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It remains unclear how the collective strong coupling of cavity-confined photons to the electronic transitions of molecular chromophore leverages the distinct properties of the polaritonic constituents for future technologies. In this study, we design, fabricate, and characterize multiple types of Fabry-Pérot (FP) mirco-resonators containing copper(II) tetraphenyl porphyrin (CuTPP) to show how cavity polariton formation affects radiative relaxation processes in the presence of substantial non-Condon vibronic coupling between two of this molecule's excited electronic states. Unlike the prototypical enhancement of Q state radiative relaxation of CuTPP in a FP resonator incapable of forming polaritons, we find the light emission processes in multimode cavity polariton samples become enhanced for cavity-exciton energy differences near those of vibrations known to mediate non-Condon vibronic coupling. We propose the value of this detuning is consistent with radiative relaxation of Herzberg-Teller polaritons into collective molecular states coupled to the cavity photon coherently. We contrast the feature stemming from light emission from the HT polariton state with those that occur due to polariton-enhanced light absorption. Our results demonstrate the landscape of molecular and photonic interactions enabled by cavity polariton formation using complex chromophores and how researchers can design resonators to leverage these interactions to characterize and control polaritonic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aimed to explore the concept of inclusive growth within Nigeria's socioeconomic framework, particularly in light of the Nigeria Agenda 2050 (NA2050), a strategic policy initiative. It seeks to understand Nigeria's multifaceted challenges and opportunities in achieving inclusive growth. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study reviewed secondary data sources including, reports from various agencies and institutions, and government data. It utilised thematic analysis to dissect and present insights into Nigeria's developmental trajectory as outlined by NA2050. Findings: Despite significant economic strides, Nigeria struggles with socio-economic disparities, marked by high unemployment, rising inflation, and infrastructural deficits. The NA2050 is a crucial framework advocating for robust governance, macroeconomic stability, economic diversification, and human capital development to overcome these challenges. Practical Implications: The study highlighted the essential roles of technological advancement and financial inclusion as key drivers of sustainable development and economic resilience in Nigeria. It calls for a multi-stakeholder approach to implement NA2050's strategies effectively, enhancing transparency in the oil sector, prioritising human capital development, and fostering private sector-led growth. Social Implications: This research emphasised the need for inclusive growth that benefits all societal layers in Nigeria, addressing the persistent socio-economic gaps that hinder equitable development and social cohesion. Originality and Value: The paper contributes to the discourse on inclusive growth by providing a pragmatic roadmap for Nigeria's socio-economic revitalisation, offering a detailed analysis of the strategies embedded in the NA2050 and their potential impact on the nation's future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The emphasis on sustainable good health through the consumption of a healthy diet has necessitated the consumption of fresh vegetables, which could harbour the presence of members of the Enterobacteriaceae, antibiotic resistance and extendedspectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). As a result, this study investigated the presence of antibiotics resistance (AR) and ESBL in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from garden eggs. Methodology: One hundred (100) garden egg samples were randomly purchased from 10 different vendors into sterile bags. Samples were serially diluted and cultured on MacConkey agar for the isolation of Enterobacteriaceae, then characterised and identified. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out on isolates following the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Double disc synergy test (DDST) was used to detect ESBL production. Result: Forty-three isolates were identified to belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae with Klebsiella spp. being the most dominant specie (51.16%), Escherichia coli (30.23%), Salmonella (11.23%) and Enterobacter aerogenes (6.98%). Of all the isolates, (65.12%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). The isolates showed highest frequency of resistance to erythromycin (90.7%), gentamicin (34.9%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (32.6%), ofloxacin (30.2%), ciprofloxacin (25.6%), imipenem (14%), ceftriaxone (11.6%) and nalidixic acid (0.0%). For ESBL production, 23(53.49%) were positive. The ESBL positive isolates (n=23) were Klebsiella spp. 14(60.87%) and Escherichia coli 9 (39.13%). No ESBL production was detected in Salmonella spp. and Enterobacter aerogenes isolates. Conclusion: This study detected the presence of AR and ESBL in Enterobacteriaceae from garden eggs. Consumption of garden eggs contaminated with these bacteria pose a potential problem of infection and spread of resistance in the environment through food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major pathogen implicated in healthcare-associated infections. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae isolates are a public health concern. This study investigated the existence of some ESBL and carbapenemase genes among clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae in Southwest Nigeria and additionally determined their circulating clones. Materials and Methods: Various clinical samples from 420 patients from seven tertiary hospitals within Southwestern Nigeria were processed between February 2018 and July 2019. These samples were cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar, and the isolated bacteria were identified by Microbact GNB 12E. All K. pneumoniae were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the 16s rRNA gene. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was done on these isolates, and the PCR was used to evaluate the common ESBL-encoding genes and carbapenem resistance genes. Genotyping was performed using multi-locus sequencing typing (MLST). Results: The overall prevalence of K. pneumoniae in Southwestern Nigeria was 30.5%. The AST revealed high resistance rates to tetracyclines (67.2%), oxacillin (61.7%), ampicillin (60.2%), ciprofloxacin (58.6%), chloramphenicol (56.3%), and lowest resistance to meropenem (43.0%). All isolates were susceptible to polymyxin B. The most prevalent ESBL gene was the TEM gene (47.7%), followed by CTX-M (43.8%), SHV (39.8%), OXA (27.3%), CTX-M-15 (19.5%), CTX-M-2 (11.1%), and CTX-M-9 (10.9%). Among the carbapenemase genes studied, the VIM gene (43.0%) was most detected, followed by OXA-48 (28.9%), IMP (22.7%), NDM (17.2%), KPC (13.3%), CMY (11.7%), and FOX (9.4%). GIM and SPM genes were not detected. MLST identified six different sequence types (STs) in this study. The most dominant ST was ST307 (50%, 5/10), while ST258, ST11, ST147, ST15, and ST321 had (10%, 1/10) each. Conclusion: High antimicrobial resistance in K. pneumoniae is a clear and present danger for managing infections in Nigeria. Additionally, the dominance of a successful international ST307 clone highlights the importance of ensuring that genomic surveillance remains a priority in the hospital environment in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) is important in the pathology of toxic shock syndrome. However, little data exist on its prevalence among clinical isolates of S. aureus in Nigeria. Hence, this study was carried out to detect the tsst-1 gene and associate it with phenotypic antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of S. aureus. Methods: Staphylococcus aureus isolates were presumptively identified by Gram's staining and conventional biochemical tests while confirmatory identification was through the detection of the thermonuclease (nuc) gene. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was carried out using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method while phenotypic detection of methicillin resistance was carried out using the cefoxitin disc sensitivity assay. The tst gene was detected within the genome of the bacterial isolates using Uniplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Of the 152 S. aureus isolates identified in this study, 103 (67.76%) encoded the tst gene. Of these 103 tst-positive isolates, 63 (61.16%) were methicillin-resistant while 40 (38.84%) were methicillin-sensitive. The tst-positive isolates (n=103) were resistant to tetracycline (39.81%), erythromycin (24.27%), gentamicin (22.33%), cotrimoxazole (22.33%), ciprofloxacin (21.36%), fusidic acid (16.5%), fosfomycin (10.68%), and clindamycin (5.82%). Comparatively, tst-negative isolates (n=49) were resistant to tetracycline (69.39%), cotrimoxazole (56.06%), gentamicin (53.06%), ciprofloxacin (51.02%), erythromycin (46.94%), fusidic acid (28.57%), fosfomycin (26.53%), and clindamycin (8.16%). Phenotypic antibiotic resistance is significantly associated with the presence of the tst gene (p<0.05) except for clindamycin and fusidic acid (p>0.05). Coclusion: Hence, the high prevalence of the tst gene and its association with antibiotic resistance in S. aureus is a cause for worry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel produced by artisanal refiners using indigenous technology continues to find its way into the Nigerian oil market despite the proscription of such refining activities in the Niger Delta, owing largely to the illegal means by which the artisans procure crude oil and also related to doubt about the quality of products coming from their covertly operated facilities. Therefore, in this study, gasoline samples were collected across 30 artisanal refiner camps, and their properties were examined to ascertain their conformity with the minimum requirements of the Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) on fuel quality. Standard test protocols on fuel characterisation published by ASTM were utilised for the analysis. The specific gravity of the samples determined at 15°C ranged from 0.796 - 0.807 g/cm³. The Antiknock Index ranged between 78.75% and 82.45% for the fuel, and the initial and final boiling points of the samples were about 32 - 39.1°C and 226.3 - 238.7°C, respectively. The distillation profiles of most of the fuel samples were satisfactory. Experimental data gathered from this study indicate that notwithstanding the artisanal refiners' shortcomings, they are still able to produce fuels that meet some minimum local and international requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown an increasing use of herbs concurrently with conventional drugs by patients with diabetes mellitus, with the attendant risks of herb-drug interactions. Hence, this study investigated the possible pharmacological interactions, and toxicological consequences of aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) and metformin co-administered in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Model of type 2 diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by feeding them with high fat diet and a single dose of STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.). Animals having blood glucose levels > 200 mg/dl after 72 hours were classified as diabetic and were randomly assigned to one of eleven (11) groups (n=5 rats) to receive VA extract, metformin or combination at various doses. Blood sample was taken for biochemical and haematological tests while Haemoxylin and Eosin (HE) dye was used to assess histological changes. Results showed a non-additive decrease in blood glucose levels in the VA/metformin co-administration compared to VA and metformin alone. The reduction in blood glucose in VA 50 mg/kg, VA/MET 150 mg/kg and VA 100 mg/kg groups ware -51.20%, -53.52% and -59.68% respectively. There was significant improvement in urea and creatinine levels as well as liver enzymes at all the doses of VA and VA/metformin co-administration. There were no significant histological changes either in the extract or its combination with metformin on the kidney, liver or pancreas. Hence, VA showed a non-additive interaction with metformin to reduce blood glucose levels with no toxicological effects on major organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous knowledge (IK), a key component of knowledge, is considered crucial in any country's knowledge system. However, despite the importance of indigenous knowledge in promoting the knowledge economy, it has been observed that many indigenous knowledge systems in developing countries such as Nigeria are gradually becoming extinct due to cultural, educational and economic developments. This paper investigated the preservation and use of indigenous knowledge in public libraries in Southwest Nigeria. A survey method anchored on the positivism paradigm was employed for the study. Based on this, copies of the questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument. One hundred and fifty (150) library personnel were randomly selected from the five (5) purposely chosen public libraries in Southwest Nigeria. The study's findings revealed that educational purposes were the primary reason for using the indigenous knowledge in the libraries. It was also revealed that video and audio recordings were significant sources of preserving IK in public libraries. Access to IK resources by the users was through the use of ICT tools such as computers and compact discs, while inadequate funding was identified as the major challenge facing the development of IK. The study recommends, among others, increased budgetary allocation to public libraries for the management of IK resources; and that practical steps should be taken to create awareness on the need to preserve IK activities in video or audio formats. This study contributes to knowledge in IK development by providing new data and information relevant to policymaking and IK research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hamburger seed coat is a readily available agricultural waste product generated in large quantities annually. In this study, activated charcoal was produced using hamburger seed coat activated with zinc chloride and its physicochemical properties such as fixed carbon, specific surface area, volatile matter, ash and moisture content were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry techniques were used to study the surface morphology and variations in the absorption bands of functional groups, respectively. The adsorbent biosorption of pollutants abilities from contaminated water was investigated using standard methods with a view to ascertaining the adsorbent purification potential. The results showed that the adsorbent was of high porous structure with adsorption capacity significantly correlated with iodine value. The physicochemical properties of the contaminated water treated with the adsorbent were comparable with commercial activated charcoal (control)-treated water but indicated a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, conductivity, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, anions and heavy metal ions when compared to the untreated water. With the exception of alkalinity, other parameters investigated in the water treated with the test adsorbent fell within the standards set for potable water. Results of this study therefore revealed possibility of converting large quantities of hamburger seed coat wastes that could constitute environmental pollution to a profitable product that could be employed for treatment of wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study assessed the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks in four regularly consumed fruit vegetables. Design/methodology/approach: The OCPs' residues were quantified using a gas chromatograph coupled with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and the dietary exposure of children, and adult consumers to the detected OCPs was evaluated using carcinogenic and systemic health risk estimations. Findings: Aldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, a-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin were detected in the four fruit vegetables. The predominant OCP residue in carrot, cucumber, tomatoes and watermelon was endosulfan sulphate with mean concentrations of 2.532 mg kg−1, 1.729 mg kg−1, 2.363 mg kg−1 and 1.154 mg kg−1, respectively. The residues levels in some of the fruit vegetables were higher than their respective maximum residue levels (MRLs) of 0.01–0.05 mg kg−1 set by the European Commission with concentrations above MRLs ranging between 25.5% and 100%. The systemic health risk estimations showed that the hazard index (HI) values for carrot (3.20), cucumber (9.25), tomatoes (50.21) and watermelon (16.76) were >1 for children consumers and the respective HI values of 2.87, 15.57 and 5.20 for adult consumers of cucumber, tomatoes and watermelon were >1 which implies potential systemic health risks. Four carcinogens (aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide) had cancer risk index values greater than the acceptable risk of 1 in 1 million for both adult and children consumers. Originality/value: The paper shows that despite the ban on the use of OCPs in Nigeria, they are still being used for agricultural production especially on some locally produced and regularly consumed fruit vegetables as reported in the present study. The non-existence of surveillance programmes on pesticide usage and the lack of proper monitoring of pesticide residues in food products including fruit and vegetables must have contributed to the levels of the detected OCP in the samples analysed. The current daily intake of OCP via contaminated vegetables may pose potential health risks to both the children and adult consumers of the fruit vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exposure to lead has been linked to biochemical changes similar to those patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Trévo is a phytonutrient-rich product with antiaging and antioxidant properties. Purpose: To investigate the neuroprotective activity of trévo against lead-induced biochemical changes in male Wistar rats. Methods: The study involves 35 animals that were randomly divided into five groups of seven rats each. Group I (Control): Orally administered distilled water; Group II (Induced): Administered 15 mg/kg of lead acetate (PbA) intraperitoneally; Group III (Treatment group): Orally administered 2 mL/kg of trévo for two days before co-administration with PbA for 12 consecutive days; Group IV (Treatment group): Orally administered 5 mL/kg of trévo for two days prior to coadministration with PbA for 12 consecutive days; Group V: Orally administered 5 mL/kg of trévo for 14 consecutive days. Animals were anesthetized with diether and the brain excised and processed for the following biochemical assays: Malonedialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), beta-amyloid, glutamate, Na+/K+ ATPase, and glutamate dehydrogenase (GD). Results: PbA caused significant oxidative stress (increased MDA concentration, decreased GSH concentration, suppressed the activity of CAT, SOD), decreased GT activity, increased activity of AChE, increased the concentration of beta-amyloid, and caused glutamate excitotoxicity (increased concentration of glutamate, decreased activity of Na+/K+ ATPase, and GD) in rat brains. Treatment with trévo at the two different doses significantly prevented oxidative damage, beta-amyloid aggregation, glutamate excitotoxicity, and acetylcholine breakdown induced by lead acetate. Conclusion: Our findings added to the reported pharmacological activity of trévo and supported the antiaging potential of trévo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exposure to cadmium is implicated in the etiology of some neurodegenerative diseases. Compounds isolated from Ipomoea cairica extract are neuroprotective. However, there is no reported neuroprotective activity of the crude extract of I. cairica (ICE). We investigated the neuroprotective activity of I. cairica extract against cadmium-induced biochemical changes in the brain of male Wistar rats. Thirty-six animals were divided into four groups of 9 animals per group: group I (Control); group II (3.5 mg/kg CdCl2); group III (100 mg/kg ICE + CdCl2); and group IV (250 mg/kg ICE + CdCl2). Animals were pretreated with 100 and 250 mg/kg ICE before co-administration with cadmium chloride. Results: CdCl2 treatment caused a significant increase in acetylcholineesterase activity, lipid peroxidation, beta-amyloid aggregation, caspase 3 and 9, p53, and glutamate concentration. In addition, CdCl2 caused a significant decrease in catalase activity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, Na+/K+ ATPase, and glutamate dehydrogenase. ICE was able to reduce the neuronal damaging effect of CdCl2 by acting as an antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anticholinesterase, and antiexcitotoxicity. Conclusions: Our findings show that Ipomoea cairica leaf can be developed and included in the natural product in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses how Co-Principal Investigators that designed and executed the Estate Little Princess Archaeology Project (ELPAP) came together as a community, to demonstrate how such a formation within the discipline, with all its ups and downs, facilitates the skills needed to conduct community archaeology. By using the ELPAP as a case study, this article provides a multiscale examination of the ELPAP, expanding the discourse on community archaeology to include community building practices among archaeologists, between organizations, and with communities impacted by archaeological work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The residues of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in forty-eight (48) composite fruit and vegetable samples (carrot, cucumber, tomato, and watermelon) were qualitatively and quantitatively determined using gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Safety indices such as the estimated average daily intake (EADI), cancer benchmark concentration (CBC), hazard quotient (HQ) and index (HI), and hazard ratio (HR) were also estimated. Results showed the predominance of HCH and its isomers in the fruits and vegetables as compared with the DDTs. The most predominant HCHs in all the fruits was α-HCH with mean concentrations of 2.704 ± 2.488 mg kg−1 (carrot), 1.536 ± 1.036 mg kg−1 (cucumber), 6.814 ± 2.967 mg kg−1 (tomato), and 9.241 ± 2.735 mg kg−1 (watermelon). The analysis showed that the levels of pesticide residues detected in 25 to 100% of the fruit and vegetable samples were above the UK/European Commission Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). The non-carcinogenic health risk estimates showed that only α-HCH in tomatoes and watermelon had HQ > 1 which indicates the possibility of systemic health risk in children consumers. The carcinogenic health risk showed that only α-HCH and γ-HCH in children and α-HCH in adults had HR > 1 for tomato and watermelon which implies the possibility of carcinogenic health risk from its consumption. It is therefore paramount to institute a policy and regulatory framework for regular monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Nigeria in order to ensure food safety for consumers and protect human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly transmissible viral infection has spread worldwide causing exponential increase in morbidity and mortality. But so far, there is limited information available to describe the presenting characteristics, outcomes and treatment modalities of COVID-19 patients in Nigeria. This study aimed to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics, underlying comorbidities, treatment modalities and outcomes of patients isolated and treated in a repurposed COVID-19 isolation and treatment centre in Abuja, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study which reviewed the medical records of 300 confirmed COVID-19 patients isolated and treated according to the World Health Organisation and Nigeria Centre for Disease Control guidelines between 22nd July and 26th October, 2020 in ThisDay Dome Isolation and Treatment Centre. Data collected from the medical records include demographics, clinical features, treatment measures and outcomes. Results: Out of 300 patients studied, 61.0% were male. The mean age of the participants was 38.2 ± 14.7. Less than half of the patients (40.3%) had one or more underlying comorbidities with hypertension the most common co-morbidity. Majority (62%) of patients were mildly symptomatic, 33% were asymptomatic while only 2% were severely symptomatic. The most common presenting symptoms include cough 34.0%, fever 30.3%, anosmia 28.7% and dysgeusia 22.7%. Older age (P < 0.001), tertiary education and the presence of underlying comorbidity (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with symptomatic presentation of COVID-19. The median duration of time between positive laboratory testing and presentation for treatment was 5 days (0-29). All patients were treated with a combination of Ivermectin, Azithromycin, Zinc and Vitamin C with no recorded death. The median length of stay at facility was 9 days. Conclusion: Close attention should be given to patients with co-morbidities as an inefficient management of such co-morbidities could lead to mortalities which may not be directly attributable to COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spondias plants are very useful ethnomedicinally in the management of several health conditions due to their various pharmacological effects. This study is focused on comparative investigation of the micromorphological and microchemical properties of Spondias mombin and Spondias tuberosa leaves. Fresh leaf samples were prepared for foliar epidermal and transverse section studies and microchemical tests were carried out on powdered samples. Data obtained from the microchemical and micromorphological examinations have revealed certain similarity and distinct differences between the two studied species. Therefore, the obtained unique characteristics can facilitate the accurate taxonomic classification of these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an outbreak, effective detection of the aetiological agent(s) involved using molecular techniques is key to efficient diagnosis, early prevention and management of the spread. However, sequencing is necessary for mutation monitoring and tracking of clusters of transmission, development of diagnostics and for vaccines and drug development. Many sequencing methods are fast evolving to reduce test turn-around-time and to increase through-put compared to Sanger sequencing method; however, Sanger sequencing remains the gold standard for clinical research sequencing with its 99.99% accuracy This study sought to generate sequence data of SARS-CoV-2 using Sanger sequencing method and to characterize them for possible site(s) of mutations. About 30 pairs of primers were designed, synthesized, and optimized using endpoint PCR to generate amplicons for the full length of the virus. Cycle sequencing using BigDye Terminator v.3.1 and capillary gel electrophoresis on ABI 3130xl genetic analyser were performed according to the manufacturers' instructions. The sequence data generated were assembled and analysed for variations using DNASTAR Lasergene 17 SeqMan Ultra. Total length of 29,760bp of SARS-CoV-2 was assembled from the sample analysed and deposited in GenBank with accession number: MT576584. Blast result of the sequence assembly shows a 99.97% identity with the reference sequence. Variations were noticed at positions: nt201, nt2997, nt14368, nt16535, nt20334, and nt28841-28843, which caused amino acid alterations at the S (aa614) and N (aa203-204) regions. The mutations observed at S and N-gene in this study may be indicative of a gradual changes in the genetic coding of the virus hence, the need for active surveillance of the viral genome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We earlier reported the protective effect of Solanum dasyphyllum against cyanide neurotoxicity. In furtherance to this, we investigated the protective effect of S. dasyphyllum against rotenone, a chemical toxin that causes brain-related diseases. Mitochondria fraction obtained from the brain of male Wistar rats was incubated with various solvents (hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, and methanol) extracts of S. dasyphyllum before rotenone exposure. Mitochondria respiratory enzymes (MRE) were evaluated along with markers of oxidative stress. The inhibition of MRE by rotenone was reversed by treatment with various fractions of S. dasyphyllum. The oxidative stress induced by rotenone was also reversed by fractions of S. dasyphyllum. In addition, the ethylacetate fraction of S. dasyphyllum was most potent against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. In conclusion, S. dasyphyllum is rich in active phytochemicals that can prevent some neurotoxic effects of rotenone exposure. Further study can be done in an in vivo model to substantiate our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building a new anti-racist archaeology will require an unprecedented level of structural changes in the practices, demographics, and power relations of archaeology. This article considers why this iteration of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) Movement is proving to be unique in terms of its potential to transform the field. We discuss how anti-racist archaeologists arrived at this juncture prepared to meet the challenges now before us, and how members of the Society of Black Archaeologists are collaborating with others to enact change. We acknowledge the significant social justice efforts of others and suggest how archaeologists can get involved to keep this critical momentum going. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the nexus between Boko Haram insurgency and military corruption under the political regime of former President Goodluck Jonathan (2010–2015). The article considered general theories that inform the nature of political system that provides opportunity for patronage politics with its implication on national security. The article further investigates the clandestine temperament of military expenditure and the role of political office holders and senior army personnel in defense corruption. There are two main findings. First, the major subterfuge employed for diversion of arms procurement funds was channeled through alliance formation between the political elites, the serving and retired top military officers. Second, the persistent Boko Haram revolt has been a concealed boulevard for diversion of state resources into private coffers; therefore, ensuing the reign of terror to be more tougher, lengthened and unconquerable due to secretive benefits associated with defense expenditure enjoyed by political and military cabals in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Danish West Indies has often been left out of comparative investigations of slavery between the United States and the Caribbean. This study examines the natural and social environments of two enslaved communities in an effort to reveal the greatest threats to the lives of enslaved peoples and how each community responded differently to such threats. A mix of archaeological and documentary evidence recovered from James and Dolley Madison's Montpelier plantation in Virginia and the Christiansted National Historic Site in St. Croix has revealed an archaeology of struggle, a form of double consciousness in the minds of enslaved peoples, oscillating between self‐preservation and resistance in the daily fight for survival. The diversity of livelihoods across the African Diaspora is illuminated by comparing the lives of Afro‐Caribbeans enslaved by the Danish Crown in St. Croix, within an urban, non‐plantation, and sugar‐based industry, to that of African Americans enslaved by a US president in Virginia, within a rural, plantation, and tobacco‐based industry. The results indicate that enslaved peoples in different regions did not have the same primary concerns or face the same environmental dangers and, as a result, invented different ways of coping with the unique struggles they faced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the summer of 2017, we, as members of the Society of Black Archaeologists (SBA), initiated a sustainable archaeological project on the island of St. Croix in collaboration with several local and international partners. Only a few months later, Hurricanes Irma and Maria devastated much of the US Virgin Islands causing substantial loss in life and property, widespread displacement, damage to infrastructure, and negative impacts to important historical landscapes and heritage resources. This article outlines the effects of hurricane damage on African diaspora heritage sites in St. Croix and our response as Black archaeologists committed to community empowerment. Learning from the recent events, we offer recommendations for standardized methods of site documentation that can be adopted by archaeologists and heritage professionals working in the circum‐Caribbean to better assess site damage and develop protective conservation techniques before major catastrophic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a bid to achieve the objectives of any vocational curriculum in tertiary institutions, human and material resources are essential input factors. The observations by the researchers however showed that a good number of material resources in use for vocational curricula in higher education are deteriorating gradually. Some are even left redundant and the implementers are incapacitated in the delivery of their classroom, laboratory and workshop responsibilities. These observations informed the study which examined maintenance culture among vocational curriculum materials' users in Ogun State tertiary institutions. Four research questions and two null hypotheses guided the discipline survey. The participants included 135 vocational education staff members and 265 vocational education students in two universities and one college of education in Ogun State, Nigeria, making 400 participants altogether. One main research instrument with a reliability of 0.83 was used for data collection. Using descriptive and inferential statistics of t-test, the study found out that, there are divergent responses on the attitudinal dispositions of staff and students towards maintenance culture. Also, finance (x=2.94), lack of technical know-how (x=2.53), inadequate qualified vocational education instructors (x=2.66) and corrupt practices of institutional maintenance officers (x=2.51) are challenges facing maintenance culture in the tertiary institutions. There is significant difference in the maintenance culture practices observed in the college of education and the universities (t-cal=.495>t-tab=1.94). Three dimensional approaches are recommended in the end, with a view to improving maintenance culture in the curriculum delivery process of vocational programmes, for better productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Recent developments in the electricity generation sector of Nigeria necessitated the re-assessment of its contribution to air emission level in the country as information provided by previous inventory is nearly out-of-date. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated from existing thermal power plants in the country.Design/methodology/approach Thermal power plants in Nigeria and their installed capacities were identified, and estimation of CO2 emission from each of the plants was carried out using the emission factor method. In addition to the direct emissions generated through the combustion operation of the power plants, indirect emissions resulting from upstream activities such as extraction, production, and transportation of fuels consumed by the thermal power plant was determined using the same method.Findings In total, 40 thermal power plants are currently operational in Nigeria. Additional 18 thermal plants are at different stages of completion. The operational thermal plants have average generation output of 40 percent of their installed capacity and produce 87.3 million metric tonne (mmt)/annum CO2 emissions. In total, 66.9 percent of the estimated emissions are direct emissions, i.e. fuel combustion emissions; the rest are indirect emissions. Additional 67.9 mmt was estimated as expected overall emissions from the thermal power plants under construction. Considering the global warming potential of CO2, proactive measures must be taken to regulate its emissions from the country’s thermal power plants.Originality/value This paper bridged the information gap existing in the emission inventory from the Nigeria electricity sector by providing up-to-date data on the contribution of the sector to greenhouse gas emission level in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major public health challenge especially in developing countries. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Human T-cell lymphotropic Virus type I (HTLV-I) among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic, in Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, and South-Western Nigeria. One hundred and eighty two randomly selected pregnant women were screened for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV and HTLV-1 IgM antibodies using commercially available ELISA kit. Of the182 blood samples of pregnant women screened whose age ranged from 15–49 years, 13 (7.1%), 5 (2.7%), 9 (4.9%), and 44 (24.2%) were positive for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV, and HTLV-1 IgM antibodies, respectively. The co-infection rate of 0.5% was obtained for HBV/HCV, HBV/HIV, HIV/HTLV-1, and HCV/HTLV-1 while 1.1% and 0% was recorded for HBV/HTLV-1 and HCV/HIV co-infections, respectively. Expected risk factors such as history of surgery, circumcision, tattooing and incision showed no significant association with any of the viral STIs (P> 0.05). This study shows that there is the need for a comprehensive screening of all pregnant women for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV and HTLV-1 to prevent mother to child transmission of these viral infections and its attending consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profitability of a cement plant depends largely on the efficient operation of the blending stage, therefore, there is a need to control the process at the blending stage in order to maintain the chemical composition of the raw mix near or at the desired value with minimum variance despite variation in the raw material composition. In this work, neuro-fuzzy model is developed for a dynamic behaviour of the system to predict the total carbonate content in the raw mix at different clay feed rates. The data used for parameter estimation and model validation was obtained from one of the cement plants in Nigeria. The data was pre-processed to remove outliers and filtered using smoothening technique in order to reveal its dynamic nature. Autoregressive exogenous (ARX) model was developed for comparison purpose. ARX model gave high root mean square error (RMSE) of 5.408 and 4.0199 for training and validation respectively. Poor fit resulting from ARX model is an indication of nonlinear nature of the process. However, both visual and statistical analyses on neuro-fuzzy (ANFIS) model gave a far better result. RMSE of training and validation are 0.28167 and 0.7436 respectively, and the sum of square error (SSE) and R-square are 39.6692 and 0.9969 respectively. All these are an indication of good performance of ANFIS model. This model can be used for control design of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing E. coli in animals and different methods of identifications from Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, were investigated. Three hundred and fifty fecal samples, collected from apparently healthy cattle and pigs, were cultured and identified following standard procedures. ESBL phenotypic detection was carried out using combination disc test, double disc synergism test, and ESBL brilliance agar screening. Molecular detection of TEM, SHV, and CTX-M genes was carried out using standard molecular method. One hundred and fourteen E. coli isolates were recovered from the 350 samples processed, out of which 72 (63.2%) isolates were positive for ESBLs with multiple resistance to the antibiotics used. Eighty-one (71%) isolates were positive for ESBL by combination disc test, 90 (78.9%) were positive for double disc synergism test, and 93 (81.6%) were positive for ESBL brilliance agar. TEM and CTX-M genes were detected in 48 (42.1%) and 51 (44.7%) isolates, respectively. SHV gene was not detected in any of the isolates while TEM and CTX-M were detected in 33 (28.9%) isolates. This study showed high resistance of E. coli to antibiotics, particularly to the third generation cephalosporins. Regular monitoring and regulated use of antibiotics in livestock should be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising problem of resistance to most commonly used antimalarials remains a major challenge in the control of malaria suggesting the need for new antimalarial agents. This work explores the antiplasmodial potential of ethanol extract of Russelia equisetiformis in chloroquine Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Swiss albino mice were intraperitoneally infected with chloroquine-resistant P . berghei (ANKA). Experimental mice were treated for four days consecutively with graded doses of plant extracts and standard antimalarial drugs (artesunate and chloroquine) at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight used as control. The extract showed a dose-dependent activity in the chemosuppression of P . berghei parasites by 31.6, 44.7, 48.4 and 86.5% at doses of 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, while chloroquine (10 mg/kg) and artesunate produced 59.4 and 68.4%, respectively. The extract showed a significant decrease in parasitaemia (P<0.05). The level of parasitemia and decrease in weight in all the treated groups was significantly lower (P<0.05) compared with the infected but untreated mice. The plant extract was devoid of toxicity at the highest dose tested (5000 mg/kg). The study concluded that the ethanol extract of R. equisetiformis possesses antimalarial effect, which supports the folk medicine claim of its use in the treatment of malaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus that circulates among avians, but can also affect other species, particularly humans and horses. The virus is transmissible via blood transfusion. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of the West Nile virus among blood donors in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Serum samples from 185 blood donors who donated blood at blood bank units of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching hospitals and Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria were screened for WNV IgM antibody. Results: Out of the 185 donors recruited for the study, 175 (94.6%) were males. The age of the participant ranges from 18 - 65 years with the mean age (SD± 20.3). One hundred and sixty five (89.1%) donors are urban dwellers while twenty (10.8%) donors are rural dwellers. Twenty seven donors (15.4%), out of the urban group regularly use insecticides treated or mosquito repellant nets whereas none of the rural dwellers use insecticides or mosquito net. All the 185 donors screened were negative for West Nile virus- specific IgM antibody. Conclusion: This study reveals that there is no serological evidence of WNV infection in Osun state Nigeria. Although this is only a preliminary report, there would be the need for a more elaborate study cutting across different seasons of the year on the prevalence of WNV in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of heart diseases, such as coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure, increases with age. Optimal therapeutic interventions that antagonize aging may reduce the occurrence and mortality of adult heart diseases. We discuss here how molecular mechanisms mediating life span extension affect aging of the heart and its resistance to pathological insults. In particular, we review our recent findings obtained from transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of Sirt1, which demonstrated delayed aging and protection against oxidative stress in the heart. We propose that activation of known longevity mechanisms in the heart may represent a novel cardioprotection strategy against aging and certain types of cardiac stress, such as oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT. Citizens of 9 different English-speaking countries (N = 619) evaluated the average, or typical, citizen of 5 English-speaking countries (Great Britain, Canada, Nigeria, United States, Australia) on 9 pairs of bipolar adjectives. Participants were drawn from Australia, Botswana, Canada, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, the United States, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. There were statistically significant similarities in the rankings of the 5 stimulus countries on 8 of the 9 adjective dimensions and a strong convergence of autostereotypes and heterostereotypes on many traits. The results relate to previous stereotyping research and traditional methods of assessing the accuracy of national stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many theorists and helping professionals have emphasized the importance of self‐concept in personal adjustment. Increasingly, theorists and caregivers are perceiving self‐concept as playing a pivotal role in the specific realm of learning, teaching and everyday living. As clinicians and scientists we see daily the close tie between parental competence, teacher's influence and emotional functioning and how children succeed with many of life's worries. Insufficient attention has been paid to the theoretical underpinnings of predicting children's emotional reactions to stress and conflict with self from a systems viewpoint. Longitudinal preventive and developmental studies of adults’ influence on children's ability to cope with life's stresses and classroom's conflict, through polydimensionl procedures incorporated into a therapeutic counselling or consulting atmosphere that includes caring, respect, empathic understanding and acceptance, are mandatory. Theoretical frameworks are already developed which must be drawn on to drive the best predictions of when and how to involve our child client (patient) with social and family support. The current essay will attempt to bridge school and family systems and social network theories to the understanding of children's coping with self in a bid to enhance their self‐concept. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The major objective of this study was to identify certain needs which limit the effectiveness of early childhood teachers in the classroom. This was done by the use of an assessment tool. Results indicated a high priority and dire need for help in five factor need areas: 1. children guidance and achievement of the basic skills; 2. functional and qualitative learning and a mastery of the basic skills; 3. motivating children to learn; 4. identifying and sustaining readiness factors that affect learning and 5. establishing and maintaining discipline. Consequently, a test for relation ship between the identified factor needs of early childhood teachers and selected teachers variables yielded no statistical significance (p>0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Examines the ways in which rumors spread and how organizations can stop them. Definition of rumor; Effects of rumors; Three ways to manage rumor in a company; Importance of grapevines in informal communications.