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Previous research on the globalization-welfare state nexus has typically been conducted within a linear monotonic framework, focusing on two primary hypotheses. The efficiency hypothesis predicts that globalization shrinks the welfare state's size. In contrast, the compensation hypothesis argues that globalization increases demand for social security, leading to an expanded welfare state. Empirical evidence on this relationship is mixed, with multicollinearity suggested as one possible explanation. This study explores the non-linear, non-monotonic aspects of this nexus using a yearly panel of 10 ASEAN countries from 1970–2019, analyzed through a Bayesian mixed regression. The study focuses specifically on the effects of economic globalization. The results demonstrate a non-linear, non-monotonic relationship characterized by an inverted U-shape, where economic globalization initially expands the welfare state but, after reaching a certain point, leads to its retrenchment. This outcome supports a combination of both the compensation and efficiency hypotheses, aligning with the principles of non-linear and complex system sciences. The study offers a solid and reliable foundation for predicting long-term globalization processes and formulating comprehensive integration policies in ASEAN in the context of declining public expenditures. IMPACT STATEMENT: The study aims to explore the monotonic and non-monotonic relationships between economic globalization and the welfare state in ASEAN. Unlike similar research, this study employs a Bayesian hierarchical approach to handle multicollinearity, revealing a non-linear and non-monotonic effect of economic globalization on the welfare state, consistent with the Armey curve. The findings provide a robust foundation for formulating long-term globalization policies for ASEAN countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the clinical features, management, and outcomes for 1719 Vietnamese children with dengue shock syndrome enrolled in a 10-year prospective study in a single center, to provide the first comprehensive description of this increasingly important disorder.Background. Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) is a severe manifestation of dengue virus infection that particularly affects children and young adults. Despite its increasing global importance, there are no prospective studies describing the clinical characteristics, management, or outcomes of DSS.Methods. We describe the findings at onset of shock and the clinical evolution until discharge or death, from a comprehensive prospective dataset of 1719 Vietnamese children with laboratory-confirmed DSS managed on a single intensive care unit between 1999 and 2009.Results. The median age of patients was 10 years. Most cases had secondary immune responses, with only 6 clear primary infections, and all 4 dengue virus serotypes were represented during the 10-year study. Shock occurred commonly between days 4 and 6 of illness. Clinical signs and symptoms were generally consistent with empirical descriptions of DSS, although at presentation 153 (9%) were still febrile and almost one-third had no bleeding. Overall, 31 (2%) patients developed severe bleeding, primarily from the gastrointestinal tract, 26 of whom required blood transfusion. Only 8 patients died, although 123 of 1719 (7%) patients had unrecordable blood pressure at presentation and 417 of the remaining 1596 (26%) were hypotensive for age. The majority recovered well with standard crystalloid resuscitation or following a single colloid infusion. All cases were classified as severe dengue, while only 70% eventually fulfilled all 4 criteria for the 1997 World Health Organization classification of dengue hemorrhagic fever.Conclusions. With prompt intervention and assiduous clinical care by experienced staff, the outcome of this potentially fatal condition can be excellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) is a common complication in patients with severe tetanus. Nursing tetanus patients in a semi-recumbent body position could reduce the incidence of HCAP. In a randomised controlled trial we compared the occurrence of HCAP in patients with severe tetanus nursed in a semi-recumbent (30°) or supine position. A total of 229 adults and children (aged ≥1 year) with severe tetanus admitted to hospital in Vietnam, were randomly assigned to a supine (n=112) or semi-recumbent (n=117) position. For patients maintaining their assigned positions and in hospital for>48h there was no significant difference between the two groups in the frequency of clinically suspected pneumonia [22/106 (20.8%) vs 26/104 (25.0%); p=0.464], pneumonia rate/1000 intensive care unit days (13.9 vs 14.6; p=0.48) and pneumonia rate/1000 ventilated days (39.2 vs 38.1; p=0.72). Mortality in the supine patients was 11/112 (9.8%) compared with 17/117 (14.5%) in the semi-recumbent patients (p=0.277). The overall complication rate [57/112 (50.9%) vs 76/117 (65.0%); p=0.03] and need for tracheostomy [51/112 (45.5%) vs 69/117 (58.9%); p=0.04) was greater in semi-recumbent patients. Semi-recumbent body positioning did not prevent the occurrence of HCAP in severe tetanus patients. [Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT01331252] [Copyright &y& Elsevier]