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The Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL), along with the St. Lawrence Estuary, is the largest estuarine system in North America. It is a biologically productive sea and an important fishing ground in Canada. The objectives of this study are to determine how climate changes will affect primary production in the GSL and on the eastern Scotian Shelf, and to determine the drivers of the changes. We use a regional ocean model forced with downscaled output of the Max-Planck Institute Earth System Model to study the changes in net primary production under the climate change scenario of Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5). Results reveal a projected 13.4% decrease in annual primary production across the GSL system over the next 70 years. This decline primarily stems from reduced nutrient concentrations in the upper layer, despite the increase in nutrients supplied by rivers. Enhanced freshwater influx and ocean surface warming contribute to heightened stratification, that in turn reduce the vertical nutrient fluxes from deeper layers. This mechanism affects the upwelling of nutrient-rich water at the head of the Laurentian Channel in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary, leading to a 22% reduction in the vertical nitrate flux in the future. Additionally, nutrient concentrations in the water masses entering the GSL at the Strait of Belle Isle and at Cabot Strait are also reduced. Due to declining sea-ice concentration, the phytoplankton bloom is expected to occur between 9 and 23 days earlier under a warmer climate, and last for up to 24 days longer, depending on the GSL subregions, compared to the historical period (2001-2020). Biological productivity at higher trophic levels, and thus fisheries productivity, could be negatively impacted under the RCP8.5 climate change scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Heifer growth and milk production in lactating cows may diminish the nutrient supply to the fetus. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the nutrient supply to the fetus in primiparous and multiparous cows. We investigated maternal, umbilical cord, and calf blood glucose and amino acid levels, as well as placental development in 28 primiparous (PP) and 30 multiparous (MP) Holstein cows. Although the total cotyledonary weight and surface area showed no significant differences, the MP group exhibited larger individual cotyledons (P < 0.01) and fewer medium-sized cotyledons (P < 0.05). Within the PP group, total cotyledonary weight and surface area positively correlated with blood glucose (r = 0.71-0.77; P < 0.01) and total essential amino acid (r = 0.55; P < 0.05) concentrations in the umbilical veins. However, no significant correlation was observed in the MP group. Blood glucose and amino acid concentrations in the umbilical vein, umbilical artery, and calf were significantly lower in the MP group (P < 0.05), although no difference was observed in the dams between the groups. In conclusion, the nutrient status of primiparous cows can alter fetal nutrient supply. Moreover, multiparous cows have larger individual cotyledons as an adaptive response to increased milk production during pregnancy. However, this adaptive response in multiparous cows did not completely restore nutrient supply to the fetus to the same extent as that in primiparous cows. Therefore, the nutritional management of multiparous cows during pregnancy must be reconsidered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL), along with the St. Lawrence Estuary, is the largest estuarine system in North America. It is a biologically productive sea and an important fishing ground in Canada. The objectives of this study are to determine how climate changes will affect primary production in the GSL and on the eastern Scotian Shelf, and to determine the drivers of the changes. We use a regional ocean model forced with downscaled output of the Max-Planck Institute Earth System Model to study the changes in net primary production under the climate change scenario of Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5). Results reveal a projected 13.4% decrease in annual primary production across the GSL system over the next 70 years. This decline primarily stems from reduced nutrient concentrations in the upper layer, despite the increase in nutrients supplied by rivers. Enhanced freshwater influx and ocean surface warming contribute to heightened stratification, that in turn reduce the vertical nutrient fluxes from deeper layers. This mechanism affects the upwelling of nutrient-rich water at the head of the Laurentian Channel in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary, leading to a 22% reduction in the vertical nitrate flux in the future. Additionally, nutrient concentrations in the water masses entering the GSL at the Strait of Belle Isle and at Cabot Strait are also reduced. Due to declining sea-ice concentration, the phytoplankton bloom is expected to occur between 9 and 23 days earlier under a warmer climate, and last for up to 24 days longer, depending on the GSL subregions, compared to the historical period (2001-2020). Biological productivity at higher trophic levels, and thus fisheries productivity, could be negatively impacted under the RCP8.5 climate change scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern agriculture, Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) stands out as a contemporary production mode that leverages precise control over environmental conditions such as nutrient, temperature, light, and other factors to achieve efficient and high-quality agricultural production. Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of manipulating these environmental factors in the short period before harvest to enhance crop yield and quality in CEA. This comprehensive review aims to provide insight into various pre-harvest practices employed in CEA, including nutrient deprivation, nutrient supply, manipulation of the light environment, and the application of exogenous hormones, with the objective of improving yield and quality in horticultural crops. Additionally, we propose an intelligent pre-harvest management system to cultivate high-quality horticultural crops. This system integrates sensor technology, data analysis, and intelligent control, enabling the customization of specific pre-harvest strategies based on producers' requirements. The envisioned pre-harvest intelligent system holds the potential to enhance crop quality, increase yield, reduce resource wastage, and offer innovative ideas and technical support for the sustainable development of CEA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insect manure or "frass" has emerged as an alternative nutrient source for alleviating the dependence on fossil fuel-based fertilizers, reducing food waste, and promoting food security. Yet, research on insect frass chemical composition is in its infancy. Here, we assessed the chemical properties of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) frass compared with poultry litter (PL). Insect frass was obtained from the National Biological Control Laboratory (NBCL; IF-L) and an insect-rearing company (IF-C). PL was collected from facilities in Arkansas (PL-AR) and North Carolina (PL-NC). Samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, macro- and micronutrients, heavy metals, pathogens, and indicator microorganisms. On average, insect frass had 43% and 47% higher C and N than PL, respectively (P  < 0.05). Considering a 5 mg/ha application rate, IF-C can supply 159 kg N/ha, twice the N supply of PL-AR (78 kg/ha). IF-L had a 53% higher P supply than PL-NC. Mean K, Ca, S, and micronutrient contents were higher in PL than in frass (P  < 0.05), whereas As, Cd, Cr, and Pb were nearly absent in frass. Chemical composition and pathogens in fertilizer sources were largely affected by insect-rearing substrate and supplements used in poultry and insect production. Insect frass utilized in this study had optimum C and N rates relative to PL, suggesting a promising soil amendment for improving soil health and C sequestration, thus contributing to sustainable agricultural intensification and reuse of food waste in circular economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine internal structure spectral profile of by-products from coffee processing that were affected by added-microorganism fermentation duration in relation to truly absorbed feed nutrient supply in ruminant system. Methods: The by-products from coffee processing were fermented using commercial fermentation product, consisting of various microorganisms: for 0 (control), 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. In this study, carbohydrate-related spectral profiles of coffee by-products were correlated with their chemical and nutritional properties (chemical composition, total digestible nutrient, bioenergy values, carbohydrate sub-fractions and predicted degradation and digestion parameters as well as milk value of feed). The vibrational spectra of coffee by-products samples after fermentation for 0 (control), 7, 14, 21, and 28 days were determined using a JASCO FT/IR-4200 spectroscopy coupled with accessory of attenuated total reflectance (ATR). The molecular spectral analyses with univariate approach were conducted with the OMNIC 7.3 software. Results: Molecular spectral analysis parameters in fermented and non-fermented byproducts from coffee processing included structural carbohydrate, cellulosic compounds, non-structural carbohydrates, lignin compound, CH-bending, structural carbohydrate peak1, structural carbohydrate peak2, structural carbohydrate peak3, hemicellulosic compound, non-structural carbohydrate peak1, non-structural carbohydrate peak2, nonstructural carbohydrate peak3. The study results show that added-microorganism fermentation induced chemical and nutritional changes of coffee by-products including carbohydrate chemical composition profiles, bioenergy value, feed milk value, carbohydrate subfractions, estimated degradable and undegradable fractions in the rumen, and intestinal digested nutrient supply in ruminant system. Conclusion: In conclusion, carbohydrate nutrition value changes by added-microorganism fermentation duration were in an agreement with the change of their spectral profile in the coffee by-products. The studies show that the vibrational ATR-FT/IR spectroscopic technique could be applied as a rapid analytical tool to evaluate fermented by-products and connect with truly digestible carbohydrate supply in ruminant system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has always been a specific focus on nitrogen fertilization in sugar beet production due to its important effect on sugar beet root yield and quality. For stable sugar beet growth and satisfactory root yield and quality, balanced N fertilization is crucial. Thus, this study aimed to investigate spring N fertilization in two seasons as the following treatments: N0—control, N1—only pre-sowing fertilization, and N2—pre-sowing with topdressing. Four different genotypes were included in the study (Serenada, Colonia, Fred, and Danton). The experiment was set up in a plain area, belonging to the temperate climate zone in Eastern Croatia (Županja and Vrbanja), with the long-term mean (LTM) (March–October) air temperature around 16 °C and the total precipitation of 515 mm. Pre-sowing N fertilization had a smaller impact on root yield in the year with higher precipitation (31% higher than LTM). Therefore, the average yields with pre-sowing fertilization (N1) and pre-sowing fertilization with top dressing (N2) were very similar and were only 7% higher than those of the control. In a season with less rainfall (29% less than LTM), pre-sowing fertilization with top dressing (N2) had a more pronounced effect on the increase in sugar beet root yield, which was 17% higher compared to that of the control treatment. The sugar beet sucrose content and quality parameters (brei impurities, loss of sugar in molasses, extractable sugar) differed when N fertilization was applied among locations in both seasons. The white sugar yield was the highest at N2 treatment with pre-sowing and topdressing N fertilization. In general, according to the average of all locations and years of research, the Serenada hybrid achieved the highest average root yield (81.1 t ha−1), while Colonia exhibited the highest root sugar content (14.5%) and white sugar yield (9.7 t ha−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine dinitrogen (N2) fixation fuels primary production and thereby influences the Earth's climate. Yet, its geographical distribution and controlling environmental parameters remain debatable. We measured N2 fixation rates from the two spatially and physicochemically contrasting regions of the Arabian Sea during the winter monsoon: (a) the colder and nutrient‐rich waters in the northern region owing to winter convection and (b) the warmer and nutrient‐poor waters in the southern region unaffected by winter convection. We found higher N2 fixation rates at the surface of northern region due to convective mixing driven supply of phosphate (intuitively iron also) from the underlying suboxic waters. N2 fixation was favored by high nutrient concentrations in the euphotic waters, whereas remained unaffected by nutrient availability in the aphotic waters. We conclude that diazotrophs dwelling in the euphotic zone chose phosphate over fixed nitrogen‐poor waters. However, we found that among oligotrophic waters, anticyclonic eddy extremes the barrier of fixed nitrogen supply, and thereby, elevates N2 fixation. While the Arabian Sea loses about 20%–40% of the global ocean fixed nitrogen, we estimate that N2 fixation in the Arabian Sea offsets only up to 42% of its fixed nitrogen‐loss by denitrification, but this offset could be higher if diazotrophic activity is further examined up to the deeper depths of the Arabian Sea. Plain Language Summary: Phytoplankton facilitate the removal of greenhouse carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere. However, phytoplankton's carbon dioxide assimilation ability is largely controlled by the reactive forms of nitrogen (N, such as ammonium, nitrate and nitrite). In contrast, the N‐limited environments often create a suitable niche for diazotrophs—organisms genetically proficient to convert dinitrogen (N2) gas to a reactive form of N. Previous research has hypothesized close spatial coupling between N2 fixation and N‐loss processes because the latter result in an N‐deficit, that is, a conducive condition for diazotrophs. Here, we measured N2 fixation rates in and above the N‐loss dominated waters of the Arabian Sea. The highest N2 fixation occurred near the coast of the Arabian Sea. We found relatively high N2 fixation rates above the waters with the highest N‐loss owing to convective mixing driven supply of nutrients such as phosphate and probably iron. N2 fixation rates below the sunlit layer were consistent but low. Our study showed that physical processes substantially influence N2 fixation by affecting nutrients supply. Key Points: Winter convection elevates N2 fixation through the enhanced supply of nutrients from the suboxic waters to the surface waters of the Arabian SeaDiazotrophy offsets up to 42% of the Arabian Sea's denitrification deficitWinter convective mixing strengthens the long‐held hypothesis of coupling between N‐gain and ‐loss processes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typhoons can greatly alter the hydrodynamic and nutrient supply in coastal oceans. However, due to the complex conditions of typhoons, such as their intensity, even slight changes may cause substantial changes in hydrodynamics and nutrient supply, which needs to be better understood. In this study, we conducted two cruises before and after Typhoon Talim (2023) to quantitatively investigate changes in hydrodynamics and nutrient supply in Zhanjiang Bay using dual water isotopes. Before the typhoon, strong stratification occurred in the bay. However, the strong external force of the typhoon destroyed the stratification and substantially changed the water mixing in the bay after the typhoon. In the upper bay, massive freshwater input remarkably decreased the salinity during the post-typhoon period (freshwater increased by 18%). In contrast, the salinity variation in the lower bay was minimal, mainly due to massive seawater intrusion from the outer bay induced by the typhoon; the seawater mixed with freshwater columns from the upper bay, forming a strong ocean front. The intensity of ocean fronts induced by typhoons directly depended on the typhoon intensity landing in Zhanjiang Bay, as stronger typhoons will cause more intrusion of high-salinity seawater from the outer bay. Due to the formation of the ocean front, freshwater and terrestrial nutrients from the upper bay are prevented from being transported downwards, resulting in a large amount of accumulated pollutants within the bay. By contrast, due to the impact of high-salinity seawater intrusion, the contribution of seawater from the outer bay has increased, thereby diluting the nutrients in the lower bay. This study provides a new insight into the responses of coastal marine eco-environment systems to typhoons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During intrauterine life, external stimuli including maternal nutrition, lifestyle, socioeconomic conditions, anxiety, stress, and air pollution can significantly impact fetal development. The human brain structures begin to form in the early weeks of gestation and continue to grow and mature throughout pregnancy. This review aims to assess, based on the latest research, the impact of environmental factors on fetal and neonatal brain development, showing that oxidative stress and inflammation are implied as a common factor for most of the stressors. Environmental insults can induce a maternal inflammatory state and modify nutrient supply to the fetus, possibly through epigenetic mechanisms, leading to significant consequences for brain morphogenesis and neurological outcomes. These risk factors are often synergic and mutually reinforcing. Fetal growth restriction and preterm birth represent paradigms of intrauterine reduced nutrient supply and inflammation, respectively. These mechanisms can lead to an increase in free radicals and, consequently, oxidative stress, with well-known adverse effects on the offspring's neurodevelopment. Therefore, a healthy intrauterine environment is a critical factor in supporting normal fetal brain development. Hence, healthcare professionals and clinicians should implement effective interventions to prevent and reduce modifiable risk factors associated with an increased inflammatory state and decreased nutrient supply during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food production system 'aquaponics' has moved a long way from its inceptions in the 1970s and 1980s. This paper suggests that it is the principle of aquaponics that should define what aquaponics is and then the rest follows according to systems and technologies. This paper supports the Palm et al. (Aquac Int. 2018;26(3):813–42) position of having a nutrient supply threshold (>50%) from the feed via the aquatic organisms to the plants. We test the most recent alternative definitions (e.g. Baganz et al. Rev Aquac. 2021;14:252–64) that overcomplicate existing definitions and nomenclature. Any new definition needs to be referential to existing terms and properly tested. This paper does exactly that, concluding that several recent changes by Baganz et al. (Rev Aquac. 2021;14:252–64) are not needed. We also debate that the key principle behind aquaponics is 'all about coupling'. Whilst coupling is an important aspect, existing technologies and those that will emerge are far more complex. Finally, this paper highlights the idiosyncrasies in the term aquaponics and we suggest an alternative term 'aquaorganoponics', which in essence better describes the principles of aquaponics (s.s.) which transfers natural organic compounds combined with microbes in water from the aquaculture unit to the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lower nutrient supply from Holstein (HOL) dams to beef fetuses than HOL fetuses has been demonstrated, but the underlying factors remain unclear. We investigated maternal, umbilical vein, and calf blood glucose and amino acid concentrations at calving, along with placental development at term, in HOL dams with similar fetuses (HOL‐HOL, n = 12), F1 crosses (HOL × Japanese Black [JB]; HOL‐F1, n = 4), JB fetuses (HOL‐JB, n = 7), and JB dams with similar fetuses (JB‐JB, n = 11). Calf birth weight, total cotyledonary weight, and surface area were greater in HOL‐HOL compared to JB‐JB or HOL‐JB (P < 0.05), whereas those of HOL‐F1 were similar. Blood amino acid concentrations in the umbilical veins and calves were similar among HOL‐HOL, HOL‐F1, and HOL‐JB. Calf blood glucose concentrations were lower in HOL‐F1 than HOL‐HOL (P < 0.05), despite similar maternal blood glucose levels. HOL‐JB exhibited higher maternal, umbilical vein, and calf blood glucose concentrations than JB‐JB (P < 0.05). Therefore, the glucose supply to the fetus may be inhibited in HOL‐F1 due to maternal‐fetal breed differences. Higher maternal blood glucose concentrations in HOL‐JB may result in elevated fetal glucose exposure, potentially affecting postnatal growth and metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate phytoplankton dynamics in response to variable winter weather conditions along the Sea of Japan, we conducted daily sampling in enclosed Maizuru Bay in five winters and found distinctive differences between 2016/2017 and 2018/2019. A clear diatom bloom occurred through the water column in moderately cold/snowy 2016/2017, whereas in exceptionally warm/snow-free 2018/2019 a small peak of dinoflagellates occurred only in the subsurface. Nutrient concentrations changed drastically depending on freshwater discharge and diatom growth in 2016/2017, showing a contrast with constant nutrient concentrations in 2018/2019. Copepod densities were ~10 times higher in 2016/2017 than in 2018/2019, indicating bottom-up effects in 2016/2017. As the absence of a diatom bloom from 2018/2019 can be attributed neither to nutrient limitation nor to grazing pressure, we hypothesize that wind mixing is a key factor triggering a diatom bloom. Within the five winters, clear diatom blooms were found only after strong winds and heavy precipitation including snowfall. Wind mixing would possibly promote the germination/rejuvenation of viable resting stage cells as inocula for a diatom bloom, while the growth and maintenance are supported by nutrient supply through freshwater discharge. In Maizuru Bay, winter production is likely activated by harsh weather conditions characteristic of this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correction notice in the journal "Frontiers in Marine Science" addresses an error in Figure 2 of the article "Modelling the bottom-up effects of climate change on primary production in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and eastern Scotian Shelf." The panels in question were meant to show the mean temperature and salinity of the upper 50 m water column in historical and future years, but a coding mistake led to the calculation of a single layer instead. The authors have rectified this error, emphasizing that it does not impact the scientific conclusions of the study. [Extracted from the article]

The experiment was conducted within a framework of a two-factor long-term trial at the Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation, in Szarvas, Hungary. This was a special field experiment, in which lysimeters have been installed in the middle of 32 m2 field plots. The main factor was the water supply with 4 levels: i1: non-irrigated control; i2: irrigated with one third of the optimal water supply; i3: irrigated with two thirds of the optimal water supply; i4: optimum irrigated plot, according to the requirement of sweet corn test plant. The amount of released irrigation water was 0, 54, 106 and 158 mm per year on average over 5 years. Within every water supply treatment there were 4 nutrient supply rates (N): N1, N2, N3, N4 = 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha−1 NPK fertiliser substance in ratio 2:1:1. The number of replications was 4, and the experiment was arranged in split-plot design. In the studied years, the amount of precipitation varied between 92 and 264 mm from sowing to harvesting. The effect of fertiliser was less in the non-irrigated treatments compared to that of the irrigated ones, and the yield was increased only up to 200 kg ha−1 NPK treatment level. The NPK dose of 300 kg ha−1 proved to be optimal in the irrigated treatments in which the utilization of fertilizer doses increased parallel to the improving water supply. In addition, the ratio of first class products (cobs longer than 20 cm) increased to a greater extent than the yield as a result of irrigation and fertilization. Water requirement of sweet corn proved to be between 400–450 mm resulting in an average yield of 20–24 t ha−1, of which 18–20 t ha−1 came from marketable cobs. The amount of evapotranspiration fluctuated between 270–440 mm during the five years, depending on the quantity of water supply, but it changed to a lesser extent than the amount of the yield. Increasing the fertilizer dose practically did not affect ET in non-irrigated plants, but increased it by 20–30 mm in irrigated ones. The change was not significant. The productivity of ET was only 30–45 kg ha−1 mm−1 in the non-irrigated treatment, while it was 50–55 kg ha−1 mm−1 in the irrigated treatments, with higher values at the higher fertiliser rates. The productivity of irrigation water exceeded far over the productivity of ET at adequate nutrient supply. The yield increase per 1 mm of irrigation water was on average 60 kg ha−1 mm−1, which was considerably higher than the productivity of ET of non-irrigated plants (39 kg ha−1 mm−1). There was a positive correlation between the yield and ET, and a negative correlation between the yield and specific water consumption. Irrigation and fertilization increased the average yield to a greater extent than evapotranspiration, so as the average yield increased, the ET per unit of yield decreased, i.e. the productivity of evapotranspirated water increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jehol and Yanliao biotas of northern China, two world‐class Lagerstätten with abundant biomass and biodiversity, provide critical clues to Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems. Their evolution is a response to the destruction of the North China craton. However, the impetus for the rapid bloom of the biotas remains a mystery. Mesozoic large‐scale volcanic‐sedimentary strata in northern China are rich in terrestrial organisms. Statistical analyses show that volcanic nutrient element delivery, biomass, and biodiversity in these stratigraphic sequences increase synchronously, while harmful elements have the opposite change with them. These observations reveal the coevolutionary relationship between volcanism and terrestrial biotas. The increased nutrient element supply and inhibited harmful element delivery to terrestrial ecosystems from the voluminous volcanic products, produced under the geodynamic regime of paleo‐Pacific subduction and cratonic destruction, could create a conducive environment for the biodiversity and high prosperity of Mesozoic terrestrial biotas. Plain Language Summary: The weathering of volcanic products can quickly provide material supply for ecosystems, including nutrient and harmful elements. The availability of these elements in volcanic‐sedimentary sequences can provide key evidence for the intrinsic relations between volcanism and terrestrial biological evolution. Through statistically‐based big data analyses, we determine the changes in nutrient/harmful element delivery, biomass, and vertebrate and entomic diversity of the Mesozoic fossil‐bearing volcanic‐sedimentary strata in northern China. Excluding the interference of pyroclastic flows on the fossil records, the results reveal the significant contributions of elevated volcanic nutrient supply to the flourishing of the Jehol and Yanliao biotas. Meanwhile, the inhibited release of harmful elements has limited impacts on the biotas. This study opens a new path for multidisciplinary investigations to explore the feedback relationship among regional tectonics, volcanism, and terrestrial biotas. Key Points: Mesozoic terrestrial biotas in northern China coevolved with volcanism during the paleo‐Pacific subduction and cratonic destructionThe increasing supply of volcanic nutrients promoted the flourishing of the Jehol and Yanliao biotasInhibited volcanic toxic delivery facilitated the rapid bloom of the terrestrial biotas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The East China Sea (ECS) is a marginal sea with high productivity, especially in summer. In the Zhejiang coastal region of ECS, the large phytoplankton biomass in summer is attributed to the nutrients pumped up by Zhejiang coastal upwelling (ZCU), and oceanic nutrients supplied by the Kuroshio intrusion (KI) onto continental ECS. However, the yearly variations in these two processes are not consistent, which complicates coastal nutrient supplies. In this study, to understand the contributions of ZCU and KI to the nutrient supplies, nutrient concentrations, and phytoplankton biomass in ECS as well as their yearly variations, a physical‐biochemical coupled model was applied. According to model results and observations, the years 2013 and 2018 were identified as strong and weak ZCU years during 2010–2018 period, respectively. In 2013, nutrient and chlorophyll‐a concentrations were higher than 2018 in nearshore areas, but nutrient concentrations were lower than 2018 at the bottom of wide offshore areas. Strong wind stress in 2013 induced strong ZCU and shoreward net nutrient flux along the 60‐m isobath, which was seaward in 2018. The fewer nutrient supplies from KI in the spring of 2013 decreased the nutrient concentrations at the bottom of offshore areas, but its influence on nearshore nutrient concentrations was not as obvious as that caused by ZCU. Phytoplankton biomass in the nearshore and offshore areas reflected different mechanisms of nutrient supplies. In conclusion, the intensity of ZCU, rather than KI, is the principal factor influencing the coastal primary productivity of ECS in summer. Plain Language Summary: The Zhejiang coastal region in the East China Sea is one of the most important fishing grounds in China. The highest productivity in this region appears in summer. It is reported that the coastal productivity benefit from the nutrients transported by local upwelling in summer and Kuroshio intrusion (KI) from the open sea in spring. To reveal the contributions of the two processes, we used a numerical model to investigate the nutrient supply and phytoplankton biomass influenced by the upwelling and KI. The results showed that the more intense alongshore wind in summer induced stronger upwelling, and significantly increased nutrient supply in nearshore areas. The KI mainly influenced the nutrient supply from the open sea and the nutrient concentrations in offshore areas at the sea bottom. The nearshore nutrient supply and phytoplankton biomass are primarily determined by the intensity of upwelling and secondarily influenced by that of KI. This study distinguished the effects of local and remote processes, and highlighted the influences of their match and mismatch to the yearly variations in the nutrient supply to the nearshore area of East China Sea. Key Points: A strong upwelling year and a weak upwelling year are identified from 2010 to 2018 based on model results and observationsCoastal upwelling and Kuroshio intrusion mainly control the nutrient supply in nearshore and offshore areas, respectivelyNearshore chlorophyll‐a and offshore subsurface chlorophyll maximum are accordingly determined by Zhejiang coastal upwelling and Kuroshio intrusion intensities, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although environmental factors affecting adventitious root (AR) formation have been examined, how nutrient status affects ARs under waterlogging conditions remains unclear. In this study, plants' performance in responding to AR regulation based on nutrient supply was investigated in terms of plant morphology, physiology and AR traits. Results indicated that Cleistocalyx operculatus possesses higher waterlogging tolerance than Syzygium cumini according to the waterlogging tolerance coefficient, mainly because of the higher fresh weight, porosity and length of AR in C. operculatus. Nutrient supply treatment under a waterlogging condition significantly decreased the fresh weight, length, number, porosity, cortex area of AR and the ratio of cortex-to-stele area in both species relative to those in the waterlogging treatment, but significantly increased the activities and stele areas of AR, and leaf nutrient content. This result showed that nutrient supply caused variations in the morphological and anatomical structures of AR that were more beneficial to improve nutrient transportation than oxygen absorption under waterlogging conditions, supporting the nutrient-priority hypothesis. Moreover, nutrient supply under waterlogging conditions induced greater increase in stele area of ARs, fresh weight of the whole plant, total leaf area, leaf nitrogen level, total chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis rate and maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII in S. cumini than in C. operculatus , suggesting that S. cumini can transport more nutrients and easily adapts to increase in nutrient supply under waterlogging conditions. Thus, S. cumini have better performance in extracting and utilizing nutrients in the water for plant growth. The findings showed that terrestrial arbor plants have physiological and microstructural mechanisms that respond to nutrient supply under waterlogging conditions and provide novel insights into the phytoremediation of eutrophic water bodies in wetland systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How crop biodiversity adapts to drought conditions and enhances grain yield became the most important issue facing agronomists and plant breeders at the turn of the century. Variations in genetic response, inadequacy of nutrients in the soil, and insufficient access to nutrients are factors that aggravate drought stressors. The development of screening tools for identifying drought tolerance is important in the deployment of durum wheat varieties suited to drought-prone environments. An experiment was conducted to evaluate durum wheat varieties under a range of nutrient supplies in naturally imposed drought conditions. The treatments consisting of two nitrogen regimes (i.e., control and 60 kg ha−1), four durum wheat varieties, and three types of nutrients (control, sulfur, and zinc) that were arranged in a split-split plot design with three replications. Both foliar-based sulfur and zinc fertilization were employed at the flag leaf stage, at a rate of 4 and 3-L ha−1, respectively. The results showed a significant (p < 0.05) genetic variation in chlorophyll concentration, grain protein content, tillering potential, and leaf area index. Varieties that contained better leaf chlorophyll content had improved grain yield by about 8.33% under 60 kg/ha nitrogen. A combined application of nitrogen and zinc at flag leaf stage significantly improved grain yield of Duragold by about 21.3%. Leaf chlorophyll content was found to be a more important trait than spikes per m2 to discriminate durum wheat varieties. Foliar application of sulfur increased the grain yield of drought-stressed plants by about 12.23%. Grain yield and protein content were strongly correlated with late-season SPAD readings. Significant (p < 0.05) correlation coefficients were obtained between normalized difference vegetation index, leaf area index, grain yield, and protein content with late-season chlorophyll content, revealing the importance of chlorophyll content in studying and identifying drought-tolerant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose a set of nonlinear differential equations to model the dynamic growth of avascular stage tumors, considering nutrient supply from underlying tissue, innate immune response, contact inhibition of cell migration, and interactions with a chemotherapeutic agent. The model has been validated against available experimental data from the literature for tumor growth. We assume that the size of the modeled tumor is already detectable, and it represents all clinically observed existent cell populations; initial conditions are selected accordingly. Numerical results indicate that the tumor size and regression significantly depend on the strength of the host immune system. The effect of chemotherapy is investigated, not only within the malignancy, but also in terms of the responding immune cells and healthy tissue in the vicinity of a tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter wheat is one of the most important crops globally and also in Hungary. Hungary has excellent crop production potential including seed production. The aim of our experiment is to determine the effects of different amounts and proportions of nutrients and those of the seed size of winter wheat in laboratory seed tests on the seed parameters (germination percentage, germination power, seedling health and vigour), as well as in field tests of the seed parameters (emergence percentage and yield of next crop year). Laboratory seed tests of winter wheat variety GK Petur were conducted with seeds that underwent ten nutrient treatments and of three seed size fractions over four crop years, together with field experiments in three growing seasons. Compared to the untreated control group, N treatments significantly decreased the health of the seedlings in the next generation of winter wheat. PK treatments without N increased the germination percentage, vigour value and emergence percentage significantly, but the health of the seedlings decreased. In contrast, NPK treatments with a ratio of 2:1:1 improved all the tested parameters compared to those of the control group. The increase in seed sizes significantly increased the germination power, seedling health, vigour value, emergence percentage and the yield of the next crop year. It can be concluded that the factors of nutrient supply, crop year of the seed production and the seed size significantly influence the quality of the seed (germination percentage, germination power, seedling health, vigour and emergence percentage), thus also the yield of the next generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, consuming natural food supplements derived from natural resources has become widespread in many developed societies due to the lack of side effects, low cost, and high antioxidant properties to prevent and treat many diseases. The research and formulation aimed to design a safe and effective medicinal and edible healthy natural nutraceutical with high antioxidant properties and rich mineral elements based on fruits and medicinal plants. Antioxidant, Protein, and inorganic contents of fruits and natural herbal plants were determined to evaluate the contents of active constituents of the meal in milligrams. The results were then used to formulate an edible herbal supplement as a solid oral system. The raw protein content of each ingredient was evaluated through the Kjeldahl method. The contents of the nutrient elements were measured in mg/kg (D.W) by ICP-Mass. All components were mixed thoroughly in some proper percentages, milled, and then dried by heating for 48 hours. The Flowability of the powder was subsequently evaluated using the work index and Hausner ratio. The work index of the sample was 34.3, and because the Flowability was not optimal, aerosol was added to 10 grams of a mixture of 1% by weight of the material. Finally, the working index reached 23, which is desirable. Furthermore, the ingredients were volumetrically encapsulated in OO-sized capsules and subjected to quality control tests. Performing organoleptic assays for controlling the physical and chemical properties of the formulation, the active ingredient was determined in terms of the results of Kjeldahl and inductively coupled plasma Mass spectrometry (ICP-Mass). The results of all control tests, including the weight deviation test, opening time test, and active ingredient dosage test, were conducted for the developed formulation according to credible pharmacopeia. According to the allowable daily dosages, the developed capsule is a proper herbal supplement with very high antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A plant-based diet (PBD) can provide numerous health benefits for patients with cardiovascular risk factors. However, an inadequately planned PBD also bear the potential for deficiencies in certain macro- and micronutrients. The present study analyzed nutrient profiles of individuals who adopted a PBD as part of the CardioVeg study. Participants with cardiovascular risk factors were randomly assigned to either a whole-food PBD intervention (n = 36; eight 90 min group meetings including two 120 min cooking sessions) or a control group asked to maintain an omnivorous diet (n = 34) for eight weeks. Food intake data were collected using three-day weighed food records and analyzed with NutriGuide software, including the German Nutrient Data Base (German: Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel). Nutrient intake was compared before and after eight weeks as well as between the groups. The results for both groups were then contrasted to the current dietary recommendations published by the societies for nutrition in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Moreover, anthropometric/laboratory data and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were determined at baseline and after 8 weeks. Data of a subsample (n = 18 in the PBD group and n = 19 in the control group) were used for the present analyses of the dietary intake data. A PBD yielded several benefits including (but not limited to) a lower energy density, a lower intake of cholesterol and saturated fat, an increased consumption of fiber, and a lower intake of salt. Recommended intakes of most vitamins and minerals were generally met, except for vitamin B12 in the PBD group. A low intake of several other critical nutrients (vitamin D, iodine) was observed in both groups. Compared with the control group, PBD resulted in a significant decrease in body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, HbA1c, and fasting blood glucose after 8 weeks. Overall, it can be concluded that a PBD had a more favorable nutrient composition for cardiovascular health than the omnivorous dietary pattern of the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edited by James McWilliams, University of California, Los Angeles, CA; received April 19, 2022; accepted September 3, 2022 The expansive gyres of the subtropical ocean account for a significant fraction of global organic carbon export fromthe upper ocean. In the gyre interior, verticalmixing and the heaving of nutrient-rich waters into the euphotic layer sustain local productivity, in turn depleting the layers below. However, the nutrient pathways by which these subeuphotic layers are themselves replenished remain unclear. Using a global, eddy-permitting simulation of ocean physics and biogeochemistry, we quantify nutrient resupplymechanisms along and across density surfaces, including the contribution of eddy-scale motions that are challenging to observe. We find that mesoscale eddies (10 to 100 km) flux nutrients from the shallow flanks of the gyre into the recirculating interior, through time-varying motions along density surfaces. The subeuphotic layers are ultimately replenished in approximately equal contributions by this mesoscale eddy transport and the remineralization of sinking particles.Themesoscale eddy resupply ismost important in the lower thermocline for the whole subtropical region but is dominant at all depths within the gyre interior. Subtropical gyre productivity may therefore be sustained by a nutrient relay, where the lateral transport resupplies nutrients to the thermocline and allows vertical exchanges to maintain surface biological production and carbon export. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metasequoia glyptostroboides (M. glyptostroboides) is a unique plant species related to relic flora in China. It plays a positive role in afforestation and its long-term protection with high paleoclimate research value. However, due to the nutrients-supply deficiency, it is a big challenge to cultivate the high-quality seedlings of M. glyptostroboides. In this study, a pot experiment in a greenhouse environment was carried out to identify the effect of N-exponential fertilization on the growth and nutrient distribution of M. glyptostroboides seedling. The M. glyptostroboides rooted seedlings with 12-month growth were chosen. Different N fertilizer levels with conventional fertilization (CF: 5.0 g seedling-1), exponential fertilization including EF1, EF2, EF3 and EF4 were determined. The relevant growth indexes were measured after 210-day growth. The results indicated that non-significant differences in seedlings' height and ground diameter were found among the above treatments (P > 0.05); At the same time, N-exponential fertilization promoted the M. glyptostroboides's biomass in different organs (P < 0.05), with the maximum total biomass under EF3 treatment. The N accumulation in root and stem of the N-exponential fertilization treatments were increased in to some extent (P < 0.05). The maximum N accumulation was also found under EF3 treatment. Therefore, steady-state nutrition and superior growth performance of M. glyptostroboides could be obtained by N-exponential fertilization of 5.0 g cutting-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in soil may be directly or indirectly involved in the reproductive process of sexually reproducing plants (seed plants), and affect their reproductive fitness. However, it is not clear how underground AM symbiosis affects plant reproductive function. Here, we reviewed the studies on the effects of AM symbiosis on plant reproductive fitness including both male function (pollen) and female function (seed). AM symbiosis regulates the development and function of plant sexual organs by affecting the nutrient using strategy and participating in the formation of hormone networks and secondary compounds in host plants. The nutrient supply (especially phosphorus supply) of AM symbiosis may be the main factor affecting plant's reproductive function. Moreover, the changes in hormone levels and secondary metabolite content induced by AM symbiosis can also affect host plants reproductive fitness. These effects can occur in pollen formation and transport, pollen tube growth and seed production, and seedling performance. Finally, we discuss other possible effects of AM symbiosis on the male and female functional fitness, and suggest several additional factors that may be involved in the influence of AM symbiosis on the reproductive fitness of host plants. We believe that it is necessary to accurately identify and verify themechanisms driving the changes of reproductive fitness of host plant in symbiotic networks in the future. A more thorough understanding of the mechanismof AM symbiosis on reproductive function will help to improve our understanding of AM fungus ecological roles and may provide references for improving the productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water balance influences soil development, and consequently plant communities, by driving weathering of soil minerals and leaching of plant nutrients from the soil. Along gradients in water balance, soils exhibit process domains where chemical properties are relatively stable punctuated by pedogenic thresholds where soil chemical properties change rapidly with little additional change in water balance. We ask if plant macronutrient concentrations in leaves also exhibit non-linear trends along water balance gradients, and if so, how these non-linearities relate to those in soils. We analyze foliar nutrient concentrations and foliar N:P ratios from eight species that span a range of growth forms along three water balance gradients (three of the species are found on multiple gradients). The gradients are located on basaltic substrate of different ages and have previously been characterized by studies on soil development. We find that maximum concentrations of foliar macronutrients occur at an intermediate water balance. As with soil nutrients, time mediates the effect of water balance on foliar nutrients, such that plants on older soils attain maximum nutrient concentrations at a lower water balance. On both a young, 20 ky and an old, 4100 ky water balance gradient, foliar nutrients reach peak concentrations at a water balance greater than the threshold for depletion of rock-derived nutrients in surface soils. Our findings suggest that plant acquisition of essential nutrients is imperfectly predicted by overall soil nutrient availability because the regulation of internal nutrient pools by plants makes nutrient pools within leaves partially independent of soil nutrient availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flowering time of tree peony is short and concentrated in spring, which limits the development of its industry. We previously achieved tree peony reflowering in autumn. Here, we further shifted its reflowering time ahead through proper gibberellin (GA) treatment plus nutrient supply. GA treatment alone initiated bud differentiation, but it aborted later, whereas GA plus nutrient (G + N) treatment completed the opening process 38 days before the control group. Through microstructural observation of bud differentiation and starch grains, we concluded that GA plays a triggering role in flowering induction, whereas the nutriment supply ensured the continuous developing for final opening, and both are necessary. We further determined the expression of five floral induction pathway genes and found that PsSOC1 and PsLFY probably played key integral roles in flowering induction and nutrient supply, respectively. Considering the GA signaling, PsGA2ox may be mainly involved in GA regulation, whereas PsGAI may regulate further flower formation after nutrient application. Furthermore, G + N treatment, but not GA alone, inhibited the expression of PsTPS1, a key restricting enzyme in sugar signaling, at the early stage, indicating that sugar signaling is also involved in this process; in addition, GA treatment induced high expression of PsSnRK1, a major nutrient insufficiency indicator, and the induction of PsHXK1, a rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis of sugar signaling substances, further confirmed the nutrient shortage. In short, besides GA application, exogenous nutrient supply is essential to shift tree peony reflowering ahead in autumn under current forcing culture technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low soil fertility can constrain the paddy red rice yield. One of the efforts to increase paddy red rice production at the Tidal swamp area is using iron toxicity tolerant varieties. The objectives of this research were (i) to evaluate the agronomic responses of red paddy rice to low nutrient supply to determine the sensitive character and (ii) to identify the tolerant and nutrient-efficient variety under low nutrient supply in a tidal swamp area. The experiment was conducted at Tidal Swamp Area Type B, Telang Sari Village, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra Province. The experimental design was Split Plot with five replications. Nutrient supply was the main plot, and the Varieties (Inpara 7; Inpago 7, Aek Sibundong, and Telang Sari) were the subplot. The nutrient supply treatments were H1: standard fertilizer rate and H2: low nutrient supply, which is 30% of the standard rate. The results showed that Inpago 7 and Inpara 7 were potential varieties at low nutrient supply. The sensitive characteristics of the varieties evaluated were chlorophyll content, number of tillers, grain weight, and percentage of empty grain for growth and production characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the subtropical gyres, phytoplankton rely on eddies for transporting nutrients from depth to the euphotic zone. But, what controls the rate of nutrient supply for new production? We show that vertical nutrient flux both depends on the vertical motion within the eddying flow and varies nonlinearly with the phytoplankton growth rate. Flux is maximized when the growth rate matches the inverse of the decorrelation timescale for vertical motion. Using a three‐dimensional ocean model and a linear nutrient uptake model, we find that phytoplankton productivity is maximized for a growth rate of 1/3 day−1, which corresponds to the timescale of submesoscale dynamics. Variability in the frequency of vertical motion across different physical features of the flow favors phytoplankton production with different growth rates. Such a growth‐transport feedback can generate diversity in the phytoplankton community structure at submesoscales and higher net productivity in the presence of community diversity. Plain Language Summary: The productivity of phytoplankton is the result of a two‐way coupling between the rate of phytoplankton growth and nutrient supply by physical mechanisms. A three‐dimensional model of an oceanic eddy flow field maximizes its nutrient flux to the sunlit surface layer when the average phytoplankton growth rate is approximately 1/3 day−1, which is consistent with observations. Different features of the flow field experience variable frequencies in the up/down motion and favor different phytoplankton growth rates to maximize new production, providing a way to generate diversity in the community composition of phytoplankton. Since changing the grid resolution of ocean models alters the vertical velocities, the biological growth rates also ought to be altered to represent the appropriate physical‐biological coupling. Key Points: Nutrient flux depends nonlinearly on the rate of biological nutrient uptake with a maximum at a particular rateIn a subtropical eddy field, the nutrient uptake rate that maximizes nutrient flux corresponds to the frequency of submesoscale dynamicsVariability in vertical velocity characteristics on water mass trajectories could favor phytoplankton with a diversity of growth rates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of aquaculture on hydrodynamics and associated nutrient supply in a typical aquaculture area of the coastal Yellow Sea are investigated with high‐resolution model experiments and in situ data. The results show a significant reduction in nutrient supply, which is associated with alternations of three hydrodynamic conditions: the onshore current across the outer‐boundary of aquaculture area, upwelling within the offshore (depth >10 m) aquaculture area, and water exchange in the near‐coastal (depth <10 m) aquaculture area. First, the onshore current in the bottom layer of the aquaculture boundary, which transports high‐concentration nutrients from the major nutrient source of offshore bottom water, is significantly weakened by suspended aquaculture. As a result, nutrient supply from offshore sources is reduced by 50%−60%. Second, the upwelling velocities in the offshore aquaculture area are reduced by 2–6 × 10−3 cm/s, which leads to an approximately 25% reduction in nutrient supply to the euphotic layer. Third, the water exchange in the near‐coastal aquaculture area remains approximately unchanged because the weakened onshore currents within the aquaculture layers (0–4 m) are compensated by the enhanced onshore currents in the lower layers. As a result, the nutrient supply in the near‐coastal aquaculture area does not significantly change, whereas the nutrient supply in the offshore aquaculture area has been reduced by approximately 60%. Plain Language Summary: Coastal aquaculture has become the largest source of seafood for human consumption in many countries, and China contributes 60% of global aquaculture production. As the largest contributor to Chinese aquaculture production, the coastal aquaculture sites in the Yellow Sea have expanded to depths between 20 and 30 m in recent years, while excessive aquaculture results in nutrient deficiency that has been associated with weakened hydrodynamics. Through nutrient observations and high‐resolution simulations at a typical aquaculture site, we investigated the impact of suspended aquaculture on hydrodynamics and the associated nutrient supply in the coastal aquaculture area of the Yellow Sea (China). Our results show that a significant reduction in nutrient supply, which is associated with alterations in onshore currents across the aquaculture boundary, upwelling within the offshore (>10 m) aquaculture area, and water exchange in the near‐coastal (<10 m) aquaculture area. Specifically, suspended aquaculture weakens the onshore current near the aquaculture boundary and upwelling within the offshore aquaculture area and changes the vertical distribution of the onshore currents near the bay boundary. As a result, approximately 60% of the high‐nutrient water in the offshore aquaculture area is reduced. Key Points: Suspended aquaculture weakens the onshore current near the aquaculture boundary, resulting in a reduction of 50%−60% in nutrient supplyNutrient supply to the euphotic layer is further reduced by approximately 25% owing to weakened upwelling in the offshore aquaculture areaNutrient supply in near‐coastal area does not significantly change mainly because onshore current remains unchanged [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comparative investigation aimed to evaluate controlling factors for the changes of chemical and microbial properties in soils taken from chemical fertilizer experiments carried out mainly in Chernozem and Andosol in Hungary and Japan, respectively. The plant available nutrient content of the soil, the stock of C and N and the soil microbial parameters of the carbon and nitrogen cycles were examined under different land-use and vegetation. In the Japanese soils, there was about 2–3 times higher organic C content than in Hungarian soils. The average CO2-production was about 1.5 times higher in Hungary soils than Japanese soils, and significantly increased (9–37%) in the fertilized treatments compared to control in all Hungarian long-term experiments. Regarding the Hungarian soils, the NPK-fertilization especially increased the nitrate and phosphorus content of soils, among the microbial parameters of the CO2-production, MBC, MBN, net nitrification, saccharase and urease activities – in most cases significantly increased – among the six microbial examined parameters. With reference to Japanese soils, the nitrogen fertilization especially increased the nitrate and phosphorus content of soils and had the highest effect on the microbiological parameters in the forest soil, where the MBC, MBN, net nitrification, saccharase and urease activities increased significantly. Only the net nitrification increased significantly in the fertilized treatments in the all Numata experiments, and generally 10–100 times higher values were found in the Japanese soils than in the Hungarian ones. The microbial activity decreased according to land use in the following order: maize>forest>grassland in Hungary soils, and forest>grassland>apple orchards in Japanese soils. These results confirm that climate conditions and human activity have important impacts on the C and N cycles of the soil–plant–atmosphere system. Based on our results, it appears that land-use and chemical fertilization resulted in a larger change in the stock of organic matter and soil microbiological processes in the Hungarian long-term experiments compared to the Japanese experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fauna of streams in the High Arctic, dominated by chironomids, is shaped by extreme environmental conditions that represent the physiological limits for benthic invertebrates. Despite their ecological importance, little is known of chironomid life histories, development strategies and the key abiotic drivers limiting larval growth in High Arctic streams. We investigated the larval development and growth in three High Arctic rivers with contrasting water sources, thermal regimes and nutrient characteristics. Populations of the larvae of Diamesa bohemani (Goetghebuer 1932) and Diamesa aberrata (Lundbeck 1898) from two sampling occasions in July and August 2016 were morphometrically analysed to determine life history patterns and instream productivity. Water temperature differences lead to diverging development patterns on local spatial scales. The lowest larval growth was in a groundwater/snowmelt fed stream with low food concentration and quality, suggesting that stream productivity is not primarily water source dependant, but is dependent on the nutrient supply. Glacially influenced streams are clearly more productive than previously assumed, resulting in comparable secondary production to groundwater/snowmelt-fed streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pferdeheilkunde is the property of Hippiatrika Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ecological stoichiometry provides a framework for the balance and flow of elements between organisms and ecosystems. Elemental phenotypes have an important influence on the environmental adaptation and ecological evolution of plants. There have been few reports on inter- and intra-specific phenotypic variations of ecological stoichiometric traits for congeneric species in a mixed forest although such variations are well- documented at the species level at global, regional and local scales. In this study, total carbon (TC), nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (TP) and potassium (TK) were measured in leaves and the elemental phenotypes were statistically analyzed in four species of oaks—Quercus fabri, Q. serrata var. glandulifera, Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis—in a mixed-oak secondary forest in Yushan, Jiangsu, China. The average element concentrations in the four oak species were not relatively higher than previously reported for oaks from world and Chinese flora. Ecological stoichiometry traits were correlated with tree height and diameter at breast height, indicating that phosphorous and potassium were positively correlated with tree size, while carbon was negatively correlated, especially the relationship between oak growth and total carbon or total phosphorus was obvious, and the study concluded that this was because plant growth depended on phosphorus storage and had opposite effects on leaf carbon accumulation. Based on tree plasticity index and the coefficient of variation, there was medium variation in element concentrations. The plasticity index of total carbon levels was the lowest, and that of potassium the highest. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that the intra-specific variation among the four oak species was higher than inter-specific variation. From the perspective of nutrient supply and ecological adaptation, this study creates a foundation for the management of secondary oak forest stands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During most of the year, diatom production in the ice‐covered Central Arctic Ocean (CAO) is limited by light availability and nutrient supply. Therefore, biological production is thought to be generally low, with higher biological production at the sea ice edge and over partially ice‐free shelf areas. The major surface ocean current in the CAO is the Transpolar Drift (TPD), which transports sea ice and water from the rivers and shelves of the Laptev and the East Siberian Seas across the CAO toward the Fram Strait, carrying high amounts of terrestrial‐derived material over long distances. We used Si isotopes (δ30Si) to better understand the difference between lower and higher biological production areas and how the TPD potentially affects the Si cycle in the CAO. Our data show low dissolved Si concentrations ([DSi]) paired with high values of δ30Si‐DSi in all surface samples indicating fractionation by diatoms. Specifically, outside the TPD influence, all nutrients were depleted and supply was limited due to stratified conditions, thus preventing further phytoplankton growth in the area during the sampling time in late summer‐early fall. In contrast, under the TPD influence, diatom primary production was limited by low nitrate and strongly limited by light due to the presence of sea ice, even though [DSi] values were much higher than outside the TPD. Based on δ30Si, we could identify low but measurable DSi utilization in the TPD, potentially highlighting the importance of sea ice‐attached diatoms transported to the CAO via the TPD for the Si cycle in this region. Plain Language Summary: The growth of siliceous microalgae (diatoms) in the ice‐covered Central Arctic Ocean (CAO) can be limited by light and nutrient availability. Due to the limiting conditions, diatom growth is considered to be generally low, with highest growth rates at the sea ice edge and over partially ice‐free coastal areas. The major surface water current in the CAO is the Transpolar Drift (TPD), carrying ice and water from rivers and coastal areas across the CAO to the major outflow area, the Fram Strait. We used silicon isotopes to better understand how the TPD potentially influences the silicon cycle in the CAO. Our data show that diatom growth was taking place in all areas studied here, despite different growth limiting factors outside and under the TPD influence. In the area outside the TPD influence, nutrient availability was very low and its supply was limited, which prevented further diatom growth. Under the TPD influence, even with additional nutrient supply from the TPD, only low diatom growth was observed, most likely limited by light availability. Key Points: Primary production and silicon utilization outside the Transpolar Drift are higher than under its influence due to more light availabilityPrimary production and lateral water transport under the Transpolar Drift influence were identified from silicon isotope compositionThe Transpolar Drift delivers high dissolved silicon to the surface Arctic Ocean, a unique feature not seen in any other open ocean [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two important mechanisms influencing the response of phytoplankton communities to alterations of abiotic factors in their environment are difficult to distinguish: species sorting resulting from a change in interspecific competitive pressure, and phenotypic plasticity (here explicitly physiological plasticity i.e. species‐specific physiological adjustment). A shift in species composition as well as physiological adjustments in species can lead to changes in fatty acid composition that determine the food quality for zooplankton consumers.We used phytoplankton communities consisting of five species and exposed them to two different light intensities, two light conditions (constant and variable), and two levels of phosphorus supply. Changes in fatty acid and species composition were analyzed. We compared community pairs differing in one factor by calculating the Bray‐Curtis similarity index for the composition of both variables. Comparing the Bray‐Curtis similarity index of the species composition with the index of the fatty acid composition was used to estimate the effects of species sorting and physiological plasticity.Changes in nutrient supply influenced fatty acid responses based on species sorting and physiological plasticity the most. On one hand, the relevance of physiological plasticity was highest at cultivation in different nutrient supplies but the same light environment. Conversely with low nutrients species sorting appeared to dominate the response to changes in light, while at high nutrients physiological plasticity appeared to influence the response. Overall, under low phosphorus supply the communities showed a lower total fatty acid content per carbon and had increased proportions of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Instead, communities in low light produced more of eicosapentaenoic acid.Our results suggest that the relevance of species sorting and physiological plasticity in shaping the community response highly depends on the environmental factors that influence the system. Nutrient supply had the largest effect, while light had more limited conditional effects. However, all of these factors are important in shaping the food quality of the phytoplankton community for higher trophic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tropical Grasslands / Forrajes Tropicales is the property of International Centre for Tropical Agriculture - CIAT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Generally, rabbit does nurse their kits once a day for 3-4 minutes in circadian periodicity. During these events the kits are able to consume their daily feed requirement, which is approximately equal to 1/6 of their body weight. The milk intake, weight gain and survival of the kits depend both on the milk production and the willingness of nursing of their mother. Because the does are not able to produce the maximum level of nutrient intake and needs of the suckling kits, their growth potential is not utilized. Therefore, the goal of this study is to examine the nutrient supplementation of kits and to highlight the deficiencies of the nursing systems. The study summarizes the effect of using two mothers for one litter and the health influence of this technique. Finally, it emphasizes the physiological aspects of eating the fecal pellets of the doe by the kits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain corn is the main cereal produced in Portugal. It is grown in intensive monoculture cropping systems that may have negative effects on soil quality, affecting long-term fertility and productivity, and, therefore, the sustainability of the production. A promising management practice to mitigate soil degradation is to grow winter cover crops used as green manure. This study examined the effectiveness of six legume cover crops (LCCs) species in providing agro-ecological services for grain corn systems in the Mediterranean region, specifically in terms of nutrient leaching, nutrient recycling, weed control, and soil fertility. The study was performed in Central Portugal during 2 years, and it assessed legumes/weeds dry biomass yield, their nutrients content, and soil organic matter evolution. Results show that, in general, LCC are well adapted to Mediterranean conditions, yielding large amounts of biomass (up to 8 ton/ha for some clover species). In terms of nutrient leaching mitigation, the overall N-P-K nutrient uptake was 176-20-172 kg/ha. Green manure services enabled a reduction of 35% of N, 50% of P, and 100% of mineral fertilizers for a grain corn production of 12 ton/ha. Weed control by LCC was effective only in the second year of the study and for three clover species (crimson, balansa, and arrowleaf) due to their early establishment and/or high biomass production competing with weeds. Soil fertility was not improved in the short term, LCC incorporation into the soil to a slight depletion of the soil organic matter content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bodenkultur: Journal for Land Management, Food & Environment is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a global fight against over-nutrition, obesity and associated ailments, identification and consumption of healthier food than processed red meat products and fast-foods is crucial. Fish and seafood products appear as the healthier alternative animal products and the present paper highlight their nutritional merits and health attributes in a world where malnutrition but also under-nutrition is still negatively affecting the health and well- being of many people. The paper also provides the major studies conducted to enhance the nutritional profile of farmed fish through dietary fortification, and highlights the need to increase consumer awareness and understanding concerning the health benefits of fish and seafood products as an essential component of a healthy diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilization is one of the main economic and health-promoting factors in crop cultivation. Field trials were carried out in 2019, in the experimental field of Soybean Breeding Laboratory from Agricultural Research and Development Station in Turda (ARDS Turda), based on a subdivided parcel design with two replications, using plots of 5 m². The biological material used in this study was created at ARDS Turda, 13 semi-early, early and very early soybean genotypes being evaluated: 7 varieties (Perla, Onix, Felix, Carla, Caro TD, Ada TD, Raluca TD) and 6 perspective lines (T-161, T- 295, T-165, T-6126, T-6117 and T-166). Fertilization was carried out with NPK 16:16:16 complex fertilizer applying the following doses: 150 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha, 250 kg/ha and unfertilized (Control). At the end of the growing season the genotypes were characterized by: plant height (cm), number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, seeds weight/plant (g), TKW (g), yield (kg/ha). The reported data is the average of 10 measurements. Statistical calculations were accomplished in Excel 2013 (Microsoft, USA) highlighting differences between studied genotypes and applied doses. The average of the seed/plant had small variations, in this year's conditions; the grain size varied between 122 g and 162 g and the maximum yield was about 3 to/ha at the dose of 200 kg/ha complex fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insect gut microbes play important roles in host feeding, digestion, immunity, growth and development. Spodoptera litura is an important agricultural pest distributed of global importance. In the present study, diversity and functions of the gut bacteria in S. litura are investigated based on the approaches of metagenomics and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results showed that the gut bacterial diversity of S. litura reared on taro leaves or an artificial diet, were similar at the phylum level, as both were mainly composed of Proteobacteria, but differed significantly at the order level. Spodoptera litura reared on taro leaves (Sl-tar) had gut biota mainly comprised of Enterobacteriales and Lactobacillales, while those reared on artificial diet (Sl-art) predominantly contained Pseudomonadales and Enterobacteriales, suggesting that gut bacteria composition was closely related to the insect's diet. We found that feeding and growth of S. litura were significantly reduced when individuals were treated with antibiotics, but could be both restored to a certain extent after reimporting gut bacteria, indicating that gut bacteria are important for feeding, digestion, and utilization of food in S. litura. Metagenomic sequencing of gut microbes revealed that the gut bacteria encode a large number of enzymes involved in digestion, detoxification, and nutrient supply, implying that the gut microbes may be essential for improving the efficiency of food utilization in S. litura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil influences human health in a variety of ways, with human health being linked to the health of the soil. Historically, emphasis has been placed on the negative impacts that soils have on human health, including exposures to toxins and pathogenic organisms or the problems created by growing crops in nutrient-deficient soils. However, there are a number of positive ways that soils enhance human health, from food production and nutrient supply to the supply of medications and enhancement of the immune system. It is increasingly recognized that the soil is an ecosystem with a myriad of interconnected parts, each influencing the other, and when all necessary parts are present and functioning (ie, the soil is healthy), human health also benefits. Despite the advances that have been made, there are still many areas that need additional investigation. We do not have a good understanding of how chemical mixtures in the environment influence human health, and chemical mixtures in soil are the rule, not the exception. We also have sparse information on how most chemicals react within the chemically and biologically active soil ecosystem, and what those reactions mean for human health. There is a need to better integrate soil ecology and agronomic crop production with human health, food/nutrition science, and genetics to enhance bacterial and fungal sequencing capabilities, metagenomics, and the subsequent analysis and interpretation. While considerable work has focused on soil microbiology, the macroorganisms have received much less attention regarding links to human health and need considerable attention. Finally, there is a pressing need to effectively communicate soil and human health connections to our broader society, as people cannot act on information they do not have. Multidisciplinary teams of researchers, including scientists, social scientists, and others, will be essential to move all these issues forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature and nutrient supply are key factors that control phytoplankton ecophysiology, but their role is commonly investigated in isolation. Their combined effect on resource allocation, photosynthetic strategy, and metabolism remains poorly understood. To characterize the photosynthetic strategy and resource allocation under different conditions, we analyzed the responses of a marine cyanobacterium (Synechococcus PCC 7002) to multiple combinations of temperature and nutrient supply. We measured the abundance of proteins involved in the dark (RuBisCO, rbcL) and light (Photosystem II, psbA) photosynthetic reactions, the content of chlorophyll a, carbon and nitrogen, and the rates of photosynthesis, respiration, and growth. We found that rbcL and psbA abundance increased with nutrient supply, whereas a temperature‐induced increase in psbA occurred only in nutrient‐replete treatments. Low temperature and abundant nutrients caused increased RuBisCO abundance, a pattern we observed also in natural phytoplankton assemblages across a wide latitudinal range. Photosynthesis and respiration increased with temperature only under nutrient‐sufficient conditions. These results suggest that nutrient supply exerts a stronger effect than temperature upon both photosynthetic protein abundance and metabolic rates in Synechococcus sp. and that the temperature effect on photosynthetic physiology and metabolism is nutrient dependent. The preferential resource allocation into the light instead of the dark reactions of photosynthesis as temperature rises is likely related to the different temperature dependence of dark‐reaction enzymatic rates versus photochemistry. These findings contribute to our understanding of the strategies for photosynthetic energy allocation in phytoplankton inhabiting contrasting environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to apply a comprehensive mathematical model designed to assess the current and future availability of food, as well as the resulting nutrient availability and intake, in the context of the Norwegian population. The model explores various scenarios, including self-sufficiency levels for food supply and impacts on nutrition recommendations. A food mass balance charting production, import, export, feed, seed, and consumer allocation in the Norwegian food system provided insights into the nutrients available to the population. The analysis included a comparison with two versions of the Nordic Nutrient Recommendations (NNR)1, with the latest version recommending substantial changes in food consumption compared to current dietary patterns in Norway. The nutrient analysis compared the food mass to Matvaretabellen2 and was supplemented with data from the United Nations World Population Prospects3 and the Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation/United Nations4 report to ensure comprehensive nutrient analysis. Micronutrient gaps were observed in Iodine (94% of the target intake) and Vitamin D (46% of the target intake), while saturated-fatty acids slightly exceeded the recommended requirements (107% of the upper limit) based on the current baseline scenario. The updated NNR4 recommends changes to specific food categories, namely fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds. A secondary scenario testing compared against the updated NNR found that increasing the availability of the supply of these groups does not result in any new nutrient gaps, demonstrating the feasibility of addressing the issue on a national supply basis. These approach offers a mathematical-modelling based tool that can be used to provide information for a national food system. Leveraging the model's capacity to simulate various scenarios, informed decisions to optimise self-sufficiency levels and align food supply with recommended nutritional guidelines can be made. To improve the model, higher data resolution and clearer categorisation of food groups are required which can then be linked into a more complete national food system. The mathematical model presented in this study provides a framework for understanding of food and nutrient availability in Norway. By identifying critical nutrient gaps and potential solutions, this research contributes knowledge for a healthier and sustainable food future for the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]