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This paper studies an equity market of stochastic dimension, where the number of assets fluctuates over time. In such a market, we develop the fundamental theorem of asset pricing, which provides the equivalence of the following statements: (i) there exists a supermartingale numéraire portfolio; (ii) each dissected market, which is of a fixed dimension between dimensional jumps, has locally finite growth; (iii) there is no arbitrage of the first kind; (iv) there exists a local martingale deflator; (v) the market is viable. We also present the optional decomposition theorem, which characterizes a given nonnegative process as the wealth process of some investment‐consumption strategy. Furthermore, similar results still hold in an open market embedded in the entire market of stochastic dimension, where investors can only invest in a fixed number of large capitalization stocks. These results are developed in an equity market model where the price process is given by a piecewise continuous semimartingale of stochastic dimension. Without the continuity assumption on the price process, we present similar results but without explicit characterization of the numéraire portfolio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbiological quality of dairy products from small-scale producers in Serbia was analysed. A total of 302 dairy products [raw (n = 111) and pasteurized milk cheeses (n = 79) and kajmak (n = 112)], were collected and tested for the presence of pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp., and enumerated for Coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS), Escherichia coli, and yeasts and moulds. None of the samples tested positive for Salmonella spp., while L. monocytogenes was recovered from one raw milk cheese and five kajmak samples. Raw milk cheese and kajmak also had higher levels of indicator microorganisms, namely E. coli and yeast and moulds. Molecular serotyping grouped L. monocytogenes isolates into serogroups 1 (1/2a and 3a) and 3 (1/2b, 3b, and 7). When exposed to eight antibiotics, L. monocytogenes isolates were mostly sensitive, with the exception of oxacillin and reduced susceptibility to clindamycin, penicillin G, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, emphasizing the importance of continuous surveillance for antimicrobial resistance. Samples that tested positive for Listeria spp. also had higher loads of indicator microorganisms, namely E. coli and yeast and moulds, suggesting lapses in hygiene practices during production. Collectively, these data emphasize the need for improved food safety and hygiene practices among small-scale dairy producers. This is crucial to reduce the microbial contamination and improve both the quality and safety of dairy products in the Serbian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic reforms such as the liberalization of export and processing-linked marketing channels have encouraged farmers to produce more. Unfortunately, cotton production in Zimbabwe has been declining regardless of such interventions. Why is the production declining despite these interventions including the government-free inputs and supported extension services? Cotton marketing is one of the main factors that influence overall quantities of a commodity to be produced but the practices and behavior of farmers are relatively unknown and unpredictable in the cotton markets. Therefore, this study was to explore factors influencing smallholder farmers' cotton marketing decisions in three cotton-producing provinces of Zimbabwe. A representative sample of 1080 cotton farmers were randomly selected from these provinces and a double hurdle model was used to evaluate market participation and intensity guided by probit model and censored tobit model respectively. Results showed that the decision to participate in cotton marketing was exclusively influenced by experience in cotton production while the intensity of cotton marketing was exclusively influenced by household labour and access to information. Market prices did not significantly (P<0.05) influence both the participation and intensity of cotton markets. The source of inputs and affiliation to marketing associations influence both marketing decisions. It is recommended that the government of Zimbabwe should revise the existing cotton marketing policies to encourage many buyers into cotton markets. The establishment of cotton marketing hubs can increase cotton marketing participation and intensity through increased access to decentralised marketing options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For improved and sustained growth, world economies are now moving towards innovation systems. However, the impact of these innovation systems on economies within the economic paradigm is still unknown. This study aims to investigate how innovation systems in various economies influence E-commerce capacity. However, various policymakers plan to design and implement policies that meet the changing dynamics of innovation systems. However, the fact that these policies have an impact on E-commerce is mostly not taken into consideration. This study further aims to understand whether policymakers should consider the enabling side effects and the impact assessment derived from innovation systems when they design E-commerce policies? By utilizing quantitative analysis, the study evaluates the innovation enabling factors for E-commerce advancement. The innovation system factors, institutions, human capital, infrastructure, market sophistication, knowledge, and creative outputs construct the set of independent variables that evaluated against the dependent variable that is E-commerce capacity. Through structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis of the Global Innovation Index data, the study concludes that human capital and market sophistication are significant enabling factors to E-commerce when innovation system policies are applied. In addition, infrastructure and information communication technology are essential factors in advancing E-commerce capacity. This work recommends that policymakers should assess the impact of existing innovation policies related to human capital, empowerment, and market sophistication on E-commerce capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An open market is a subset of a larger equity market, composed of a certain fixed number of top‐capitalization stocks. Though the number of stocks in the open market is fixed, their composition changes over time, as each company's rank by market capitalization fluctuates. When one is allowed to invest also in a money market, an open market resembles the entire "closed" equity market in the sense that the market viability (lack of arbitrage) is equivalent to the existence of a numéraire portfolio (which cannot be outperformed). When access to the money market is prohibited, the class of portfolios shrinks significantly in open markets; in such a setting, we discuss the Capital Asset Pricing Model, how to construct functionally generated portfolios, and the concept of universal portfolio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a variety of infections in humans and animals that can pose a major public health burden in many countries, including Ethiopia. Objectives: This study was aimed to isolate Staphylococcus aureus present on the shell surfaces and in the contents of chicken eggs, and determine antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Material and Methods: One hundred seventy-four (174) egg samples were obtained from open market and 161 from poultry farm. The surfaces of eggs were sampled using a sterile cotton swab. After sterilizing the shells, the egg contents were sampled. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus was done based on culture characteristics, and biochemical tests. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using disc diffusion method. Results: A total of 93 (27.8%) Staphylococcus aureus samples were isolated. From these, 28 (17.4%) were from Haramaya University poultry farm while 65 (37.4%) were from market. In addition, 63 (18.8%) were from the shell while 30 (8.9%) were from the egg content. The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in the egg shell from open markets was significantly higher than the content from the egg shells obtained from farms (P = 0.021). The level of Staphylococcus aureus content was also significantly higher in the market (P = 0.003). All 76 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested with the overall value 3.9-92.0% level of resistance pattern showing higher resistant to penicillin (92%) and ampicillin (89.5%). A lower level of resistance was observed to chloramphenicol, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin with complete susceptibility to vancomycin. Multiple drug resistance was detected in 86.8% of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Conclusion: The study showed a significant level of Staphylococcus aureus with considerable antibiotic resistant pattern. Further studies are needed to better define bacterial resistance to antibiotic agents with emphasis on surveillance of multiple drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Redes (1414-7106) is the property of Associacao Pro-Ensino em Santa Cruz do Sul - APESC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Mexico, the production of guava (Psidium guajava L.) is very representative, since year after year, it is among the first 10 fruits harvested with higher yields. From 2008, fresh guava began to be sent to the United States of America, aimed at the nostalgia market, complying with the tariff and phytosanitary requirements for the crossing to this country, as one of these requirements is that the cargo is irradiated, which is the elimination of bacteria and pathogens harmful to health. The present work, shows the methodology and procedures before an open market essential for the competitive strategy and the generation of income that improves the planning of the distribution of fresh guava in all the federal entities of Mexico both producing and consuming United States of America; through the formulation in linear programming of a distribution optimization model for this fruit, which minimizes transport costs where it identifies potential consumption centers and recommends that quantities should be supplied to said market, to maintain the balance between the supply and demand of fresh guava, in order to make the products and services available to customers at the time and place, in the desired conditions and forms, in the most cost-effective manner refer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study seeks to highlight the population policy adopted by the British colonial rule when the Straits Settlements for the period 1826 until the Second World War. Economic interest, especially after the industrial revolution in Europe in the 18th century has made the population as the heart of an economy based on capitalist economic system. Local people, especially the Malays viewed less potential to become the capital of the capitalist economic system. Thus the liberal population policy has led to economic progress in the Straits Settlements and also change the demographics of the population in the Straits Settlements. Through this research is working to highlight that the business establishment for planning the plural society has already taken place through the basics of politics and economics by British Colonial. Thus British colonial domination of the British-Malaya environment has brought a new treasure of cultural acceptance of the new British-Malaya and commenced in the administrative area of the Straits Settlements established in 1826. Through this study we hope that the establishment of a pluralistic society in Malaya (Malaysia) can actually be attributed to the economic philosophy that flourished in Europe for man is the energy industry, particularly in the capital market-based open (free-market). Hence the importance of resources to meet the needs of the market has brought changes to the geographic population in the community in the Malay Archipelago which does not adopt the philosophy of an economy based on large-scale output to meet demand, especially raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on finding ways to stimulate the growth of agricultural sectors in m-businesses, by analyzing and comparing the factors that influence the purchasing behavior of consumers in the open market, social commerce, and integrated shopping malls. Consumers at various mobile shopping malls answered a survey. Among the nine factors considered, one important factor was the frequency of purchasing agrifoods. Regression analysis produced three results. First, in the open market, in addition to various other advantages, the brand image, reasonable pricing, simple payment system, and convenience of using an app were important factors that influenced the purchasing behavior of the individual consumer. Second, in social commerce, the major factors influencing purchase were the reasonable pricing, quick delivery service, and convenience of using an app. Third, in integrated shopping malls, the brand image, guaranteed after-sale service, the variety of products, quick delivery service, and convenience of using an app were the significant factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Problemas del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana de Economía is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The globalization process emphasizes the need of a new management paradigm that will correspond to the current conditions. Having in mind that the knowledge management is recognized as a strategy that comprehends the most important and relevant issues related to the adaptation of the organization, its survival and its competencies are in conflict with the rapidly changing environment on the open market. The knowledge management implementation and effectiveness in the organization depend on several factors, such as organizational culture, human resource management and information technology. Therefore, the objective of the paper is to research the influence of the crucial factors of the knowledge management implementation and effectiveness on the telecommunication market in Republic of Macedonia, which is characterized as an open and dynamic market. The research was conducted in 10 companies, on a sample of 100 respondents - employees in these companies. The influence of the organizational culture, human resource management and information technology on the knowledge management implementation and effectiveness was examined. The results show the importance of the crucial factors in knowledge management implementation and effectiveness and the awareness of the managers and employees for the need of constant improvement of knowledge and skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open market is defined as a market or place where prices are determined by supply and demand. The study proposes and tests an integrated model of consumers' purchase intentions toward open markets and investigates the differences in the adoption of open markets between Korea and China. Based on an extended technology acceptance model, we examined the effects of perceived website quality (PWSQ), perceived usefulness, third-party recognition, satisfaction, and trust on purchase intentions. We selected Korea as an established market economy and China as a transition economy. We obtained 147 usable responses in Korea and 113 usable responses in China. We analyzed the empirical data by using structural equation modeling. The results for empirical data from Korea provide support for all hypotheses except for the effect of perceived website quality on satisfaction. By contrast, the results for empirical data from China provide support for all hypotheses except for the effect of trust on satisfaction and that of PWSQ on trust. That is, perceived usefulness and PWSQ had significant effects on satisfaction, and third-party recognition had a significant effect on trust. We examined the differences between China and Korea through a t test to demonstrate cultural differences in the adoption of open markets. The relationships between perceived usefulness and satisfaction and between satisfaction and purchase intention were stronger in Korea than in China. The study contributes by proposing an integrated framework for open markets composed of the antecedents of satisfaction, trust, and purchase intentions and by measuring PWSQ and third-party recognition to consider diverse aspects of transactions in open markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the analysis of Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and Capacitive Energy storage (CES) based on hydrothermal system under open market scenario employing fuzzy logic controller. The formulation of Load Frequency Control (LFC) problem has been greatly affected due to open transmission access and evolution of more socialized companies for generation, transmission and distribution. The traditional LFC has been modified by taking into account the concept of bilateral contracts. Attempt has also been made to incorporate the concept of SSSC and CES to further improve the performance of the system. A detailed representation of design of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) has been represented and the results have been compared with those of dual mode controller. The results indeed demonstrate the superior working of FLC than that of dual mode controller and the system shows better response with respect to peak time, overshoot and settling time in the presence of FLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until 50 years ago the purpose of publishers in Australia was to act as distributors for overseas companies, mainly British. From 1970 onwards a local publishing industry began to develop, taking advantage of the greatly increased investment by publishers in distribution systems to service the “closed market.” In 1991 the “30-day rule” was introduced, leading to an increased amount of local printing of overseas titles, and a growing number of rights purchases of overseas-published books. The pros and cons of “separating out” Australian rights are addressed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open access reforms to railway regulations allow multiple train operators to provide rail services on a common infrastructure. As railway operations are now independently managed by different stakeholders, conflicts in operations may arise, and there have been attempts to derive an effective access charge regime so that these conflicts may be resolved. One approach is by direct negotiation between the infrastructure manager and the train service providers. Despite the substantial literature on the topic, few consider the benefits of employing computer simulation as an evaluation tool for railway operational activities such as access pricing. This article proposes a multi-agent system (MAS) framework for the railway open market and demonstrates its feasibility by modelling the negotiation between an infrastructure provider and a train service operator. Empirical results show that the model is capable of resolving operational conflicts according to market demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increased energy use, very little new transmission, and open access, the electric power system is experiencing much greater levels of regional transfers. These new requirements push the system to its limits for maximum economic benefit, while maintaining adequate security margins requires online real-time network analysis. An interconnected system can collapse due to a number of different limits being exceeded: thermal, voltage stability, transient stability, and dynamic stability. EPRI has been developing the infrastructure to extract data from proprietary EMS systems, tools to collect and manage large amounts of modeling data, and advanced security applications. These applications will significantly improve the security and efficiency of the operation of the electric power grid for the benefit of all users. EPRI's Grid Operations and Planning department has been working with its members and with the North American Reliability Council to develop technology to: improve data exchange and data communication for security applications; develop transactions systems for tracking transmission reservations and energy schedules; and develop advanced security and reliability applications that use this technology. This article is a summary of technology that has been developed, or is in the process of being developed, that would be useful in improving real-time data modeling exchange for security applications and online security applications that use this technology [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This note is a short tutorial overview on the standardization activities of interest for testing, together with an overview on the role of testing in the European open market. Activities and problems are listed and discussed, A number of reliability and test standards are listed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]