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The article in the Blood Cancer Journal presents a case series of patients with nodal T follicular helper cell lymphomas, a subtype of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. The study highlights patients who exhibited an indolent nature of the disease and survived for several years without aggressive treatment. The patients' clinical and pathological characteristics are detailed, showing varying outcomes and responses to treatment. The authors suggest that not all patients with this type of lymphoma may require multiagent chemotherapy as first-line treatment, and further research is needed to identify those with indolent disease for optimal management. [Extracted from the article]

The main deterrent to long-term space travel is the risk of Radiation Exposure Induced Death (REID). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has adopted Permissible Exposure Levels (PELs) to limit the probability of REID to 3% for the risk of death due to radiation-induced carcinogenesis. The most significant contributor to current REID estimates for astronauts is the risk of lung cancer. Recently updated lung cancer estimates from Japan's atomic bomb survivors showed that the excess relative risk of lung cancer by age 70 is roughly fourfold higher in females compared to males. However, whether sex differences may impact the risk of lung cancer due to exposure to high charge and energy (HZE) radiation is not well studied. Thus, to evaluate the impact of sex differences on the risk of solid cancer development after HZE radiation exposure, we irradiated Rbfl/fl, Trp53fl/+ male and female mice infected with Adeno-Cre with various doses of 320 kVp X rays or 600 MeV/n 56Fe ions and monitored them for any radiation-induced malignancies. We conducted complete necropsy and histopathology of major organs on 183 male and 157 female mice after following them for 350 days postirradiation. We observed that lung adenomas/carcinomas and esthesioneuroblastomas (ENBs) were the most common primary malignancies in mice exposed to X rays and 56Fe ions, respectively. In addition, 1 Gy 56Fe-ion exposure compared to X-ray exposure led to a significantly increased incidence of lung adenomas/carcinomas (P = 0.02) and ENBs (P < 0.0001) in mice. However, we did not find a significantly higher incidence of any solid malignancies in female mice as compared to male mice, regardless of radiation quality. Furthermore, gene expression analysis of ENBs suggested a distinct gene expression pattern with similar hallmark pathways altered, such as MYC targets and MTORC1 signaling, in ENBs induced by X rays and 56Fe ions. Thus, our data revealed that 56Fe-ion exposure significantly accelerated the development of lung adenomas/carcinomas and ENBs compared to X rays, but the rate of solid malignancies was similar between male and female mice, regardless of radiation quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Our previous studies have demonstrated that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), including normal B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have a significantly favorable impact on the clinical outcomes of patients treated with standard chemoimmunotherapy. In this study, to gain a full overview of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), we assembled a flow cytometry cohort of 102 patients diagnosed with DLBCL at the Duke University Medical Center. Methods: We collected diagnostic flow cytometry data, including the proportion of T cells, abnormal B cells, normal B cells, plasma cells, NK cells, monocytes, and granulocytes in fresh biopsy tissues at clinical presentation, and analyzed the correlations with patient survival and between different cell populations. Results: We found that low T cell percentages in all viable cells and low ratios of T cells to abnormal B cells correlated with significantly poorer survival, whereas higher percentages of normal B cells among total B cells (or high ratios of normal B cells to abnormal B cells) and high percentages of NK cells among all viable cells correlated with significantly better survival in patients with DLBCL. After excluding a small number of patientswith low T cell percentages, the normal B cell percentage among all B cells, but not T cell percentage among all cells, continued to show a remarkable prognostic effect. Data showed significant positive correlations between T cells and normal B cells, and between granulocytes and monocytes. Furthermore, we constructed a prognostic model based on clinical and flow cytometry factors, which divided the DLBCL cohort into two equal groups with remarkable differences in patient survival and treatment response. Summary: TILs, including normal B cells, T cells, and NK cells, are associated with favorable clinical outcomes in DLBCL, and flow cytometry capable of quantifying the TIME may have additional clinical utility for prognostication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib is approved for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia and Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Patients on dasatinib can rarely develop a form of benign reversible reactive lymphadenopathy termed follicular lymphoid hyperplasia (FLH). Here, we describe a patient with Ph+ ALL who developed follicular lymphoma (FL) after prolonged treatment with dasatinib and who had complete remission of FL after discontinuation of dasatinib. This case suggests that dasatinib-associated FLH could be a premalignant condition that can transform into FL. Moreover, withdrawal of dasatinib may be sufficient for remission of dasatinib-associated FL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a rare case of coinciding kappa AL amyloidosis and kappa light chain deposition disease (LCDD) in the lung. Amyloidosis is characterized by the accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates, while LCDD involves the deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains in tissues. The case study highlights the diagnostic challenge of encountering amyloid-like material that fails to stain positively with Congo red. The article also mentions the association of these diseases with underlying hematolymphoid neoplasms and Sjögren syndrome. Further research is needed to understand the clinical significance of this coexistence. [Extracted from the article]

Aims: Recently, a novel isoform of anaplastic lymphoma kinase, with alternative transcription initiation (ALKATI), has been described in melanoma and is susceptible to targeted ALK‐inhibitor therapy. Clinical outcomes of patients with ALKATI mutated melanoma as well as correlation with immunohistochemical (IHC) methods have not yet been described. Methods and results: Clinicopathological characteristics were abstracted for 324 patients with metastatic melanoma (MM). IHC, fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation and RNA‐based digital molecular analysis assays were performed on archival tissue from 173 stage III and 192 stage IV tumours. ALKATI was identified in 12.7 and 4.8% stage III and IV tumours, respectively. Discrete presentations of the ALKATI are seen: isolated ALKATI (n = 20) and mixed ALKATI (combined ALKATI and ALKWT; n = 7). Isolated ALKWT expression (n = 4) was seen with no ALK fusions. Stage III patients showed improved survival with ALKATI expression compared to those with ALKWT or no expression [5‐year survival 80, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 57–100% versus 43%, 95% CI = 34–55%, P = 0.013]. Clinicopathological characteristics were not statistically significant. Strong diffuse cytoplasmic staining of ALK IHC (n = 12) has a sensitivity of 52.2%, specificity 100%, PPV of 100% and NPV of 92.5% of detecting isolated ALKATI. Conclusion: Presence of ALKATI is a good prognostic indicator in MM. ALK IHC and digital molecular analysis can be incorporated into MM evaluation to identify patients with ALKATI for targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maintenance and propagation of complex mixtures of cells in vitro in the form of native organs or engineered organoids has contributed to understanding mechanisms of cell and organ development and function which can be translated into therapeutic benefits. For example, allogeneic cultured postnatal human thymus tissue has been shown to support production of naïve recipient T cells when transplanted into patients with complete DiGeorge anomaly and other genetic defects that result in congenital lack of a thymus. Patients receiving such transplants typically exhibit reversal of their immunodeficiency and normalization of their peripheral blood T cell receptor V-beta repertoire, with long-term survival. This study was designed to assess the histopathologic changes that occur in postnatal human thymus slices when cultured according to protocols used for transplanted tissues. Results showed that as thymic organ cultures progressed from days 0 through 21, slices developed increasing amounts of necrosis, increasing condensation of thymic epithelium, and decreasing numbers of residual T cells. The architecture of the thymic epithelial network remained generally well-preserved throughout the 21 days of culture, with focal expression of cytokeratin 14, a putative biomarker of thymic epithelial cells with long-term organ-repopulating potential. All organ slices derived from the same donor thymus closely resembled one another, with minor differences in size, shape, and relative content of cortex versus medulla. Similarly, slices derived from different donors showed similar histopathologic characteristics when examined at the same culture time point. Taken together, these results demonstrate that diagnostic criteria based on structural features of the tissue identifiable via hematoxylin and eosin staining and cytokeratin immunohistochemistry can be used to evaluate the quality of slices transplanted into patients with congenital athymia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report tensorial tomographic Fourier ptychography (T2oFu), a nonscanning label-free tomographic microscopy method for simultaneous imaging of quantitative phase and anisotropic specimen information in 3D. Built upon Fourier ptychography, a quantitative phase imaging technique, T2oFu additionally highlights the vectorial nature of light. The imaging setup consists of a standard microscope equipped with an LED matrix, a polarization generator, and a polarization-sensitive camera. Permittivity tensors of anisotropic samples are computationally recovered from polarized intensity measurements across three dimensions. We demonstrate T2oFu 's efficiency through volumetric reconstructions of refractive index, birefringence, and orientation for various validation samples, as well as tissue samples from muscle fibers and diseased heart tissue. Our reconstructions of healthy muscle fibers reveal their 3D fine-filament structures with consistent orientations. Additionally, we demonstrate reconstructions of a heart tissue sample that carries important polarization information for detecting cardiac amyloidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented related to the article studies the normal natural Killer (NK)-cells as a characteristic of T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia.

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy ( SUDEP) is a nontraumatic, nondrowning death of an individual with epilepsy in which an autopsy with appropriate ancillary studies does not identify a cause of death. The mechanism of death in SUDEP is unknown, but is thought to involve cardiac and/or respiratory mechanisms. Research in SUDEP is hindered by a lack of consensus regarding required components of a death investigation before a cause of death may be certified as SUDEP. Histopathologic examination of the cardiac conduction system is not routinely performed in SUDEP death investigations. We present a case of SUDEP where histopathologic examination of the cardiac conduction system revealed a focal myocardial infarct of the summit of the ventricular septum abutting the bundle of His, which potentially provides insight into the mechanism of SUDEP for this particular case, and suggests that routine examination of the cardiac conduction system in SUDEP may be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]