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A repetitive two-step method involving the Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of hydroxyterphenylboronic acid and the subsequent nonaflation of the hydroxy group has been developed for the synthesis of oligophenylenes. This method readily afforded o,o,p- and o,p-oligophenylenes with defined chain lengths. X-ray crystallography was employed to obtain the structure of the o,p-oligophenylene 9-mer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to discriminate the physical states of others could be an adaptive behavior, especially for social animals. For example, the ability to discriminate illness behavior would be helpful for avoiding spoiled foods. We report on an experiment with Japanese quails testing whether these birds can discriminate the physical states of conspecifics. The quails were trained to discriminate between moving video images of quails injected with psychoactive drugs and those in a normal (not injected) condition. Methamphetamine (stimulant) or ketamine (anesthetic) were used to produce drug-induced behaviors in conspecifics. The former induced hyperactive behavior and the latter hypoactive behavior. The subject quails could learn the discrimination and showed generalization to novel images of the drug-induced behaviors. They did not, however, show discriminative behavior according to the type and dosage of the drugs. Thus, they categorized the behavior not on the basis of degree of activity, but on the basis of abnormality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]