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The article presents updated knowledge on climate change in Poland (central Europe) in the first half of the last millennium (1001–1500). This knowledge is required to delimit the existence, duration, and scale of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, also called the Medieval Climate Anomaly, MCA, here). To this end, it employs all available quantitative climate reconstructions created for Poland in the last 2 decades and four new reconstructions using three dendrochronological series and an extensive database of historical source data on weather conditions. The growth of conifers in lowland and upland Poland depends on the temperature in the cold season, especially in February and March. All available reconstructions based on dendrochronology data represent this time of the year. Summer temperatures were reconstructed using biological proxies and documentary evidence. The latter, however, is limited to the 15th century only. Winter temperature was used as the proxy for annual temperature proxies instead of the more usual use of summer temperature. The MWP occurred in Poland probably from the late 12th century to the first halves of the 14th or 15th centuries. All the analysed quantitative reconstructions suggest that the MWP in Poland was comparable to or warmer than the mean temperature in the period 1951–2000. The coldest conditions in the entire study period were noted in the first half of the 11th century (both winter and summer) and the second half of the 15th century (only winter). The greatest climate continentality occurred in the 15th century. Good agreement was found between the reconstructions of Poland's climate and many reconstructions available for Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the current state of knowledge on climate change in Poland (Central Europe) in the first half of the last millennium (1001-1500). To this end, it employs all available quantitative climate reconstructions created in the last two decades and four new reconstructions using three dendrochronological series and an extensive database of historical source data on weather conditions. The growth of conifers in lowland and upland Poland depends on the temperature in the cold season, especially in February and March. All available reconstructions based on dendrochronology date represent this time of the year. Summer temperatures were reconstructed using biological proxies and documentary evidence. The latter, however, is limited to the 15th century only. Winter temperature was used as the proxy for annual temperature proxies instead of the more usual use of summer temperature. The Medieval Warm Period (MWP; also called the Medieval Climate Anomaly [MCA]) occurred in Poland probably from the late 12th century to the first halves of the 14th or 15th centuries. All the analysed quantitative reconstructions suggest that the MWP in Poland was comparable to or warmer than the current temperature (1951-2000). The coldest conditions in the entire study period were noted in the first half of the 11th century (both winter and summer) and the second half of the 15th century (only winter). The greatest climate continentality occurred in the 15th century. Good agreement was found between the reconstructions of Poland's climate and many reconstructions available for Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the current state of knowledge on climate change in Poland (Central Europe) in the first half of the last millennium (1001–1500). To this end, it employs all available quantitative climate reconstructions created in the last two decades and four new reconstructions using three dendrochronological series and an extensive database of historical source data on weather conditions. The growth of conifers in lowland and upland Poland depends on the temperature in the cold season, especially in February and March. All available reconstructions based on dendrochronology date represent this time of the year. Summer temperatures were reconstructed using biological proxies and documentary evidence. The latter, however, is limited to the 15th century only. Winter temperature was used as the proxy for annual temperature proxies instead of the more usual use of summer temperature. The Medieval Warm Period (MWP; also called the Medieval Climate Anomaly [MCA]) occurred in Poland probably from the late 12th century to the first halves of the 14th or 15th centuries. All the analysed quantitative reconstructions suggest that the MWP in Poland was comparable to or warmer than the current temperature (1951–2000). The coldest conditions in the entire study period were noted in the first half of the 11th century (both winter and summer) and the second half of the 15th century (only winter). The greatest climate continentality occurred in the 15th century. Good agreement was found between the reconstructions of Poland's climate and many reconstructions available for Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term paleofire perspectives provide key information on natural and human-derived land cover changes. The last few millennia are crucial to understanding the future of wildfire threats, since the increasing global temperatures are expected to have an impact on regions previously assumed to not be endangered. In this study we investigate the interplay between changing climatic conditions, land cover transformation, fires, and human activity based on the first 1750-year-long macrocharcoal record derived from varved sediments of Lake Jaczno, located in northeast Poland. The study is supported by macrocharcoal morphotype analysis, pollen and historical data, and statistical analysis, which revealed that in the vicinity of the lake both low- and high-intensity fires may have occurred. Most of them were set by humans, but in some periods biomass burning was favored by droughts or even derived by natural causes (i.e. lightning). Human-induced fires are especially evident between AD 1081 and 1283. This period corresponds to the peak activity of the Jatvings tribe in the region and the related deforestation for agrarian purposes. Fire combined with human activity and deforestation in the area impacted the limnological processes increasing primary productivity and shifts in water mixing regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on three drought indices (SPI, SPEI, Z-index) reconstructed from the documentary evidence and instrumental records, the summers of 1531-1540 were identified as the driest summer decade during the 1501-2015 period in the Czech Lands. Based on documentary data, extended from the Czech scale to central Europe, dry patterns of various intensities (represented, for example, by dry spells, low numbers of precipitation days, very low rivers and drying-out of water sources) occurred in 1532, 1534-1536, 1538 and particularly 1540, broken by wetter or normal patterns in 1531, 1533, 1537 and 1539. Information relevant to summer droughts extracted from documentary data in central Europe were confirmed in summer precipitation totals from a multi-proxy reconstruction for Europe by Pauling et al. (2006) and further by self-calibrated summer PDSI reconstruction from tree-ring widths in OWDA by Cook et al. (2015). The summer patterns described are consistent with the distribution of sea-level pressure deviations from a modern reference period. Summer droughts were responsible for numerous negative impacts, such as bad harvests of certain crops, reduction and lack of water sources, and frequent forest fires, while in the wetter summers central Europe was affected by floods. However, there are no indications of severe impacts of multi-country or multi-year effect. Reconstructions based on documentary data indicate that the summers of 1531-1540 constitute the driest summer decade in central Europe for the past five centuries, between 1501 and 2010 CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on three drought indices (SPI, SPEI, Z-index) reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental records, the summers of 1531–1540 were identified as the driest summer decade during the 1501–2015 period in the Czech Lands. Based on documentary data, extended from the Czech scale to central Europe, dry patterns of various intensities (represented, for example, by dry spells, low numbers of precipitation days, very low rivers, and drying-out of water sources) occurred in 1532, 1534–1536, 1538, and particularly 1540, broken by wetter or normal patterns in 1531, 1533, 1537, and 1539. Information relevant to summer droughts extracted from documentary data in central Europe was confirmed in summer precipitation totals from a multi-proxy reconstruction for Europe by Pauling et al. (2006) and further by self-calibrated summer Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) reconstruction from tree ring widths in Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA) by Cook et al. (2015). The summer patterns described are consistent with the distribution of sea level pressure deviations from a modern reference period. Summer droughts were responsible for numerous negative impacts, such as bad harvests of certain crops, reduction and lack of water sources, and frequent forest fires, while in the wetter summers central Europe was affected by floods. However, there are no indications of severe impacts of a multi-country or multi-year effect. Reconstructions based on documentary data indicate that the summers of 1531–1540 constitute the driest summer decade in central Europe for the past five centuries between 1501 and 2010 CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of drought occurrence in Poland in the last millennium is poorly known. To improve this knowledge we have conducted a comprehensive analysis using both proxy data (documentary and dendrochronological) and instrumental measurements of precipitation. The paper presents the main features of droughts in Poland in recent centuries, including their frequency of occurrence, coverage, duration, and intensity. The reconstructions of droughts based on all the mentioned sources of data covered the period 996–2015. Examples of megadroughts were also chosen using documentary evidence, and some of them were described. Various documentary sources have been used to identify droughts in the area of Poland in the period 1451–1800 and to estimate their intensity, spatial coverage, and duration. Twenty-two local chronologies of trees (pine, oak, and fir) from Poland were taken into account for detecting negative pointer years (exceptionally narrow rings). The delimitation of droughts based on instrumental data (eight long-term precipitation series) was conducted using two independent approaches (Standard Precipitation Index, SPI, calculated for 1-, 3-, and 24-month timescales, and a new method proposed by authors). For delimitation of droughts (dry months), the criteria used were those proposed by McKee et al. (1993) and modified for the climate conditions of Poland by Łabędzki (2007). More than 100 droughts were found in documentary sources in the period 1451–1800, including 17 megadroughts. A greater than average number of droughts were observed in the second halves of the 17th century and the 18th century in particular. Dendrochronological data confirmed this general tendency in the mentioned period. Analysis of SPI (including its lowest values, i.e. droughts) showed that the long-term frequency of droughts in Poland has been stable in the last two or three centuries. Extreme and severe droughts were most frequent in the coastal part of Poland and in Silesia. Most droughts had a duration of 2 months (about 60 %–70 %) or 3–4 months (10 %–20 %). Frequencies of droughts with a duration of 5-or-more months were lower than 10 %. The frequency of droughts of all categories in Poland in the instrumental period 1722–2015 was greatest in winter, while in the documentary evidence (1451–1800) droughts in this season are rarely mentioned. The occurrence of negative pointer years (a good proxy for droughts) was compared with droughts delimited based on documentary and instrumental data. A good correspondence was found between the timing of occurrence of droughts identified using all three kinds of data (sources). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the main features of droughts in Poland in recent centuries, including their frequency of occurrence, coverage, duration and intensity. For this purpose both proxy data (documentary and dendrochronological) and instrumental measurements of precipitation were used. The reconstructions of droughts based on all the mentioned sources of data covered the period 996-2015. Examples of megadroughts were also chosen using documentary evidence, and some of them were described. Various documentary sources have been used to identify droughts in the area of Poland in period 1451-1800 and to estimate their intensity, spatial coverage and duration. Twenty-two local chronologies of trees (pine, oak, and fir) from Poland were taken into account for detecting negative pointer years (exceptionally narrow rings). The longest chronology covers the years 996-1986 and was constructed for eastern Pomerania. The delimitation of droughts based on instrumental data (eight long-term precipitation series) was conducted using two independent approaches. In the first approach we used the globally and nationally popular Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), which was calculated for 1-, 3-, and 24-month time scales. Thus, three categories of droughts were analysed: meteorological (SPI1), agricultural (SPI3) and hydrological (SPI24). For delimitation of droughts (dry months), the criteria used were those proposed by McKee (1993) and modified for the climate conditions of Poland by Łabędzki (2007). Droughts were divided into three categories based on the following SPI values: moderate droughts (-0.50 to -1.49), severe (-1.50 to -1.99), and extreme (≤-2.00). The second approach includes the new proposed method for distinguishing droughts and quantitatively estimating their intensity and duration. More than one hundred droughts were found in documentary sources from the mid-15th century to the end of the 18th century, including 17 megadroughts. A greater-than-average number of droughts was observed in the second halves of the 17th century, and of the 18th century in particular. Dendrochronological data confirmed this general tendency in the mentioned period. The clearly greatest number of negative pointer years occurred in the 18th century and then in the period 1451-1500. In the period 996-2015, a total of 758 negative pointer years were recorded. Analysis of SPI (including its lowest values, i.e. droughts) showed that the long-term frequency of droughts in Poland has been stable in the last two or three centuries. Extreme and severe droughts were most frequent in the coastal part of Poland and in Silesia. Most droughts had a duration of two months (about 60-70%), or 3-4 months (10-20%). Frequencies of droughts with a duration of 5 and more months were lower than 10%. The longest droughts had a duration of 7-8 months. The frequency of droughts of all categories in Poland in the period 1722-2015 was greatest in winter. This fact should be taken into account when analysing droughts delimited using documentary evidence. In Poland in 1451-1800, in light of this sort of information, droughts in spring and summer clearly dominated, while only three winter droughts were mentioned. The occurrence of negative pointer years (a good proxy for droughts) was compared with droughts delimited based on documentary and instrumental data. A good correspondence was found between the timing of occurrence of droughts identified using all three kinds of data (sources). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper we focus on the notes of botanist and meteorologist Gottfried Reyger on the weather conditions in Gdańsk, Poland. In our estimation, this chronicle, covering the period from December 1721 to June 1786 (the longest weather chronicle recorded by a single person), is a reliable source of information with the potential to contribute to the understanding of climate variability in 18th‐century Gdańsk, the significant old Hanseatic city in northern Poland. The temperature and precipitation series for the period 1721–1786 were indexed against contemporary conditions using the calculated percentages of cold, normal and warm decades. The climate in the 18th century in Gdańsk was colder than nowadays; the springs were much cooler, as were the winters, while the summers were warmer. A few relatively cold periods and several warm periods were identified. The first half of the analysed period was very humid, whereas the second was quite dry. The reconstructed indexed data series were compared to annual and seasonal mean values of air temperature and precipitation derived from regular instrumental observations made in Gdańsk since 1739. The linear regression method was applied to calibrate the reconstructed index series against anomalies from the 1961–1990 average. The correlation coefficient, standard error of estimate and the root‐mean‐square error statistics were used to diagnose the quality of calibration and verification. The highest correlation between the temperature indices and the observational series was found for winter. The reconstructed series for precipitation has a smaller variability than in reality. The reconstructed values for the years prior to 1739 indicate cold years for 1725–1732 and a wet period in the 1730s. The chronicle of botanist and meteorologist Gottfried Reyger, covering the period 1721–1786, characterizes the thermal and precipitational conditions in Gdańsk, Poland. The series were indexed against contemporary conditions, compared with instrumental data and reconstructed for early non‐instrumental period. The 18th‐century Gdańsk was colder than nowadays, particularly on case of springs, while the summers were warmer. The first decades of the period were very humid, whereas the latter ones quite dry. In the figure, annual air temperature (left panel) and precipitation (right panel) reconstruction for Gdańsk for the period 1722–1785 presented in the context of observational series, 1739–1785 for air temperature and 1739–1772 for precipitation. Solid line shows observational data; dotted line shows reconstructed series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]