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The Fontan operation has become the primary palliative treatment for patients with a functionally univentricular heart. The population of patients with Fontan circulation is constantly growing and aging. As the number of Fontan patients surviving into adulthood increases, there is a clear need for research on how best to follow these patients and manage their complications. Monitoring blood biomarkers is a promising method for the non-invasive assessment of the Fontan circulation. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the available evidence on this topic. The following biomarkers were included: natriuretic peptides, red blood cell distribution width (RDW), cystatin C, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, von Willebrand factor, carbohydrate antigen 125, lipoproteins, hepatocyte growth factor, troponins, ST2 protein, galectin-3, adrenomedullin, endothelin-1, components of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, norepinephrine, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, and uric acid. We did not find strong enough data to propose evidence-based recommendations. Nevertheless, significantly elevated levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)/N-terminal prohormone of BNP (NT-proBNP) are most likely associated with the failure of the Fontan circulation. The use of the RDW is also promising. Several biomarkers appear to be useful in certain clinical presentations. Certainly, robust longitudinal, preferably multicenter, prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity, evidence-based cut-off values and overall predictive value of different biomarkers in monitoring Fontan physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Human presence in space is increasingly frequent, but we must not forget that it is a hostile environment. We aimed to study the characteristics of experimental scenarios, to obtain data on human response to isolation, disruption of circadian rhythm and high levels of psychophysical stress. Methods: In these experiments, we evaluated stress response in five young healthy subjects inside an earth-based moon-settlement-like habitat during a 1-week long analog astronaut mission. Wearable devices were used to monitor daily step count of the subjects, physical activity, heart rate during physical exercise and at rest, and sleep parameters. From saliva and urine samples collected every day at awakening, we studied oxy-inflammation biomarkers and hormones (stress and appetite) were studied too. Results: At the end of the week, all subjects revealed an increase in oxidative stress and cortisol levels but no inflammation biomarkers variations, in conjunction with increasing time/daily exercise. Furthermore, a significant decrease in hours of sleep/day, sleep quality, and REM phase of sleep was recorded and correlated with the increase of reactive oxygen species. Conclusion: Oxidative stress increased in a short period of time and may be attributed to the influence of psychological stress during confinement, as well as increased exercise and decreased amount of sleep. On a long-term basis, this could impact performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Diabetes management is critical for a vast population worldwide, and traditional blood glucose monitoring methods typically require invasive blood sampling, leading to patient discomfort and poor adherence. This study proposes the development of a non-invasive breath-based glucose monitoring system that leverages gas sensors to detect specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, particularly acetone, which correlates with blood glucose levels. The system will utilize metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors and machine learning algorithms to provide accurate real-time glucose readings. By eliminating the need for finger pricks, this innovative device aims to enhance the convenience and compliance of glucose monitoring for diabetic patients, ultimately contributing to better disease management and quality of life. The feasibility, accuracy, and usability of the system will be validated through clinical trials, paving the way for future advancements in diabetes care technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This review explores cortisol's physiological and behavioral role in canines, focusing on its effects on stress, immune function, and metabolism. Abnormal cortisol levels' clinical and behavioral consequences are discussed, with a particular focus on disorders like Cushing's disease and behavioral problems brought on by stress. In addition to suggesting avenues for future study to enhance canine health and stress management, the findings highlight the significance of cortisol monitoring in veterinary practice and animal welfare. Cortisol, an essential glucocorticoid hormone, is crucial in regulating the stress response and maintaining physiological and behavioral homeostasis in mammals, including dogs. This review explores cortisol's physiological and behavioral role in canines, focusing on its effects on stress, immune function, and metabolism. Various methods of measuring cortisol levels in dogs, invasive (blood, saliva, urine) and non-invasive (hair, fecal assays), are discussed regarding their accuracy and practical applications. The review also highlights the influence of different environmental factors, such as shelter conditions, human interaction, and music, on cortisol levels in dogs. Furthermore, the clinical and behavioral implications of abnormal cortisol levels are examined, with particular attention to conditions like Cushing's disease and stress-related behavioral issues. The findings emphasize the importance of cortisol monitoring in veterinary practice and animal welfare, proposing future research directions to improve canine health and stress management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous search for simple, noninvasive methods for assessing liver fibrosis remains very important to help risk-stratify and follow-up patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance and accuracy of six serological noninvasive scores for the assessment of liver fibrosis in comparison to liver histopathology. This retrospective cohort study included data from 19501 patients with chronic HCV infection who had liver biopsies as an HCV treatment prerequisite within the Egyptian national HCV treatment program. Six noninvasive scores (FIB-4, APRI, King's score, Fibro-Q, fibrosis index, Fibro-α score) were evaluated and compared to liver histopathology data in assessing different stages of liver fibrosis. The diagnostic performance for each score was assessed using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC). All six noninvasive scores were statistically significant for predicting different stages of liver fibrosis. Four scores (FIB-4, King's score, APRI, and Fibro Q) had a better diagnostic performance for predicting different fibrosis stages. FIB-4, followed by the King's score, performs better in identifying patients with advanced fibrosis at cutoffs of 2.01 and 16.7, respectively, with AUROC of 0.71 for both, and in predicting cirrhosis at cutoffs of 2.21 and 17.4, respectively with AUROC 0.82 for both. Using noninvasive scores for fibrosis assessment is very important, especially in limited resource settings, to rapidly stratify patients who need more specialized care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this review was to evaluate the currently available scientific evidence on the efficacy of different methods as accelerators of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment: corticotomies, piezocision, micro-osteoperforations (MOP), photobiomodulation (LLLT and LED laser) and microvibrations. Search Methods: A comprehensive search was performed in the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Medline databases in May 2024. Selection Criteria: We selected randomized controlled trials based on acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment. Articles that were not randomized controlled trials (RCTs), were not published in the last ten years or corresponded to animal trials as well as those dealing with orthognathic surgery, distraction osteogenesis, electric currents, pulsed electric fields and pharmacological approaches were excluded. Results: Twenty-three studies were included in this review. All trials show accelerated tooth movement after low-level laser application, and seven studies support the efficacy of surgically assisted orthodontic treatment with corticotomies, piezocision or MOP. No article indicates statistically significant differences between the application of microvibration during orthodontic treatment and conventional treatment. No negative effects on the periodontium, loss of dental vitality or serious root resorption were reported in any publication, except in a study carried out with MOP (with an increase in root resorption). Conclusions: There is some evidence that low-level laser therapy and surgical methods are effective techniques in accelerating tooth movement during orthodontic treatment, while the evidence is very weak for vibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) is an excellent candidate for aquaculture diversification, due to its biological traits and high market demand. To ensure a high-quality product while maintaining welfare in captive environments, it is crucial to develop non-invasive methods for testing health biomarkers. Proteins found in skin mucus offer a non-invasive approach to monitoring octopus welfare. This study compares the protein profiles in the skin mucus of wild, aquarium-maintained, and senescent specimens to identify welfare biomarkers. A tandem mass tag (TMT) coupled with an Orbitrap Eclipse Tribrid mass spectrometer was used to create a reference dataset from octopus skin mucus, identifying 1496 non-redundant protein groups. Although similar profiles were observed, differences in relative abundances led to the identification of potential biomarkers, including caspase-3-like, protocadherin 4, deleted in malignant brain tumors, thioredoxin, papilin, annexin, cofilin and mucin-4 proteins. Some of these proteins also revealed potential as bioactive peptides. This investigation provides the most extensive analysis of the skin mucus proteome in the common octopus and is the first to explore how aquarium maintenance and senescence alter the mucus proteome. This research highlights the potential of skin mucus protein/peptides as non-invasive monitoring biomarkers in cultured animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To test the hypothesis that there are differences between three mean values of sleep latency (SL) when falling asleep: when accompanied by audio stimuli based on binaural beats (BB), after listening to suggestive instructions on how to relax the body, and accompanied by BB-based audio stimuli after listening to suggestive instructions for relaxing the body (i.e., 1 and 2 combined). Materials and methods. A special app was written for the Android operating system for the purpose of conducting this study and was installed on subjects' individual smartphones. The app included a screen touch test as a control for falling asleep. Data were analyzed from 63 subjects who were presented with the three types of sound stimuli noted above in a counterbalanced design. Results. Statistical analysis confirmed the hypothesis noted above that the SL depended on the type of sound stimulus (p < 0.05). Pairwise comparison of SL showed significant differences between stimuli (3) (1149 ± 113 sec) and (1) (1469 ± 89 sec) (p < 0.01). The SL for stimulus (2) had an intermediate value of 1269 ± 112 sec (differing from stimulus (1) at the level of a trend). Conclusion. The use of a sound background consisting of BB enhances the effect of suggestive instructions in improving sleep. However, the decisive role belongs to suggestion as a psychotherapeutic technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in asthma management include non-invasive methodologies such as sputum analysis, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). These techniques offer a means to assess airway inflammation, a critical feature of asthma, without invasive procedures. Sputum analysis provides detailed insights into airway inflammation patterns and cellular composition, guiding personalized treatment strategies. EBC collection, reflecting bronchoalveolar lining fluid composition, provides a non-invasive window into airway physiology. FeNO emerges as a pivotal biomarker, offering insights into eosinophilic airway inflammation and aiding in asthma diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and the prediction of exacerbation risks. Despite inherent limitations, each method offers valuable tools for a more comprehensive assessment of asthma. Combining these techniques with traditional methods like spirometry may lead to more personalized treatment plans and improved patient outcomes. Future research is crucial to refine protocols, validate biomarkers, and establish comprehensive guidelines in order to enhance asthma management with tailored therapeutic strategies and improved patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) presents a global health challenge due to its potential to cause severe liver conditions such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis. Prior research has established a correlation between CHB infection with low-level viremia (LLV) and liver disease progression, such as increased HCC incidence. This study aims to investigate whether LLV during treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) contributes to the accelerated progression of liver fibrosis (LF). Methods: This retrospective cohort study at Jinhua Central Hospital focused on CHB patients undergone NA monotherapy for over 96 weeks. Patients were categorized into maintained virological response (MVR) and LLV groups based on hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels. The study assessed LF using various markers and methods, including chitinase 3-like 1 protein (CHI3L1), aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score, and transient elastography. Results: Analysis was conducted on 92 CHB patients, categorized into LLV (n=42) and MVR (n=50) groups, following the exclusion of 101 patients for various reasons. Significant findings included lower baseline HBV DNA in MVR (< 20 IU/mL) compared to LLV (67.8 IU/mL, P< 0.001) and different AST/ALT ratios (LLV: 1.1, MVR: 1.36, P=0.011). LF was assessed using CHI3L1, FIB-4, and APRI, with LLV showing a higher baseline CHI3L1 (LLV:83.3 ng/mL vs MVR: 54.5 ng/mL, P=0.016) and scores compared to MVR, indicative of fibrosis. CHI3L1 levels in LLV were higher at baseline and weeks 48, 72, and 96 than MVR, with significance at baseline (P=0.038) and week 48 (P=0.034). Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) showed a time-dependent decline in both groups but no significant intergroup differences. Conclusion: Non-invasive monitoring of CHB patients who have received treatment indicates that LLV contributes to the progression of LF, necessitating proactive adjustment of antiviral treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining precise boundaries and protective zones for historical and cultural objects enables their effective preservation. This article presents the framework for establishing protective zones around historical and cultural heritage sites existing in Ukraine, using the example of the Citadel defensive complex located in Lviv (Ukraine). It proposes general and detailed conceptual models for the combined application of remote and non-invasive methods for investigating historical and cultural heritage sites. It introduces the theory of integrating radar satellite imaging with ground-based georadar imaging. Additionally, it presents a software module that has been developed to analyze collected data on two-dimensional historical and cultural heritage objects, refine their boundaries, and establish protective zones around them. The result of the work is the determination of extremum points of vertical displacement on the territory of the historical and cultural heritage site "Lviv Citadel" in Ukraine using SAR, and the construction of a map of vertical displacements. A classification of these points was carried out, after which two of them were investigated using GPR for anomalies. Artifacts from World War II were discovered at each of these points. Using the developed software module, updated boundaries of the site were constructed, taking into account the underground artifacts and protective zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the history of the German state, the world-wide economic crisis (1929-1939) probably also had an impact on the availability of inks. The research aimed to find out whether it is possible to discriminate between inks and determine the prevalence of ink manufacturers in a specific area, which, in statistical terms, could provide insight into the development of regional ink producers. The research covered selected inscriptions in ink written in a Diary from a small geographical area. Ink examination was carried out using non-invasive VIS-NIR and RS spectroscopic methods involving a statistical approach. The obtained results allowed effective discrimination of the inks and divided them into several groups. Research has shown that iron-gall inks from several ink manufacturers were used to prepare the entries in the Diary. It cannot be ruled out that the differences in individual inks resulted from technological changes in their production process. Additionally, the research revealed a multitude of entries made with iron-gall inks, which may testify to the development of small-scale production of iron-gall inks confined to one geographical area. This type of historical document may constitute a forgery in whole or in specific parts of the inscriptions executed to falsify significant facts, therefore it is an object of interest of forensic science. The non-invasive VIS-NIR and RS spectroscopic methods supported by statistical approach should continue to develop to become an alternative and reliable solution offering great potential in forensic examination of inks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intensified hand hygiene measures were recommended for preventing the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2. However, these measures can lead to skin damage and the development of hand eczema, particularly among health professionals. Objectives: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the effects of repeated antiseptic use on healthy skin under controlled conditions and to assess the emollient use. Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers (nine females, age = 22.3 ± 2.8 years (mean ± SD), Fitzpatrick phototypes II and III) with no skin diseases were recruited. Antiseptic was applied daily for 3 weeks on the volar sides of forearms. Emollient cream was also applied daily. Skin assessments were performed using non‐invasive methods (transepidermal water loss—TEWL, skin hydration, erythema and melanin content). Results: Prolonged antiseptic use increased TEWL, decreased hydration and elevated erythema and melanin levels. Emollient cream significantly reduced TEWL and improved hydration on antiseptic‐treated sites, and also enhanced hydration on intact skin. Conclusions: Prolonged use of antiseptics can have adverse effects on the skin, including barrier disruption and inflammation. Emollient showed promise in improving skin hydration and reducing the damage caused by antiseptics. Further research with a larger sample is needed to confirm these findings and assess emollient efficacy during frequent antiseptic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camera traps were deployed over 12 months (2022-2023) to examine the locomotor activity patterns of stone martens (Martes foina) in a Mediterranean habitat on the island of Dugi Otok, Croatia. Activity levels were calculated, and intersessional differences were tested. Trap rate was compared between seasons and three types of vegetation cover (open areas, dense vegetation areas and cultivated areas). Temperature and relative humidity data were collected using data loggers placed in the study area, and the correlation between the number of events was calculated. The differences between the independent events depending on the moon phase were tested. A total of 416 independent events involving stone martens were recorded. A unimodal locomotor activity pattern was found for the stone marten on this island, and the patterns remained relatively consistent, with predominantly nocturnal activity. Activity levels in winter were significantly higher than in other seasons. Trapping rates were lower in open areas. There was no significant correlation between the independent events and average temperature and relative humidity. The phases of the moon did not influence the number of independent events. This study identifies new perspectives on the locomotor activity of stone martens in a Mediterranean island habitat and serves as a starting point for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on an icon known as the Panagia Valieriotissa at the Church of Saint Nicholas in Palodeia, Cyprus. The icon is unusual as it contains two depictions of the Virgin Mary and Child. The main aim of this study is to analyze the material characteristics of the icon and the relation of the two panels in order to determine if the icon belongs to a distinct category of paintings known as "composite icons" – icons consisting of two separate panels, one inserted into another. Icons of this unusual type, first described by Panayotis Vocotopoulos, appear to be quite numerous on Cyprus and date mostly to the sixteenth century. Results show that the icon can be included within this group, consequently enriching our knowledge on the materials, technologies, and techniques used in the creation of composite icons. Driven by art historical inquiries, the study's methodological approach was based on the integration of digital imaging techniques with non-invasive and non-destructive material analyses pursued by the Andreas Pittas Art Characterization Laboratories (APAC Labs) of the Cyprus Institute. Spectroscopic techniques, digital microscopy and advanced digital imaging methods produced a broad range of data which were analyzed and interpreted from both an art-historical and a conservation perspective towards a better understanding of the materiality of the Palodeia icon and its subsequent history and use. The imaging and spectroscopic methods used provided new information on the materials and techniques used by the painters as well as on later undocumented episodes of restoration or repainting. Overall, the results showed that the icon indeed consists of two separate icons – a larger panel and a smaller, re-used icon inserted into the former. Moreover, some important distinctive features of the inset icon, invisible to the naked eye, reveal its possible previous use and dating. The study brought to light the great potential of non-invasive methods in the revealing and analysis of unknown aspects of composite icons, thus shedding light on this fascinating phenomenon, but it can also interest a broader group of researchers into the exciting new possibilities as well as the limitations of non-invasive methods for the study of works of art and heritage objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer remains a prevalent health complication among the female population. Early and reliable detection in an individual is necessary for effective treatment. Thus, R&D into techniques for detection of breast cancer continues to the present. Noninvasive techniques include tactile examinations, electromagnetic scanning and checks for chemical markers. Invasive techniques include biopsies that extract tissue and liquid samples. These techniques have limitations and setbacks that are being addressed with supplementary or complementary techniques. Like the pre-existing techniques, these techniques also rely on comparison of data between control samples and afflicted patients to measure their reliability. Therefore, R&D efforts towards detection of breast cancer have resulted in incremental improvements on established methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid organ transplantation is a life‐saving intervention for individuals with end‐stage organ failure. Despite the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy, the risk of graft rejection persists in all viable transplants between individuals. The risk of rejection may vary depending on the degree of compatibility between the donor and recipient for both human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and non‐HLA gene‐encoded products. Monitoring the status of the allograft is a critical aspect of post‐transplant management, with invasive biopsies being the standard of care for detecting rejection. Non‐invasive biomarkers are increasingly being recognized as valuable tools for aiding in the detection of graft rejection, monitoring graft status and evaluating the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy. Here, we focus on the importance of molecular biomarkers in solid organ transplantation and their potential role in clinical practice. Conventional molecular biomarkers used in transplantation include HLA typing, detection of anti‐HLA antibodies, killer cell immunoglobulin–like receptor genotypes, and anti‐MHC class 1–related chain A antibodies, which are important for assessing the compatibility of the donor and recipient. Emerging molecular biomarkers include the detection of donor‐derived cell‐free DNA, microRNAs (regulation of gene expression), exosomes (small vesicles secreted by cells), and kidney solid organ response test, in the recipient's blood for early signs of rejection. This review highlights the strengths and limitations of these molecular biomarkers and their potential role in improving transplant outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long COVID-19 patients show systemic inflammation and persistent symptoms such as fatigue and malaise, profoundly affecting their quality of life. Since improving oxygenation can oppose inflammation at multiple tissue levels, we hypothesized that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) could arrest inflammation progression and thus relieve symptoms of COVID-19. We evaluated oxy-inflammation biomarkers in long COVID-19 subjects treated with HBOT and monitored with non-invasive methods. Five subjects (two athletes and three patients with other comorbidities) were assigned to receive HBOT: 100% inspired O2 at 2.4 ATA in a multiplace hyperbaric chamber for 90 min (three athletes: 15 HBOT × 5 days/wk for 3 weeks; two patients affected by Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: 30 HBOT × 5 days/wk for 6 weeks; and one patient with osteomyelitis: 30 HBOT × 5 days/wk for week for 6 weeks and, after a 30-day break, followed by a second cycle of 20 HBOT). Using saliva and/or urine samples, reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant capacity, cytokines, lipids peroxidation, DNA damage, and renal status were assessed at T1_pre (basal level) and at T2_pre (basal level after treatment), and the results showed attenuated ROS production, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, NO metabolites, and inflammation biomarker levels, especially in the athletes post-treatment. Thus, HBOT may represent an alternative non-invasive method for treating long COVID-19-induced long-lasting manifestations of oxy-inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Therya is the property of Asociacion Mexicana de Mastozoologia, A. C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Conservar Património is the property of Associacao Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: This study explores the use of alternative and non-harmful methods for monitoring endangered Mediterranean trout in small intermittent streams. Specifically, two visual survey techniques were compared: a visual survey from streambanks and an underwater visual survey using underwater cameras. The main objective was to assess the effectiveness of detecting patterns in fish occupancy in relation to a set of environmental factors. The comparison revealed that underwater camera surveys performed similarity to visual surveys from streambanks during low-flow regimes. However, visual surveys from streambanks were less effective during the highest flow regimes. The volume of pools and the percentage cover of submerged macrophytes were found to be significant environmental variables affecting fish detection probability using underwater cameras. On the other hand, the analysis of data from visual observations from streambanks indicated a clear impact of high turbulence rates on pool occupancy. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the utility of visual methods in describing the occupancy patterns of Mediterranean trout in small streams. Monitoring the conservation status of endangered freshwater fish using less invasive methods poses challenges for ecologists and conservationists. Visual surveys have been proposed as an alternative to electrofishing, which is a standard methodology that can cause injuries, physiological stress and post-release mortality in organisms. To test the efficacy of visual methods, a study was conducted in an intermittent stream of Sardinia (Italy). Two visual methods were employed: a visual survey from streambanks (VSS) and an underwater visual survey (UVS) using cameras. The aims of this study were (1) to compare the effectiveness of these methods in detecting patch occupancy patterns and (2) to investigate the effect of environmental variables on the detection probability of Mediterranean native trout. Environmental variables characterizing pool habitats were recorded, and generalized linear models (GLMs) were employed to assess the correlation between these variables and trout presence/absence. GLM analysis revealed that UVS had higher detection probability with larger pool volume, whereas submerged macrophytes negatively affected detection probability. Detection from streambanks (VVS) was negatively affected by a high turbulence rate. In conclusion, our study suggests the utility of visual methods to describe patterns of patch occupancy of Mediterranean trout. However, methods can be differently affected by environmental variables. Therefore, monitoring programs using these methods should consider these factors to ensure a reliable description of within-stream trout distribution in intermittent streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic liver injury and subsequent liver fibrosis are usually a slow process without any specific or no clinical signs, resulting in pathological conditions with a poor chance of improvement through medical and surgical treatment, which if not promptly recognized, often lead to a liver transplant as the only therapeutic option. On the other hand, screening and follow-up are hard to establish in large populations using regularly invasive methods such as biopsies and other expensive diagnostic tools due to cost and a lack of adequate specificity and sensibility. In the last few years, a large variety of serological and radiological tests have been proposed to assess liver fibrosis. In this review, we will consider the most commonly used scores to evaluate liver fibrosis, with a special focus on the NAFLD pathogenesis. We will try to answer the question: can we rely on them? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being carriers of information, historical documents have an important role in the modern world. Unfortunately, they are also the object of criminal activity. For centuries, various types of ink have been used to produce documents. Although inks are not the only writing material in use, from a forensic point of view, the problem consists in distinguishing one type of ink from another, and more specifically, the compatibility or incompatibility of the components of two or more inks found on one document or multiple documents. Samples of ink writing dating back to 1889-1950 were examined with the aim of researching by non-invasive spectroscopic methods whether, over the years, any changes in the production technology of iron-gall inks have resulted in significant changes in their reflectance and Raman spectra. The research showed that the production technology of iron-gall inks has not changed significantly, and, in addition, contemporary methods do not differ significantly from those used in the Middle Ages. The spectroscopic methods used in the research gave positive results because they made it possible to distinguish inks by dividing them into groups. The diversity of the distinguished groups of inks was caused by the addition of different synthetic dyes during production. The research on iron-gall inks showed the need for further continuation involving a much larger reference group and the need to look for differences in ink from one place, one geographic location, and made at similar times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2019–2020 Australian bushfires were unprecedented both in extent and severity, impacting wildlife through direct mortality as well as habitat damage. More than 10% of koala habitat is estimated to have been affected by fires. Estimating the number of koalas lost is crucial to assess koala conservation status and to determine the appropriate management actions required. However, this is not a trivial task, as accurate data on koala distribution and population density before the fires is patchy. Acknowledging this weakness, we sought to estimate fire impact on koalas at specific sites, by comparing habitat areas affected by the fire with habitat areas that were unaffected by the fire, pairing closely related study sites (based on geography and vegetation). To compare koala density, we deployed two koala detection methods; drone‐acquired thermal imagery and detection dogs coupled with genetic fingerprinting, in four fire‐affected sites paired with four control sites in New South Wales and Queensland. Through drone surveys, we detected 140 koalas in 5,240 ha in New South Wales. The detection dogs found 144 scat samples corresponding to 79 unique koalas in 77 ha of transects in Queensland. Our preliminary results show many koalas were still present in fire‐affected areas after the 2019–2020 bushfire season. Koala density was 24 to 71% lower in fire‐affected sites compared with control sites in three of the habitat pairs, whereas unexpectedly, in the fourth pair, we observed a 317% higher koala density in the fire‐affected site. This underlined that koalas can be present in fire‐affected areas and that monitoring their health could be critical for months after the fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-invasive methods are important to the field of conservation physiology to reduce negative effects on organisms being studied. Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones are often used to assess health of individuals, but collection methods can be invasive. Many amphibians are imperiled worldwide, and saliva is a non- or semi-invasive matrix to measure GCs that has been partially validated for only four amphibian species. Validation ensures that assays are reliable and can detect changes in saliva corticosterone (sCORT) after exposure to stressors, but it is also necessary to ensure sCORT concentrations are correlated with plasma concentrations. To help validate the use of saliva in assessing CORT responses in amphibians, we captured uniquely marked Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) on sequential days and collected baseline and stress-induced (after handling) samples. For a subset of individuals, we collected and quantified CORT in both saliva and blood samples, which have not been compared for amphibians. We tested several aspects of CORT responses and, by collecting across separate days, measured repeatability of CORT responses across days. We also evaluated whether methods common to amphibian conservation, such as handling alone or handling, clipping a toe and tagging elevated sCORT. Similar to previous studies, we show that sCORT is reliable concerning parallelism, recovery, precision and sensitivity. sCORT was weakly correlated with plasma CORT (R2 = 0.21), and we detected elevations in sCORT after handling, demonstrating biological validation. Toe clipping and tagging did not increase sCORT over handling alone, but repeated handling elevated sCORT for ~72 hours. However, sCORT responses were highly variable and repeatability was low within individuals and among capture sessions, contrary to previous studies with urinary and waterborne CORT. sCORT is a semi-invasive and rapid technique that could be useful to assess effects of anthropogenic change and conservation efforts, but will require careful study design and future validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent findings of archaeological research in the Vathy gulf area, Astypalaia Island, indicate its continuous habitation since prehistoric times, most importantly in the transitional period from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age (late 4th/early 3rd millennium BC). The evaluation of the prehistoric stone artefacts from Vathy using non-invasive analytical methods (Near Infrared Spectroscopy—NIR), in combination with the mineral-petrographic characterization of the main lithological formations of the island, is expected to provide important information about raw material procurement and possible exchange networks. The geological study of the island combined with the analytical methods applied to the archaeological artefacts and the geological samples led to the identification of both local and allogenic materials. The possible locations of raw material sources were established and the origin of allogenic materials was estimated. The stone artefacts made of local geo-materials consist mainly of calcitic sandstone, shale, marl, and limestone/marble, comprising the largest part of the lithological formations of the island, as well as pumice and volcanic rocks of varying chemical composition. By means of a portable microscope and NIR spectroscopy, we were further able to identify allogenic geo-materials including chalcedony, mica schist, bauxite and meta-bauxite, steatite, and paragonite. Based on the mineralogical and petrographic characterization of the stone artefacts, a first attempt is made to evaluate the possible raw material sources and to identify potential intra-island modes of stone exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small proportion of disease surveillance programs target environment compartment, and in the EU these are restricted to few countries. The present report is composed of two literature reviews (i) on the main existing structures and systematic/academic initiatives for surveillance in the EU for zoonoses in the environment, and (ii) on the methods for pathogen surveillance in the environment. Concerning (i), it is noteworthy that the most frequently reported objective was to evaluate control and eradication strategies and following trends of zoonosis. However, detecting new pathogens or unusual epidemiological events were scarcely reported as objectives, as well as demonstrating freedom from a particular pathogen, despite the big potential that environmental sampling and testing techniques have recently demonstrated for these purposes. Few of the pathogens prioritised by EFSA were represented in this literature review, indicating the potential of environmental techniques to be applied to a larger extent to detect relevant transboundary and (re)emergent zoonoses. The preferred environmental sample was water, followed by biological material (included faecal material) and vectors (mosquitoes). To a much lesser extent, soil, and other matrices were used. Regarding (ii) the pathogen detection and identification methods were divided into: conventional (culture and biochemistry‐based, and immunology‐based); molecular methods (nucleic acid‐based methods); biosensor‐based (new) and others. A large percentage of available assays for the detection and surveillance of pathogens in the environment focuses on hazards that are not among those pre‐selected by EFSA. Therefore, there is a need for development of new, untested, methods for surveillance of listed pathogens of higher epidemiological importance. Less disturbed areas, natural and wild environments are less covered by environmental sampling techniques than urban and farm environments and should therefore receive higher attention since they may hold undiscovered and potentially epidemiologically significant hazards and hosts. In general, molecular methods, namely the nucleic‐acid based methods, are the ones more commonly and widely used for pathogen detection in environmental samples, and can be developed for virtually any organism, given a sufficient effort to identify specific DNA/RNA sequences unique to the target organism. The usefulness and appropriateness of different environmental matrices for detecting specific pathogens or for specific purposes are discussed and recommendations are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describe the first application of environmental DNA‐metabarcoding approach for the assessment of fish species diversity in two marine protected areas of the North Sea: the Doggerbank and the Sylt Outer Reef. We collected 64 water samples and detected 24 fish species. We discuss qualitative differences between MPAs and compare the results with those obtained from bottom‐trawl surveys in the same areas. We found three additional species to those documented in the same year with trawls, including the critically endangered European eel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The interest in wildlife research has increased in the last decades as more scientists work within a One Health framework that regards human, livestock and wildlife health as connected entities. To minimise the impact of research on wildlife, collecting samples with as little disturbance of the animals as possible is important. In our review, we assess the use of so-called non-invasive sampling and summarise which samples can be used successfully when carrying out research on wildlife diseases and health status. Our results show that interest in minimally invasive sampling has steadily increased since the 2010s. Topics able to employ these methods include disease research, but also stress and other hormone assessments, pollution studies, and dietary studies. At the moment, such methods are mainly used to collect samples from land mammals, however, they can also be used in a wide range of other animals. Ever more capable analytical methods will allow for an even wider use of such "animal-friendly" sampling methods. In the last decades, wildlife diseases and the health status of animal populations have gained increasing attention from the scientific community as part of a One Health framework. Furthermore, the need for non-invasive sampling methods with a minimal impact on wildlife has become paramount in complying with modern ethical standards and regulations, and to collect high-quality and unbiased data. We analysed the publication trends on non-invasive sampling in wildlife health and disease research and offer a comprehensive review on the different samples that can be collected non-invasively. We retrieved 272 articles spanning from 1998 to 2021, with a rapid increase in number from 2010. Thirty-nine percent of the papers were focussed on diseases, 58% on other health-related topics, and 3% on both. Stress and other physiological parameters were the most addressed research topics, followed by viruses, helminths, and bacterial infections. Terrestrial mammals accounted for 75% of all publications, and faeces were the most widely used sample. Our review of the sampling materials and collection methods highlights that, although the use of some types of samples for specific applications is now consolidated, others are perhaps still underutilised and new technologies may offer future opportunities for an even wider use of non-invasively collected samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to characterise the specific phenotypic responses and the sensitivity of photosynthetic parameters to progressive drought in modern wheat genotypes. In pot experiments, we tested eight wheat genotypes (Triticum sp.) that differed in ploidy level and country of origin. Water stress was simulated by the restriction of irrigation, which led to a decreased leaf relative water content of up to 70%. During gradual dehydration, changes in the structure and function of photosystem II (PSII) were analysed using the fluorescence parameters derived from fast fluorescence kinetics (OJIP transient). The results indicated that a group of JIP test-based parameters demonstrated sensitivity to drought, including genotype-specific responses. Severe drought stress led to a decrease in the photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), a reduction in the number of active PSII reaction centers (RC/ABS) and a decrease in parameters, indicating overall photochemical performance at the PSII level (performance indices PIabs and PItot). These findings demonstrate that the approaches used in our experiments were useful and reliable in monitoring the physiological responses of individual varieties of wheat exposed to stress conditions, and they have application potential as selection criteria in crop breeding. The contribution of the high-temperature effects on the photochemical responses under water deficit conditions is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranea (1827-0506) is the property of Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The past century was not only the age of totalitarianisms and genocide, whose victims were whole nations or their overwhelmingly great proportions, but also the time of mass displacements, deportations, escape or relocations of populations, which especially affected Europe. World War II and the time of new, post-war geopolitical reality abounded in enormous human tragedies. The consequence of these unfortunate events is also the issue of compensations for the property lost by the people who were forcibly resettled from the areas where they lived. The documents confirming the ownership of a particular property lost as a result of relocation are the most important evidence constituting the basis for claiming compensation paid from the State Treasury in Poland. Unfortunately, there are cases when the documents in question are forged with the aim of obtaining excessive monetary benefits under false pretences. During a hearing of evidence concerning the payment of compensation the body conducting the proceedings concluded that there were striking discrepancies between the documents describing the property left behind. The documents deposited with the Polish Central Archives of Modern Records differed from the document presented as genuine by the party in the proceedings claiming compensation. Forensic examination proved that the examined document was not genuine and had been counterfeited. The case study of document forgery discussed in this article proves that the use of non-invasive forensic examination methods is an important element in establishing historical truth indispensable in making a correct legal decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat loss from non-insulating body parts of rodents can be used as a proxy to Stress-Induced Hyperthermia (SIH) and can be detected via non-invasive methods, such as infrared thermography (IRT). Although IRT has been systematically used to detect SIH in captive or laboratory animals, very few studies have been performed in wild situations. We investigated the SIH in a wild rodent, the Eastern Broad-toothed Field Mouse Apodemus mystacinus, faced with novel stressors in its natural habitat, using IRT. We subjected live-trapped individuals to six consecutive experimental manipulations (Experimental Manipulations Phase - EMP), and then we temporarily transferred them to a wooden box to partly overcome the stressful challenges (Transitory Release Phase - TRP). We used the maximum eye temperature difference between the start of the EMP and the start of the TRP (DTSIH) as the best estimate of SIH. Mean eye temperature during EMP differed significantly from that of TRP for each individual and the differences were similar when examined separately as to sex, trapping history, or breeding condition. Comparison of eye temperature time series for different trapping history groups showed a higher similarity of the response of first captures with 2nd and 3rd recaptures than of first captures with 1st recaptures, verified by a comparison of DTSIH for these groups. Larger-sized first-captured individuals appeared less stressed by the experimental procedure than smaller-sized individuals. Overall, IRT appears to be a useful and feasible method for non-invasive monitoring of SIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Investigación en Salud VIVE is the property of Revista de Investigacion en Salud VIVE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Materiały Zachodniopomorskie: Annual Science Journal of National Museum in Szczecin is the property of Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The human eye is a complex biomechanical structure with a range of biomechanical processes involved in various physiological as well as pathological conditions. Fluid flow inside different domains of the eye is one of the most significant biomechanical processes that tend to perform a wide variety of functions and when combined with other biophysical processes play a crucial role in ocular drug delivery. However, it is quite difficult to comprehend the effect of these processes on drug transport and associated treatment experimentally because of ethical constraints and economic feasibility. Computational modeling on the other hand is an excellent means to understand the associated complexity between these aforementioned processes and drug delivery. A wide range of computational models specific to different types of fluids present in different domains of the eye as well as varying drug delivery modes has been established to understand the fluid flow behavior and drug transport phenomenon in an insilico manner. These computational models have been used as a non-invasive tool to aid ophthalmologists in identifying the challenges associated with a particular drug delivery mode while treating particular eye diseases and to advance the understanding of the biomechanical behavior of the eye. In this regard, the author attempts to summarize the existing computational and mathematical approaches proposed in the last two decades for understanding the fluid mechanics and drug transport associated with different domains of the eye, together with their application to modify the existing treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses two cases of so‐called double barrows from the Middle Bronze Age Komarów culture cemetery in Bukivna, in the Upper Dniester Basin (Ukraine), in order to demonstrate the potential of incorporating geophysical image analysis, excavations and sedimentological studies towards identifying subterranean funerary architecture. The magnetometer prospection of the Bukivna necropolis revealed the presence of a specific dipolar anomaly within the extent of a double barrow. The excavations uncovered burnt wooden‐clay constructions related to mortuary houses. The sedimentological samples collected from the features below the mound provided data for the increased ferrous content. Another double barrow located in the Pidhoroddia cemetery was prospected by means of magnetometry, which did not reveal any similar anomaly within the magnetometry plan, thus providing evidence for a possible lack of discussed mortuary structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver stiffness measurements (LSMs) by 2-dimensional-shear-wave elastography (LSM2D-SWE) are now widely used in hepatology. However, relevant information for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is scant. We compare LSM2D-SWE with liver biopsy (LB) in a cohort of PBC patients in Greece. Data of 68 LBs from 53 PBC patients were retrospectively analyzed and fibrosis stage was compared to LSM2D-SWE. Forty-six patients (86.8%) were females and at the time of LBx median (IQR) age was 62.6 (53.2–72.1). Demographic, UDCA treatment, histological and B-mode ultrasound data were tested for their influence on LSM2D-SWE estimates. Liver fibrosis stages F0–F4 were found in 4, 19, 19, 16 and 10 cases, respectively. Across stages F0–F4, the LSM2D-SWE was 5.6 (5.1–6.1), 7.0 (5.8–7.7), 9.1 (7.3–11.5), 10.8 (9.9–12.2) and 14.5 (11.9–25.7) kPa, respectively, with highly significant difference (p<.001). The LSM2D-SWE differed also significantly between F0 vs. F1 (p=.027), F1 vs. F2 (p=.005) and F3 vs. F4 (p=.017). The discriminatory ability of LSM2D-SWE for mild, significant, severe fibrosis and cirrhosis was highly significant in all comparisons (p<.001), with AUC2D-SWE 95.3%, 87.4%, 85.3% and 95.3% and accuracy 89.7%, 85.3%, 80.9% and 86.8%, respectively. Among 21 parameters tested, significant predictors of LSM2D-SWE by multiple linear regression were fibrosis stage, portal inflammation and parenchymal heterogeneity. The portal inflammation grade accounted for 32.2% of LSM variation with adjusted R2 0.428. In patients with PBC, LSM measurements by 2D-SWE can reliably discriminate between mild, significant, severe fibrosis and cirrhosis. Measurements are significantly affected by portal inflammation grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Santo: Rivista Francescana di Storia Dottrina Arte is the property of Associazione Centro Studi Antoniani and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

American mink Neovison vison is a semi-aquatic mustelid that has been introduced throughout Europe. Several attempts to eradicate this invasive species have been carried out since its spread. In the Iberian Peninsula, an eradication program has started since 2001, as part of the national action plan for the conservation of European mink Mustela lutreola. Proper detection is crucial for management, both for monitoring variation in mink abundance and prevent the recolonization of cleared areas. Mink scats can be confounded with those of several same-sized mustelids, and with the spraints of Eurasian otter Lutra lutra, which also occur along watercourses. However, these difficulties can be overcome by non-invasive genetic methods. With the aim of providing a cost-effective and reliable technique for differentiating mink scats from those of the largest possible number of species with morphologically similar scats, we tested the effectiveness of an already available faecal mtDNA-based PCR–RFLP method for distinguishing mink- and otter faeces. We then applied the method for analysing scats collected and identified in the field by trained surveyors for monitoring the success of mink control operations. The PCR–RFLP method clearly differentiated mink scats from those of otters, as restriction enzymes produced well-defined different patterns. Eighty-five percent of 94 faecal samples could be assigned to a mustelid species. Only three out of seven putative mink samples were confirmed, suggesting that the accuracy of the visual identification of scats is questionable and genetic methods are needed for the reliable assessment of the success of eradication programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helicobacter pylori detection in asymptomatic children with suspected infection or with symptoms that suggest gastric pathology is problematic, since most of the methods depend on the endoscopic study, an invasive and expensive method. Non-invasive methods can be a feasible alternative but must be validated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concordance between H. pylori DNA detection in saliva and dental plaque by PCR, with antigen detection in stool by immunochromatography, among asymptomatic children in the state of Guerrero, Mexico. Methods: Dental plaque, saliva, and stool samples were obtained from 171 children between 6 and 12 years old. H. pylori detection in saliva and dental plaque was performed by PCR using specific primers for the 16S rRNA gene, while the detection in stool samples was performed by immunochromatography using the CerTest kit. Results: We found an overall H. pylori prevalence of 59.6% (102/171). Of the H. pylori positive children 18% (20/111) were positive in saliva samples, 28.1% (34/121) in dental plaque samples, and 50.4% (71/141) in stool samples. A higher prevalence was found in girls (64.7%, p = 0.002). Although some of the children declared some dyspeptic symptoms, these were no related to H. pylori. In conclusion, we found a high prevalence of H. pylori in asymptomatic children and the highest proportion was detected by stool antigen test, which was the most feasible method to detect H. pylori infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Human in vivo models of skin damage were often used in research of cutaneous disorders. The most commonly used models were tape‐stripping as mechanical, sodium lauryl sulphate‐induced irritation as chemical and ultraviolet radiation as physical damage model. In regard to differences between models, they were expected to have different responses to damage and recovery, with unique skin parameters' changes over time. Objective: The aim was to compare skin parameters in three different skin damage models on the same anatomical location, with and without topical treatment. Methods: Four test sites on each forearm were randomly assigned to three skin damage models with the fourth sites on each forearm chosen as a control, undamaged site. Skin parameters were assessed using non‐invasive methods. Results: Sodium lauryl sulphate irritation caused the strongest damage with delayed reaction to the irritant. Tape stripping leads to highest initial skin barrier disruption but afterwards it showed the fastest skin recovery. Ultraviolet radiation did not affect skin barrier function, but it elevated skin erythema and melanin level. Tested preparation did not lead to changes in measured parameters. Conclusion: The skin of the participants had different response to three skin damage models with distinct changes of skin parameters and recovery. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT03783819. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study attempted to monitor the quality of water in Medjarda basin (Northeastern Algeria) and to provide baseline information of heavy metals in the water as well as in a potential amphibian biosentinel, the spiny toad, Bufo spinosus. We measured pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand of water and levels of heavy metals in toad skin using an atomic absorption flame spectrophotometer. Lead (Pb) concentration in water and in toad skin at all sites exceeded respectively 60 and 96 times the standard reference values. The heavy metal concentrations, in descending order, in water and in male toad skin were as follows: Pb > Fe > Cu > Zn and Fe > Pb > Zn > Cu respectively. This study highlights the ecological status of the surrounding areas upstream of the Medjarda basin as being a point source of heavy metal pollution. It is further stated that a non-invasive skin removal is an ethically sound technique to evaluate heavy metal accumulation in aquatic animals like toad, without euthanizing the specimens and making any loss to biodiversity of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of non-destructive methods with less human interference is of great interest in agricultural industry and crop breeding. Modern imaging technologies enable the automatic visualization of multi-parameter for characterization of biological samples, reducing subjectivity and optimizing the analysis process. Furthermore, the combination of two or more imaging techniques has contributed to discovering new physicochemical tools and interpreting datasets in real time. Results: We present a new method for automatic characterization of seed quality based on the combination of multispectral and X-ray imaging technologies. We proposed an approach using X-ray images to investigate internal tissues because seed surface profile can be negatively affected, but without reaching important internal regions of seeds. An oilseed plant (Jatropha curcas) was used as a model species, which also serves as a multi-purposed crop of economic importance worldwide. Our studies included the application of a normalized canonical discriminant analyses (nCDA) algorithm as a supervised transformation building method to obtain spatial and spectral patterns on different seedlots. We developed classification models using reflectance data and X-ray classes based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The classification models, individually or combined, showed high accuracy (> 0.96) using reflectance at 940 nm and X-ray data to predict quality traits such as normal seedlings, abnormal seedlings and dead seeds. Conclusions: Multispectral and X-ray imaging have a strong relationship with seed physiological performance. Reflectance at 940 nm and X-ray data can efficiently predict seed quality attributes. These techniques can be alternative methods for rapid, efficient, sustainable and non-destructive characterization of seed quality in the future, overcoming the intrinsic subjectivity of the conventional seed quality analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spal: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla is the property of Spal. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dogs Canis lupus familiaris are increasingly being used in wildlife conservation studies, due to their extensive ofactory capabilities. Dogs are a useful tool for species detection, species discrimination (or subspecies), and scent-matching of individuals within a species. Scent-matching can reduce or eliminate the need for expensive genotyping of obtained biological samples. We investigated the potential use of dogs to scent-match individual Eurasian beavers Castor fiber via anal gland secretion (AGS) samples, in 30 double blind floor platform experiments. We hypothesised that dogs can scent-match individual beavers when presented with AGS from different beavers of both sexes. We showed that dogs were able to scent-match individual beavers with average accuracy of 88.9%, sensitivity of 66.7% and specificity of 93.3%. Our results suggest that scent-matching dogs may be used as a reliable additional method to DNA analysing of biological samples to improve accuracy of individual beaver detection, and a better alternative than live-trapping/capturing in monitoring of specific beavers in e.g. a reintroduction project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs Canis lupus familiaris are increasingly being used in wildlife conservation studies, due to their extensive ofactory capabilities. Dogs are a useful tool for species detection, species discrimination (or subspecies), and scent-matching of individuals within a species. Scent-matching can reduce or eliminate the need for expensive genotyping of obtained biological samples. We investigated the potential use of dogs to scent-match individual Eurasian beavers Castor fiber via anal gland secretion (AGS) samples, in 30 double blind floor platform experiments. We hypothesised that dogs can scent-match individual beavers when presented with AGS from different beavers of both sexes. We showed that dogs were able to scent-match individual beavers with average accuracy of 88.9%, sensitivity of 66.7% and specificity of 93.3%. Our results suggest that scent-matching dogs may be used as a reliable additional method to DNA analysing of biological samples to improve accuracy of individual beaver detection, and a better alternative than live-trapping/capturing in monitoring of specific beavers in e.g. a reintroduction project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medicus (1330-013X) is the property of Pliva Hrvatska d.o.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)