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Total energy expenditure (TEE) is essential for understanding the growth, development, and physical activity of children and adolescents. This study aimed to summarize the existing evidence on TEE measured using the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique in children and adolescents aged 1-18 years. Furthermore, this review compared TEE between obese and normal-weight participants. This systematic review used the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases. These studies were limited to those published in English between January 2000 and December 2021. Articles presenting objectively measured data on the TEE of children and adolescents aged 1-18 years measured using the DLW method were included. Physical activity level (PAL; TEE/basal metabolic rate [BMR]) and BMR data were also obtained. The search strategy identified 2,351 articles, of which 63 (n=4,283 children and adolescents; 45.4% male) met the selection criteria. The participants in the 10 studies were overweight or obese (n=413). In our study, TEE increased in male and female participants aged 1-18 years. PAL increased with age in males (y=0.0272x+1.3887, r2=0.511) and females (y=0.0199x+1.401, r2=0.335), and the slope of PAL with age did not differ between males and females. The TEE of obese and overweight participants was higher than that of normal-weight participants, but the slope of TEE did not differ between normal-weight (y=132.99x+702.24, r2=0.877) and obese individuals (y=136.18x+1,037.9, r2=0.842). In conclusion, this review provides convincing evidence that daily TEE progressively increases with growth in males and females aged 1-18 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) often exhibit poor treatment adherence and suboptimal glucose control. Health-related stigma may adversely infl uence diabetes self-management behavior. The aim of the current study was to explore health-related stigma among young adults with T1DM using qualitative descriptive methods in focus groups. Data were collected from a purposive sample of 14 young adults ages 20 to 34 with T1DM. Using content analysis, transcripts from two focus groups were analyzed, and five main themes were identified: (a) Desire to be Seen as a Person, Not a Disease; (b) Wanting to be "Normal"; (c) Feeling Ashamed Managing Diabetes in Public; (d) Struggling to Overcome Anger and Distress; and (e) Feeling Distrusted by Others to Manage Their Condition. Young adults with T1DM reported experiencing a high degree of stigma in their daily lives, which negatively influenced their self-management and psychological well-being. Stigma led to delaying blood glucose monitoring and insulin dosing and feelings of anger and distress. Young adults with T1DM require strategies to help cope with stigma and the anger and distress they experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutionalized older adults are known to be at high risk of malnutrition, but few nutritional interventions have been used for older adults in long-term care (LTC) settings. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of implementing a nutritional intervention involving nursing staff education, facilitation, and a shared algorithm (NIEFA) for institutionalized older adults in Korea. A quasi-experimental pre- and posttest design was used. Patients in two LTC facilities were assigned to an intervention (n = 23) or control (n = 22) group. After completion of the 4-week NIEFA program, significant improvements were found in the intervention group's daily energy intake (t = 3.832, p < 0.001), total lymphocytes (t = 3.87, p < 0.001), hemoglobin levels (t = 4.991, p < 0.001), hematocrit levels (t = 4.305, p < 0.001), and Mini Nutritional Assessment scores (t = 10.223, p < 0.001). Implementation of NIEFA in a LTC facility may be effective in improving the nutritional status of older adults with or at risk of malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet gaming addiction (IGA) has been associated with many negative health outcomes, especially for youth; however, few studies have examined the physiological parameters and personality features related to this addiction. This study aimed to identify differences in autonomic functions and distressed (type D) personality traits among Korean adolescent males with and without IGA. In a cross-sectional study, 68 adolescent males were recruited in a Korean city using convenience and snowball sampling methods. For each subject, heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were measured as autonomic functions and questionnaires were used to identify IGA and type D personality traits. Data were analyzed using descriptive analyses, t tests, χ2 tests, and Pearson's correlation. Most HRV parameters significantly differed between the IGA and non-IGA groups (all p < 0.05). Type D personality total and subscale scores, including those for negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition, were significantly higher in the IGA group (all p < 0.001). Of the 68 subjects, 46 were classified as having type D personality, with nearly twice as many in the IGA group as in the non-IGA group (p = 0.002). Type D personality total scores negatively correlated with the logarithmic value of total power and low frequency among the HRV parameters (both p < 0.05). Results showed that excessive Internet gaming was related to alterations in autonomic functions and distressed personality traits in male adolescents. These findings provide further understanding of the IGA phenomenon and highlight the need for interventions that address male adolescents with IGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in science education has recognized the importance of teaching atomic structure within a history and philosophy of science perspective. The objective of this study is to evaluate general physics textbooks published in Korea based on the eight criteria developed in previous research. The result of this study shows that Korean general physics textbooks often lack detail about the history and philosophy of science. This result is quite similar to those published for the USA. Furthermore, chemistry textbooks published in the USA, Turkey and Venezuela are quite similar to the physics textbooks. This is a cause for concern as textbooks present theories as facts and ignore the historical reconstructions based on the development of scientific theories that frequently involve controversies and conflicts among scientists. The inclusion of historical reconstructions of ideas about atomic structure can provide students with a better appreciation of the dynamics of scientific progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroquinone (HQ) functions as a skin-whitening agent, but it has the potential to cause dermatitis. We synthesized a HQ fructoside (HQ-Fru) as a potential skin-whitening agent by reacting levansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides with HQ as an acceptor and sucrose as a fructofuranose donor. The product was purified using 1-butanol partition and silica-gel column chromatography. The structure of the purified HQ-Fru was determined by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and the molecular ion of the product was observed at m/z 295 (C12 H16 O7 Na)+. The HQ-Fru was identified as 4-hydroxyphenyl-β- d-fructofuranoside. The optimum condition for HQ-Fru synthesis was determined using a response surface method (RSM), and the final optimum condition was 350 mM HQ, 115 mM sucrose, and 0.70 U/ml levansucrase, and the final HQ-Fru produced was 1.09 g/l. HQ-Fru showed anti-oxidation activities and inhibition against tyrosinase. The median inhibition concentration (IC50) of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity was 5.83 mM, showing higher antioxidant activity compared to β-arbutin (IC50 = 6.04 mM). The K i value of HQ-Fru (1.53 mM) against tyrosinase was smaller than that of β-arbutin ( K i = 2.8 mM), indicating that it was 1.8-times better as an inhibitor. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation by HQ-Fru was 105.3% that of HQ (100%) and 118.9 times higher than that of β-arbutin (0.89% of HQ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gene encoding sucrose phosphorylase ( 742sp) in Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-742 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence of the transformed 742sp comprised an ORF of 1,458 bp giving a protein with calculated molecular mass of 55.3 kDa. 742SPase contains a C-terminal amino acid sequence that is significantly different from those of other Leu. mesenteroides SPases. The purified 742SPase had a specific activity of 1.8 U/mg with a K m of 3 mM with sucrose as a substrate; optimum activity was at 37°C and pH 6.7. The purified 742SPase transferred the glucosyl moiety of sucrose to cytosine monophosphate (CMP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]