the causes of diabetic wounds and current therapeutic modalities for the management of DFUs, specifically wound debridement and dressing, TENS, nanomedicine, shockwave therapy, HBOT, TOT, and PBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Photobiomodulation (PBM) promotes diabetic wound healing by favoring cell survival and proliferation. This study aimed to investigate the potential of PBM in stimulating cellular migration, viability, and proliferation using the transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1)/Smad signaling pathway. Methods: The study explored the in vitro effects of near infrared (NIR) light on cell viability (survival) and proliferation as well as the presence of TGF-β 1, phosphorylated TGF‐β receptor type I (pTGF-βR1) and phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic‐homolog (Smad)‐2/3 (p-Smad2/3) in different fibroblast cell models. Results: Results show a significant increase in cellular migration in wounded models, and increased viability and proliferation in irradiated cells compared to their respective controls. An increase in the presence of TGF-β 1 in the culture media, a reduction in pTGF-βR1 and a slight presence of p-Smad2/3 was observed in the cells. Conclusion: These findings show that PBM at 830 nm using a fluence of 5 J/cm2 could induce cell viability, migration and proliferation to favor successful healing of diabetic wounds. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the molecular and cellular effect of PBM and showcases the suitability of PBM at 830 nm in managing diabetic wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crassocephalum rubens (C. rubens) is a traditional leafy vegetables (TLV) eaten in parts of Africa for the management of symptoms of diabetes mellitus. This study was done to investigate the in vivo anti-diabetic activity of the aqueous extract of C. rubens aerial parts (CRAQ). Type 2 diabetes (T2D) was induced in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by feeding them with a 10% fructose solution for two weeks followed by single dose (40 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. After confirmation of T2D, animals were treated with a low and a high dose (150 and 300 mg/kg body weight) of extract for five weeks. Parameters used as markers of hyperglycemia were analyzed in the samples collected from rats. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used in analyzing the morphological changes of the pancreas. Treatment with high dose of the extract significantly (p < 0.05) lowered blood glucose level, increased oral glucose tolerance level and pancreatic β-cell function, while restoring the morphology of the pancreatic tissue damage. The high dose also increased insulin secretion, liver glycogen, antioxidant enzyme activities in serum and organs, and prevented liver and renal damages compared to the untreated diabetic animals. Data from this study suggest that C. rubens possesses impressive anti-diabetic activity and could be useful in ameliorating some complications associated with T2D therefore this plant can be exploited in finding new alternative therapies for the treatment of T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a painless, non-invasive, and faster way to diabetic wound healing is at the forefront of research. The complexity associated with diabetic wounds makes it a cause for concern amongst diabetic patients and the world at large. Irradiation of cells generates a photobiomodulatory response on cells and tissues, directly causing alteration of cellular processes and inducing diabetic wound repair. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using red and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths is being considered as a promising technique for speeding up the rate of diabetic wound healing, eradication of pain and reduction of inflammation through the alteration of diverse cellular and molecular processes. This review presents the extent to which the potential of red and NIR wavelengths have been harnessed in PBMT for diabetic wound healing. Important research challenges and gaps are identified and discussed, and future directions mapped out. This review thus provides useful insights and strategies into improvement of PBMT, including its acceptance within the global medical research community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ameliorating effect of different fractions of Anonna muricata ethanol leaves extract in oxidative pancreatic injury as well as their antihyperglycemic effect were investigated in vitro and ex vivo. Oxidative pancreatic injury was induced by incubating pancreatic tissue with ferrous sulphate (FeSO4). The antioxidative potentials of the fractions together with its ability to inhibit carbohydrate digesting enzymes, intestinal glucose absorption, and its ability to modulate muscle glucose uptake were determined. All the fractions significantly scavenge free radicals in dose‐dependent manner and increase significantly increase the catalase and superoxide dimutase level thereby ameliorating lipid peroxidation. All the fractions also inihibited glucose digesting enzymes and absorption in dose‐dependent manner. Glucose uptake was enhanced by the fractions in isolated psoas muscle of rats. The ethyl acetate fraction showed more potent amelioration and anti‐hyperglycemic potentials among all the fractions. This could be further exploited as therapeutic strategy for the management of postprandial hyperglycemia as well as T2D. Practical applications: Annona muricata is among the edible fruits in the world with reported nutritional as well as medicinal values. The anticancer activity of the leaves and the fruits have been reported. Its ability to inhibit carbohydrate digesting enzymes and absorption and enhancing muscle glucose uptake as well as protection of pancreatic β‐cell from oxidative damage further support its reported antidiabetic properties. A. muricata provided a cheap and alternative source of nutraceuticals, which could be further exploited as therapeutic strategy for the treatment of postprandial hyperglycemia in T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medicinal plants have long been recognized for their roles in the treatment and management of diabetes and its complications. The antioxidative and antidiabetic properties of Clerodendrum volubile flowers were investigated in vitro and ex vivo. Methods: The flowers were sequentially extracted with solvents of increasing polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water). The concentrated extracts were subjected to in vitro antioxidant assays using the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) protocols. Their inhibitory activities were investigated on α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipases, pancreatic ATPase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities. Their anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects on Fe2+-induced oxidative injuries were also investigated in pancreatic and hepatic tissues ex vivo. Results: The extracts showed potent free radical scavenging activity and significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited all studied enzymes. The GSH level was significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in both tissues with concomitant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities as well as reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). The extracts significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed DNA fragmentation in hepatic tissue. These activities were dose-dependent. The ethanol extract showed the best activity and can be attributed to the synergetic effect of its chemical constituents identified via gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Conclusion: These results suggest the antioxidative, antidiabetic and anti-obesogenic potentials of C. volubile flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study investigated the anti-hyperglycemic effects of concentrated hot water infusion of Phragmanthra incana leaves as well as its ameliorative effect on indices related to diabetic complications in a type 2 diabetes model of rats. Methods: Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding 10% fructose solution ad libitum for two weeks followed by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)). Concentrated plant infusion was administered orally at a dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg b.w. to two type 2 diabetes rat groups. Diabetic rats without treatment served as a negative control while the group administered with metformin was served as a positive control. The intervention lasted for 4 weeks when a single oral dose was given daily for 5 days a week. Body weight and blood glucose were determined every week. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in the last week of treatment. The rats were sacrificed after 4 weeks of intervention, and the blood and organs were harvested for further analysis. Results: Both dosages of the plant infusion significantly improved body weight, pancreatic β-cell function (HOMA-β), insulin secretion and reduced blood glucose, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) with concomitant reduction in the elevated level of serum α-amylase activity, fructosamine, uric acid, urea, and liver function enzymes. The liver glycogen content was significantly improved while the activity of liver glucose-6-phosphatase was significantly reduced. Conclusion: The results demonstrate the anti-hyperglycemic ability of P. incana and its ability to delay the onset of diabetic complications which can be exploited for the anti-diabetic drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain glucose uptake is usually reduced in type 2 diabetes owing to downregulation of brain glucose transporters. The ability of Vernonia amygdalina to stimulate glucose uptake as well as ameliorate glucose-induced oxidative stress and proinflammation were investigated in rat brain. Hot infusion of V. amygdalina leaves was incubated with rat brain tissues for 2 h in the presence of glucose. Another incubation with glucose only, served as negative control while metformin served as positive control. Incubation of brain tissues with V. amygdalina led to significant (p < 0.05) increase in glucose uptake, reduced glutathione, nitric oxide and non-thiol proteins levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase and ATPase activities, while concomitantly decrease in myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde level compared to the negative control. Incubation with glucose only, led to the development of nitrate, amide II and amide I functional groups which were removed on incubation with the infusion. LC-MS analysis revealed depletion of oxidative stress-induced 2-keto-glutaramic acid and cysteinyl-tyrosine metabolites in brain tissues, with concomitant generation of S-formylglutathione and adenosine tetraphosphate by the infusion. Pathway analysis of the metabolites revealed an activation of pyruvate metabolism pathway in the negative control, with the infusion reducing the intensity fold. LC-MS analysis of the infusion revealed the presence of l–serine, l-cysteine, l-proline, nicotinic acid, cumidine, salicylic acid, isoquinoline, 3-methyl-, and γ-octalactone. Except for l–serine, l-cysteine and l-proline, the other compounds were predicted to be permeable across the blood brain barrier. These results indicate the brain glucose uptake stimulatory and neuroprotective effect of V. amygdalina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crassocephalum rubens falls under the wild edible, under‐cultivated traditional leafy vegetables (TLV) in Africa; it is used by locals in managing diabetes mellitus among other diseases. This study investigated the in vitro, ex vivo antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of different extracts of C. rubens. The ameliorative effects of the extracts on Fe2+‐induced oxidative injury was investigated ex vivo together with the effects of the aqueous extract on intestinal glucose absorption and muscle glucose uptake in freshly harvested tissues from normal rats. The aqueous extract was subjected to Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (LC‐MS) analysis to identify possible bioactive compounds which were then docked with the tested enzymes through in silico modeling. The extracts exhibited antioxidant activity, inhibited α‐glucosidase and lipase enzyme activities, intestinal glucose absorption and enhanced muscle glucose uptake compared to controls. Sanguisorbic acid dilactone identified through LC‐MS analysis showed a high binding affinity for catalase and lipase enzymes. Practical applications: The results of this study suggest that the aqueous extract of C. rubens possesses better antioxidant and possible antidiabetic potentials compared to other extracts which could be associated to the synergistic action of its identified bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are increasingly being used by diabetics, but little is known about their effects on antioxidant status. We investigated the effects of ad libitum consumption of commercially available NNS (aspartame, saccharin, sucralose, and cyclamate‐based sweeteners) on antioxidative markers in a rat model of type 2 diabetes (T2D). NNS consumption reduced (p < 0.05) T2D‐induced lipid peroxidation and boosted serum, hepatic, renal, cardiac, and pancreatic glutathione (GSH) levels. Catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity was increased in the serum and most organs upon diabetes induction, perhaps due to adaptative antioxidant response to the diabetes‐induced lipid peroxidation. NNS showed varying effects on serum and tissue antioxidant enzymes of animals. An antioxidant capacity scores sheet of NNS, suggest that aspartame‐based NNS may not exert antioxidant effects in diabetics, while saccharin‐based NNS may be a potent antioxidative sweetener as seen in the animal model of T2D. Practical applications: The use of NNS is becoming more popular, especially for diabetic individuals. While there are several commercial NNS available in the market, little is known about how they affect the antioxidant status of consumers. We therefore investigated how some commercially available NNS affect the antioxidant status of diabetic rats. Observed data revealed varying effects of NNS on serum and different organs, which suggest that some NNS may be better than others for diabetic oxidative stress and thus may be recommended for consumers. However, this finding is subject to additional corroborative clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raffia palm wine is a natural drink from the stem of Raffia palm (Raphia hookeri) tree with nutritional and medicinal properties. The effect of fermentation was investigated on its antidiabetic and antioxidative effects in yeast cells and pancreatic tissues, respectively. Both unfermented and fermented palm wine significantly increased glucose uptake, reduced glutathione level (GSH), superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities. They also inhibited glucose diffusion, myeloperoxidase, and ATPase activities as well as decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. They also led to the inactivation of oxidative metabolic pathways in oxidative pancreas with the generation of adenosine, sugar and inositol metabolites, selenium (enzyme co‐factor) and vitamin metabolites owing to concomitant activation of vitamins, lipid, steroids, inositol, and sulfate/sulfite metabolic pathways. The results suggest the antidiabetic and antioxidative potentials of unfermented and fermented palm wine and may be attributed to the LC‐MS‐identified compounds which were mainly polyphenols and its glycosides, vitamins, and amino acids. Practical applications: Raffia palm wine is among the natural beverages employed for social, nutritional, and medicinal purposes. However, there are limited studies on its medicinal properties. This study reports for the first time, the ability of Raffia palm wine to stimulate glucose uptake, inhibit glucose diffusion, and ameliorate pancreatic oxidative injury, as well as the possible associated metabolic pathways that may be involved. These findings will further contribute in understanding the antidiabetic effect of Raffia palm wine, and the possible metabolic pathways involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]